E&>/ h/κ &ŝŶĂů džĂŵ ͘ sŽĐĂďƵůĂƌLJ ŚŽŽƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ǁŽƌĚ ƚŽ ĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞ ƚŚĞ ƐĞŶƚĞŶĐĞƐ ͘ ;ρϬκ ŝŶĐůƵĚĞĚͿ ϭϬƉ ϭ ͘ dŚĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŽƌ ƐƚŽŽĚ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ƚŚĞ ĐŽͲǁŽƌŬĞƌƐ ǁŚŽ ŵŽĐŬĞĚ ŚŝƐ ŝĚĞĂƐ ͘ Ϯ ͘ / ĚŽŶΖƚ ǁĂŶƚ ƚŽ ŚĞĂƌ LJŽƵƌ ǀŽŝĐĞ ĂŶLJŵŽƌĞ ͘ /Ζŵ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ z ŽƵƌ ůŝĞƐ ͘ ϯ ͘ / ĐĂŶΖƚ ďĞůŝĞǀĞ Ăůů ƚŚĞƐĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ƌƟĐůĞƐ ŽŶ ƐŽĐŝĂů ŵĞĚŝĂ ͘ d ŽŽ ŵĂŶLJ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĐĂŶ ďĞ ĂīĞĐƚĞĚ ďLJ ƚŚĞŵ ͘ κ ͘ Ŷ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ Z ĞůĂƟŽŶƐŚŝƉ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚǁŽ ƉĞŽƉůĞ ĐĂŶ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŵĂŶLJ ƉƐLJĐŚŽůŽŐŝĐ ŝƐƐƵĞƐ ͘ ρ ͘ / ƚ ǁĂƐ ďLJ ƚŚĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ K Ĩ ŚŝƐ ůŽǀĞƌ ƚŚĂƚ ŚĞ ĨŽƵŶĚ ƚŚĞ ƉŽǁĞƌ ƚŽ ŐŽ ŽŶ ͘ ς ͘ d ŚĞ ƐŽůĚŝĞƌƐ ŚĞůĚ Ă ŵĞĞƟŶŐ ŽŶ Ă ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ^ Žŝů ƚŽ ƐĞƩůĞ ƚŚĞ ĮŐŚƚ ďĞƚǁĞĞŶ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƵŶƚƌŝĞƐ ͘ ϳ ͘ d ŚĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ K Ĩ ƚŚĞ ĞĐŽŶŽŵLJ ǁĂƐ ƚŚĞ ŵĂŝŶ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ƚŚĞ ŚƵŐĞ ǁĂǀĞ ŽĨ ŝŵŵŝŐƌĂƟŽŶ ĂŶĚ ƵŶĞŵƉůŽLJŵĞŶƚ ͘ Θ ͘ d Ž ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ / ŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƵŶŬŶŽǁƐ ĨŽƌĞƐƚ ǁĂƐ Ă ĚĂŶŐĞƌŽƵƐ ƚĂƐŬ ƚŚĞ ďƌĂǀĞ ŬŶŝŐŚƚ ŚĂĚ ƚŽ ƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞ ͘ ε ͘ d ŚĞ ŽůĚ ŵĂŶ ǁĂƐ ƚŽŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ d Ž ŚŽůĚ ƚŚĞ ŚĂŶĚƐ ŽĨ ŚŝƐ ůŽŶŐͲůŽƐƚ ůŽǀĞƌ ͘ ϭϬ ͘ d ŚĞ ƉŽůŝĐĞ ĐŽƵůĚ ŶŽƚ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ d ŚĞ ĐĂƵƐĞ ŽĨ ĚĞĂƚŚ ͘ d ŚĞƌĞ ǁĂƌĞ ƚŽŽ ŵĂŶLJ ŚŝĚĚĞŶ ĐůƵĞƐ ͘ ͘ 'ƌĂŵŵĂƌ ŚŽŽƐĞ ƚŚĞ ĐŽƌƌĞĐƚ ĂŶƐǁĞƌ ͘ εƉ ϭ ͘ / ƚ ŝƐ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ d ŚĂƚ ƚŚĞ ŶĞǁ ǀŝƌƵƐ ĐĂŶ ƐƵƌǀŝǀĞ ŚŝŐŚĞƌ ƚĞŵƉĞƌĂƚƵƌĞƐ ƚŚĂŶ ǁŚĂƚ ǁĂƐ ŝŶŝƟĂůůLJ ƚŚŽƵŐŚƚ ͘ ĂͿ ƌĞƉŽƌƚĞĚ ďͿ ĂƌŐƵĞ ĐͿ ŝƐ ĐůĂŝŵĞĚ ŽůůĂƉƐĞ Ͳ ĨĞĞďůĞ Ͳ ĚŝƐĐůŽƐĞ Ͳ ĨĞĚ ƵƉ ǁŝƚŚ Ͳ ǀĞŶƚƵƌĞ Ͳ ĂƵĚĂĐŝŽƵƐ h ŶƐƚĂďůĞ Ͳ ŶĞƵƚƌĂů Ͳ ŵŝƐůĞĂĚŝŶŐ Ͳ ĞŵďƌĂĐĞ Ϯ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ E Ž ĐůƵĞƐ ĂďŽƵƚ ƚŚĞ ŵƵƌĚĞƌ͕ ƚŚĞ ĚĞƚĞĐƟǀĞ ĂƐŬĞĚ ĨŽƌ ŵŽƌĞ ƟŵĞ ͘ ĂͿ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ďͿŚĂǀŝŶŐ ĨŽƵŶĚ ĐͿ ŶŽƚ ĮŶĚŝŶŐ ϯ ͘ :ŽŚŶ ŚƵƌƚ ŚŝƐ ŬŶĞĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ƚŚĞ ŵŽƵŶƚĂŝŶ ͘ ĂͿ ƚŽ ĐůŝŵďŝŶŐ ďͿ ŚĂǀŝŶŐ ĐůŝŵďŝŶŐ ĐͿ ĐůŝŵďŝŶŐ κ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ E Ğdžƚ ƚŚŝŶŐ ŝ ĐŽƵůĚ ƌĞŵĞŵďĞƌ ǁĂƐ ďƌŝŶŐ ĚƌĂŐŐĞĚ ŝŶƚŽ ƚŚĞ ƌŽŽŵ ĂŐĂŝŶƐƚ ŵLJ ǁŝůů ͘ ĂͿ ŶŽ ĂƌƟĐůĞ ďͿ ƚŚĞ ĐͿĂ ρ ͘ / Ŷ ŽƌĚĞƌ ƚŽ ƉƌĞƐĞƌǀĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ĞĂĚ ďŽĚLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ĞŵďĂůŵĞƌ ŝŶũĞĐƚƐ ĨŽƌŵĂůĚĞŚLJĚĞ ŝŶƚŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ďŽĚLJ ĂŌĞƌ ďůŽŽĚ ĚƌĂŝŶĂŐĞ ͘ ĂͿ Ăͬ ƚŚĞ ďͿ Ăͬ Ă ĐͿ ƚŚĞͬ ƚŚĞ ς ͘ D LJ ďŽLJĨƌŝĞŶĚ ĂůǁĂLJƐ ƚƌŝĞƐ ƚŽ ƉƌĞǀĞŶƚ ŵĞ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ƵLJŝŶŐ ĞdžƉĞƌŶƐŝǀĞ ĐůŽƚŚĞƐ ͘ ĂͿ ƚŽ ďͿ ŶŽ ƉƌĞƉŽƐŝƟŽŶ ĐͿ ĨƌŽŵ ϳ ͘ d ŚĞLJ ƉƵƚ Žī ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ d Ž ,ĂǁĂŝŝ ĚƵĞ ƚŚĞ ƚŚĞ ŝŶĐƌĞĂƐĞĚ ǀŽůĐĂŶŝĐ ĂĐƟǀŝƚLJ ͘ ĂͿ ƚŽ ƚƌĂǀĞů ďͿƚƌĂǀĞůůŝŶŐ ĐͿƚƌĂǀĞů Θ ͘ z ŽƵ ŚĂǀĞ ƚŽ ƉƵƐŚ ƚŚŝƐ ďƵƩŽŶ ƚŽ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ĂͿ ƉƵůů ŝƚ ŽƵƚ ďͿ ƉƵůů ŽƵƚ ŝƚ ĐͿ ďŽƚŚ Ă ĂŶĚ ď ε ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ ͘ E ĚĂƚĂ ƐŚŽǁƐ ƚŚĂƚ ĞĂƌůLJ ŚƵŵĂŶƐ ǁĞƌĞ Ă ĚĞƐĐĞŶĚĂŶƚ ŽĨ Ă ĐŽŵŵŽŶ ĂŶĐĞƐƚŽƌ ǁŝƚŚ ďŽŶŽďŽƐ ͘ ĂͿ ƚŚĞ ďͿ ŶŽ ĂƌƟĐůĞ ĐͿ ďŽƚŚ Ă ĂŶĚ ď ͘ ZĞĂĚŝŶŐ Z ĞĂĚ ƚŚĞ ĨŽůůŽǁŝŶŐ ƉĂƐƐĂŐĞ ĂŶĚ ĚŽ ƚŚĞ ĞdžĞƌĐŝƐĞƐ ͘ ςƉ 1. Check your understanding: matching Match the headings with the correct paragraph and write a f next to the numbers 1 6 Paragraph 1 a. Why fake news is hard to stop Paragraph 2 b. How we can try and control fake news Paragraph 3 c. Motives for creating fake news Paragraph 4 d. The financial rewards of fake news Paragraph 5 e. An example of a fake news story Not used f. How a fake news story can grow 2 . Check your understanding: multiple choice Circle the best answer to these question s 1. Why did Elgar Welch go to the pizzeria? a. He was trying to commit robbery. b. He hated all supporters of Hillary Clinton. c. He was working as a private investigator and investigating a crime. d. He had become concerned after reading an untrue news story. 2. W hy did many people not believe The Washington Post and The New York Times when they denounced the pizzeria story? a. They checked the facts and found that the articles were incorrect. b. They didn't trust anybody. c. They thought the newspapers had a political agenda. d. They thought the newspapers had not researched the story carefully enough. 3. Who is Steven Smith? a. a local politician from Georgia b. a journalist on The New York Times c. a member of the US House of Representatives d. a fictitious person, created to attack the media 4. Which reason for the difficulty of controlling fake news stories is not given in the article? a. Many p b. c. People are sceptical of the mainstream media. d. Fake news stories can easily switch to other websites and platforms if caught. 5. Which type of motivation for the creation of fake news is not given? a. from people who pay to read the stories. 6. How does the author feel about stopping fake news spreading? a. cautiously optimistic b. doubtful c. positive d. pessimistic