Home / Physics Formulas / FORMULA BOOKLET PHYSICS CLASS 12 CHAPTER RAY OPTICS FORMULA BOOKLET PHYSICS CLASS 12 CHAPTER RAY OPTICS Physics Formulas Ray Optics In optics, the ray is a geometric light model obtained by selecting a raised curve in the wavefront of actual light that indicates where the energy is flowing. Rays are used to model light propagation through the visual or optical system by dividing the field of real light into direct rays that are not transmitted through a system with ray tracing techniques. This allows even more complex optical systems to be analyzed or simulated by computer. Ray tracing uses Maxwell's equation, which is valid as long as the light waves are waves that propagate around objects that are much larger than the light wavelength. Ray optics or geometrical optics do not define di raction events, which require wave Optics theory. Other wave events such as interference can be modeled in moderate conditions by adding a phase to the ray model. Definition The light ray is a line straight to the front light waves; its tangent is collinear with the vector of waves. Light rays inhomogeneous media are straightforward. They bend at the interface between two di erent media and may turn at the point where the refractive index changes. Geometric optics describes how radiation is transmitted through the visual system. The objects to be imaged are considered as collections of independent point sources, each of which produces circular front waves and corresponding external rays. Radiation from each area can be transmitted mathematically to obtain a corresponding point in the image. How to Make an image With a Lens? The real image of the body placed between 2f and f from the convex lens can be captured on a screen placed in the image area even if the screen is removed. The screen separates rays from an object into an image in the sky and then deviates. Laser show projection is an excellent example of this. What are the features of White light? Image formation requires regular refraction / reflection. Radiation generated in one location is expected to reach the same image location. That’s why certain things like a book page don’t produce an image. What are the uses of the lens? In the case of myopia, the image is focused on a retina that can be repaired with the help of a defective lens. In the case of hypermetropia, the image focuses on the other side of the retina, which can be corrected with the help of a flexible lens. A type of cylindrical lens is used to correct astigmatism. Total interval refraction Critical angle, Related Link Chapter-Wave Motion Chapter-Thermo Electricity Chapter-Semi Conductor Devices Chapter-Ray Optics Chapter-Nuclear Physics Chapter-Magnetism Chapter-Optics Chapter-Atomic Physics Chapter-Capacitance Chapter-Communication Chapter-Current Electricity Chapter-Electromagnetic Induction Login/Register All Courses Prism formula Len's maker formula From Snell’s Law i = angle of incidence r = angle of refraction d = i – r = angle of deviation Denser →rarer medium Light bends away from normal (d = r-i) Rarer →denser medium Light bends towards normal (d = i -r) μ = refractive index of 2 medium w.r.t 1 μ = refractive index of 2 medium No refraction . if light is incident normally on boundary . refractive index of 1 medium = refractive index of 2 medium When light ray undergoes refraction, there is a change in its velocity and wavelength but frequency of the light does not change. V –velocity of light in 1 medium V – velocity of light in 2 medium λ - wavelength of light in 1 medium λ - wavelength of light in 2 medium Where, V – velocity of light in 1 medium V – velocity of light in 2 medium μ value depends colour (wavelength) of light μ maximum for violet and minimum for red. Real and Apparent Depths Due to refraction, depth of an optically denser medium appears to be less than its real depth. Consider two media a and b, such that 1 2 1 st 1 2 1 2 1 2 Critical angle . Light travels from denser to rarer medium. . Angle of refraction in rarer medium is 90°. . Emergent ray passes along the surface of separation If angle of incidence in denser medium is greater than its critical angle, the light gets reflected back into same medium. This phenomenon is called total internal reflection. Examples Sparkling of a diamond is due to total internal reflection. Mirage in hot areas and looming in cold areas is due to total internal reflection. Optical fibre works on the principle of total internal reflection Refraction at Spherical surfaces When light goes from rarer to denser medium through a spherical surface having radius of curvature R. We have relation Where n and n are refractive indices of rarer and denser medium respectively. (i.e.n < n ) distance of the object from the pole is u and that of the image is v. Academic team of Physics Wallah prepared short notes and all important Physics formulas and bullet points of chapter Ray Optics formula sheet(class-12 Physics). Related Topics Important Questions of Ray Optics Online Test for class 12 Download the Pdf of class 12 formula booklet physics of chapter Ray Optics from the link given below 1 2 1 2 Get Access To Our Now Get instant access to high-quality material Physics Wallah We understand that every student has different needs and capabilities, which is why we create such a wonderful and unique curriculum that is the best fit for every student. 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