From Scrolls to Scrolling Edited by Patrice Brodeur, Alexandra Cuffel, Assaad Elias Kattan, and Georges Tamer Volume 12 Judaism, Christianity, and Islam – Tension, Transmission, Transformation From Scrolls to Scrolling Sacred Texts, Materiality, and Dynamic Media Cultures Edited by Bradford A. Anderson ISBN 978-3-11-062959-0 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-063444-0 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-063146-3 ISSN 2196-405X DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110634440 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2020933703 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2020 Bradford A. Anderson, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston. The book is published with open access at www.degruyter.com. Typesetting: Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com Die freie Verfügbarkeit der E-Book-Ausgabe dieser Publikation wurde ermöglicht durch den Fach- informationsdienst Jüdische Studien an der Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg Frankfurt am Main und 18 wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken, die die Open-Access-Transformation in den Jü- dischen Studien unterstützen. Open-Access-Transformation in den Jüdischen Studien Open Access für exzellente Publikationen aus den Jüdischen Studien: Dies ist das Ziel der ge- meinsamen Initiative des Fachinformationsdiensts Jüdische Studien an der Universitätsbiblio- thek J. C. Senckenberg Frankfurt am Main und des Verlags Walter De Gruyter. Unterstützt von 18 Konsortialpartnern können 2020 insgesamt 8 Neuerscheinungen im Open Access Goldstandard veröffentlicht werden, darunter auch diese Publikation. Die nachfolgenden wissenschaftlichen Einrichtungen haben sich an der Finanzierung beteiligt und fördern damit die Open-Access-Transformation in den Jüdischen Studien und gewährleisten die freie Verfügbarkeit für alle: Fachinformationsdienst Jüdische Studien, Universitätsbibliothek J. C. Senckenberg Frankfurt am Main Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin - Preußischer Kulturbesitz Universitätsbibliothek der Freien Universität Berlin Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Düsseldorf Universitätsbibliothek der Europa-Universität Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder) Bibliothek der Vereinigten Theologischen Seminare der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Sachsen-Anhalt Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg – Carl von Ossietzky Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek – Niedersächsische Landesbibliothek Hochschule für Jüdische Studien Heidelberg Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln Universitätsbibliothek Mainz Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster Herzog August Bibliothek Wolfenbüttel Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal Table of Contents Abbreviations IX Preface XI Bradford A. Anderson Introduction: Materiality, Liminality, and the Digital Turn: The Sacred Texts of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in Material Perspective 1 I Sacred Texts and Material Contexts Anna Krauß and Friederike Schücking-Jungblut Stichographic Layout in the Dead Sea Psalms Scrolls: Observations on its Development and its Potential 13 Dan Batovici Reading Aids in Early Christian Papyri 35 Asma Hilali Writing the Qur’ān Between the Lines: Marginal and Interlinear Notes in Selected Qur’ān Fragments from the Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar 51 Ben Outhwaite The Sefer Torah and Jewish Orthodoxy in the Islamic Middle Ages 63 Javier del Barco From Scroll to Codex: Dynamics of Text Layout Transformation in the Hebrew Bible 91 Eyal Poleg Memory, Performance, and Change: The Psalms’ Layout in Late Medieval and Early Modern Bibles 119 Amanda Dillon Be Your Own Scribe: Bible Journalling and the New Illuminators of the Densely-Printed Page 153 VIII Contents II Sacred Texts and the Digital Turn Garrick V. Allen Monks, Manuscripts, Muhammad, and Digital Editions of the New Testament 181 Alba Fedeli The Qur’ānic Text from Manuscript to Digital Form: Metalinguistic Markup of Scribes and Editors 213 Joshua L. Mann Paratexts and the Hermeneutics of Digital Bibles 247 Natalia Suit Virtual Qur’ān: Authenticity, Authority, and Ayat in Bytes 263 Bradford A. Anderson Sacred Texts in a Digital Age: Materiality, Digital Culture, and the Functional Dimensions of Scriptures in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam 281 Scriptural Index 303 Subject Index 305 Open Access. © 2020 Bradford A. Anderson, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110634440-203 Abbreviations ANTF Arbeiten zur neutestamentlichen Textforschung AYB Anchor Yale Bible BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium BoCP Book of Common Prayer BZAW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft BZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft CBGM Coherence-Based Genealogical Method CSML Cambridge Studies in Medieval Literature DBS Digital Biblical Studies DJD Discoveries of the Judaean Desert DSD Dead Sea Discoveries ECM editio critica maior HOSNME Handbook of Oriental Studies, The Near and Middle East HThKAT Herders Theologischer Kommentar zum Alten Testament HTR Harvard Theological Review HTS Harvard Theological Studies JBL Journal of Biblical Literature JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History JIM Journal of Islamic Manuscripts JIS Journal of Islamic Studies JQR Jewish Quarterly Review JQS Journal of Qur’anic Studies JSJS Supplements to the Journal for the Study of Judaism JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament KHC Kurzer Hand-Commentar zum Alten Testament LMB Late Medieval Bible LSTS The Library of Second Temple Studies MRAT Medieval and Renaissance Authors and Texts NIGTC New International Greek Testament Commentary NKJV New King James Version NovTSup Supplements to Novum Testamentum NTTSD New Testament Tools, Studies, and Documents NTS New Testament Studies OTE Old Testament Essays PSAT Poetologische Studien zum Alten Testament RdQ Revue de Qumran RSTC Alfred W. Pollard et al., A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland, & Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475-1640 , 2nd ed., 3 vols. (London: The Bibliographical Society, 1976) SFIK Schriften zur Frühen Islamgeschichte und zum Koran StTDJ Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah TuT M. Lembke, et al., eds. Text und Textwert der griechischen Handschriften des Neuen Testaments. VI. Die Apokalypse , ANTF 49 (Berlin: de Gruyter, 2017) TUGAL Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen Literatur X Abbreviations TynBul Tyndale Bulletin WBC Word Biblical Commentaries WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament WWMW The Written Word: The Manuscript World ZAC Zeitschrift für antikes Christentum Open Access. © 2020 Bradford A. Anderson, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110634440-204 Preface The origins of this volume can be traced back to a symposium held at Dublin City University on the 6th September 2017. Using the “digital turn” as a starting point, the symposium focused on how and why materiality should be a more sig- nificant component of our reflection on the sacred texts of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The symposium was part of a larger project (“From Scrolls to Scroll- ing: Sacred Texts, Materiality, and Dynamic Media Cultures”) that was funded by the Irish Research Council New Foundations Scheme, and I am immensely grateful to the Research Council for their support. This project included collab- oration with colleagues from the University of Heidelberg and the Material Text Cultures research project; I offer sincere thanks to Professor Jan Christian Gertz, Dr Friederike Schücking-Jungblut, and Dr Anna Krauß for the hospitality that was shown during a research visit to Heidelberg. Further financial and administrative support for the symposium came from the DCU School of Theology, Philosophy, and Music, and special thanks are due to Dr Ethna Regan, Dr Garrick Allen, and Dr Jonathan Kearney for their support and encouragement. Additional financial support for the publication of this volume was provided by the DCU Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, for which I am very grateful. I want to thank all of the contributors for their fine scholarship and research, as well as their patience and collegiality during the process. Finally, I offer a spe- cial note of thanks to the JCIT editors, as well as Sophie Wagenhofer at de Gruyter, for their encouragement and support in bringing this project to publication. Bradford A. Anderson Dublin, Ireland Open Access. © 2020 Bradford A. Anderson, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110634440-205 Figures Stichographic Layout in the Dead Sea Psalms Scrolls: Observations on its Development and its Potential Fig. 1 Prose-layout in 11Q5, Col XXIII,6–12 . Courtesy of The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library; Israel Antiquities Authority, photo: Shai Halevi 17 Fig. 2 A column with two separate stichs: Mas 1e, Col ii and iii . Courtesy of The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library; Israel Antiquities Authority, photo: Shai Halevi 20 Writing the Qur’ān Between the Lines: Marginal and Interlinear Notes in Selected Qur’ān Fragments from the Museum of Islamic Art, Qatar Fig. 1 Bifolio MIA. 67.2007.1 . With kind permission of the museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar 56 Fig. 2 MIA 2013.16. Folio 8.v. With kind permission of the museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar 57 Fig. 3 Detail of marginal reference sign. MIA 2013.16 Folio 8.v . With kind permission of the Museum of Islamic Art, Doha, Qatar 58 From Scroll to Codex: Dynamics of Text Layout Transformation in the Hebrew Bible Fig. 1 Layout 1: A half brick over a half brick, and a whole brick over a whole brick 96 Fig. 2 Layout 2: A half brick over a whole brick, and a whole brick over a half brick 96 Fig. 3 Layout 3: Divided symmetrically in two parts 98 Fig. 4 Layout 4: Layout of The Song at the Sea as described by Maimonides 100 Fig. 5 Layout of The Song at the Sea; LBP: Line before the poem; LAP: Line after the poem 104 Fig. 6 Paris, BnF, Hébreu 29, fol. 50r. With permission of the Bibliothèque nationale de France 106 Fig. 7 Paris, BnF, Hébreu 24, fol. 37v. With permission of the Bibliothèque nationale de France 107 Fig. 8 Paris, BnF, Hébreu 28, fol. 37v. With permission of the Bibliothèque nationale de France 108 Fig. 9 MS Paris, BnF, Hébreu 19, fol. 49r. With permission of the Bibliothèque nationale de France 109 Fig. 10 MS Paris, BnF, Hébreu 8, fol. 75v. With permission of the Bibliothèque nationale de France 111 XIV Figures Memory, Performance, and Change: The Psalms’ Layout in Late Medieval and Early Modern Bibles Fig. 1 Cantate Domino – initial to Psalm 110/11 in the de Brailes Bible. Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Lat. Bib. E. 7, fol. 191v. By permission of The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford 123 Fig. 2 Late Medieval Bible Layout – Opening of Genesis, Edinburgh University Library MS 2, fols 3v-4r. Edinburgh University Library Special Collections 124 Fig. 3 Psalm layout (detail); Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Bodl. 959. By permission of The Bodleian Library, University of Oxford 128 Fig. 4 Wycliffite Psalter (British Library MS Yates Thompson 52, fol. 96v). © The British Library Board 130 Fig. 5 Great Bible Psalms (The Byble in Englyshe [...] (London: Rychard Grafton and Edward Whitchurch, April 1539), pt 3 fol. 2v. Edinburgh University Library Special Collections 137 Fig. 6 Grafton 1535 Psalms (The Bible in Englishe [...] (London: Richard Grafton, 1553), fols 188v-189r). Reproduced by kind permission of the Syndics of Cambridge University Library 140 Fig. 7 Geneva Bible Psalms (The Bible and Holy Scriptures [...] (Geneva: Rouland Hall, 1560), fol. 235v). Edinburgh University Library Special Collections 142 Fig. 8 Bishops’ Bible Psalms (The. holie. Bible [London: Richarde Iugge, 1568], pt 3 p.3). Edinburgh University Library Special Collections 144 Fig. 9 Bishops’ 1572 Psalms (The. holie. Bible [London: Richarde Iugge, 1572], pt 3 p.3). Edinburgh University Library Special Collections 145 Be Your Own Scribe: Bible Journalling and the New Illuminators of the Densely-Printed Page Fig. 1 Carol Belleau: Deut 11:11–14. With kind permission of the artist 167 Fig. 2 Salomé Vleeming, Psalm 112:4 . With kind permission of the artist 171 Fig. 3 Salomé Vleeming, Psalm 112:4, detail of lettering . With kind permission of the artist 172 Fig. 4 Sumayah Hassan, A page of a Qur’an journal featuring Ayah 28 from Surah 21. With kind permission of the artist 176 Monks, Manuscripts, Muhammad, and Digital Editions of the New Testament Fig. 1 GA 2027 (Paris, BnF, gr. 491), Comment on Rev 13:18 (289r). With permission of the Bibliothèque nationale de France 190 Fig. 2 GA 1732 (Athos, Lavra, A 91) comment on Rev 13:18 (detail, lower margin) Public Domain: Library of Congress Collection of Manuscripts from the Monasteries of Mt. Athos 191 Figures XV Fig. 3 GA 2073 (Athos, Iviron, 273), Comment on Rev 13:18 (73v). Public Domain: Library of Congress Collection of Manuscripts from the Monasteries of Mt. Athos 194 Fig. 4 GA 051 (Athos, Pantokratoros 44) comment on Rev 13:18 (15r). Public Domain: Library of Congress Collection of Manuscripts from the Monasteries of Mt. Athos 196 The Qur’ānic Text from Manuscript to Digital Form: Metalinguistic Markup of Scribes and Editors Fig. 1 Bare consonantal skeleton with homograph base letters: Arabic MS 11(688) f.23r, detail John Rylands Library, The University of Manchester. Copyright of the University of Man- chester. Layer extracted by Alba Fedeli 226 Fig. 2 Bare consonantal skeleton with explicit reading of possible homographs: Arabic MS 11(688) f.23r, detail . John Rylands Library, The University of Manchester. Copyright of the University of Manchester. Layer extracted by Alba Fedeli 226 Fig. 3 Red vowel-dot level (tuḫrağūna): Arabic MS 11(688) f.23r, detail John Rylands Library, The University of Manchester. Copyright of the University of Manchester. Layer extracted by Alba Fedeli 226 Fig. 4 Green vowel-dot level (taḫruğūna): Arabic MS 11(688) f.23r, detail John Rylands Library, The University of Manchester. Copyright of the University of Manchester. Layer extracted by Alba Fedeli 227 Fig. 5 Red and green vowel-dot levels: Arabic MS 11(688) f.23r, detail John Rylands Library, The University of Manchester . Copyright of the University of Manchester 227 Tables Stichographic Layout in the Dead Sea Psalms Scrolls: Observations on its Development and its Potential Table 1 Dating of the Dead Sea psalms scrolls according to paleography 21 Table 2 Poetic structure of Ps 118:1–4 (Masoretic text) 29 Table 3 Poetic structure of Ps 118:25–26 (Masoretic text) 30 Monks, Manuscripts, Muhammad, and Digital Editions of the New Testament Table 1 Chronological Distribution of Revelation’s Greek Manuscripts 199 Open Access. © 2020 Bradford A. Anderson, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110634440-206 Open Access. © 2020 Bradford A. Anderson, published by De Gruyter. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110634440-001 Bradford A. Anderson Introduction Materiality, Liminality, and the Digital Turn: The Sacred Texts of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in Material Perspective [Writing] is a maiden with a pen, a harlot in print. – Filippo de Strata The above quotation comes from a fifteenth century Benedictine monk who was not particularly happy with the rise of print culture – a sentiment I suspect he shared with many contemporaries.1 Technological developments have a long history of disrupting society and culture, and changes to how texts have been produced and transmitted through the centuries have been a large part of such developments. Indeed, from scroll to codex, from manuscript to moveable print, and from book culture to digital contexts, these changes have been monumental in shaping how people communicate. It is not surprising that sacred texts have been at the heart of many such devel- opments; and yet, the relationship between sacred texts and the material forms in which they are embodied is a complicated one in many traditions. The traditions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam often describe their respective sacred texts as timeless – indeed, divine – messages. An implication of this “timelessness” is that within these traditions, focus has been placed primarily on the content of these texts, while issues of materiality have often been taken for granted. From this perspective, scrolls, books, and digital devices are simply receptacles in which the text is housed. However, such thinking masks the fact that these texts are always embodied in particular material forms, which emerge in specific times and places, and such embodiment necessarily has implications for the use and reception of these texts. It is often during times of change that the materiality of objects becomes apparent, and we are living through such a moment.2 Using the digital turn as a starting point, this volume explores how the materiality of artefacts shapes our knowledge concerning the development and transmission of the sacred texts of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, as well as the way in which people engage with, 1 Quoted in Keith Houston, The Book: A Cover-to-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of Our Time (New York: W.W. Norton, 2016), 128–29. 2 See Bruno Latour, Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).