Rights for this book: Public domain in the USA. This edition is published by Project Gutenberg. Originally issued by Project Gutenberg on 2012-09-30. To support the work of Project Gutenberg, visit their Donation Page. This free ebook has been produced by GITenberg, a program of the Free Ebook Foundation. If you have corrections or improvements to make to this ebook, or you want to use the source files for this ebook, visit the book's github repository. You can support the work of the Free Ebook Foundation at their Contributors Page. The Project Gutenberg EBook of A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia, by J. G. Bartholomew This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: A Literary and Historical Atlas of Asia Author: J. G. Bartholomew Release Date: September 30, 2012 [EBook #40900] Language: English *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK LITERARY, HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ASIA *** Produced by Melissa McDaniel and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This file was produced from images generously made available by The Internet Archive) Transcriber's Note: Obvious typographical errors have been corrected. Inconsistent spelling and hyphenation in the original document have been preserved. Manus Island, page 202. No location named. Should probably be East Indies. Gulf of Kas, page 195. Missing longitude. Fitze-long Bay, page 187. Wrong map coordinates. The Index lists Dharmapuri, Diggi, Kang-ping and Radhan as having Glossary entries which do not exist. Alternative spellings of Ibn Batuta include Batutu, Batatu, and Batouka. Inconsistencies between latitude and longitude in the Index and the Glossary have been left as printed, including Ajmere, Bahera, Bitlis, Carmel, the Dead Sea, Deogarh, Dharwar, Diarbekr, Dondra Head, Elichpur, Hugli, Kagoshima, and Kamagawa. EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY EDITED BY ERNEST RHYS REFERENCE A LITERARY AND HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ASIA THE PUBLISHERS OF EVERYMAN'S LIBRARY WILL BE PLEASED TO SEND FREELY TO ALL APPLICANTS A LIST OF THE PUBLISHED AND PROJECTED VOLUMES TO BE COMPRISED UNDER THE FOLLOWING THIRTEEN HEADINGS: TRAVEL * SCIENCE * FICTION THEOLOGY & PHILOSOPHY HISTORY * CLASSICAL FOR YOUNG PEOPLE ESSAYS * ORATORY POETRY & DRAMA BIOGRAPHY REFERENCE ROMANCE IN FOUR STYLES OF BINDING: CLOTH, FLAT BACK, COLOURED TOP, LEATHER, ROUND CORNERS, GILT TOP; LIBRARY BINDING IN CLOTH, & QUARTER PIGSKIN L ONDON : J. M. DENT & SONS, L TD N EW Y ORK : E. P. DUTTON & CO. TO THE WISE MAN ALL THE WORLD'S A SOIL BEN JONSON A LITERARY & HISTORICAL ATLAS OF ASIA J G. BARTHOLOMEW LL.D LONDON: PUBLISHED by J·M·DENT & SONS L TD AND IN NEW YORK BY E·P·DUTTON & CO INTRODUCTION Fourth in the series of special atlases designed for "Everyman's Library" the present volume deals with the countries of Asia, whose history and geography, and whose possibilities, great and grave, are alike reflected in the maps and charts that follow. When Queen Elizabeth granted to certain merchants of London a charter that gave them a roving commission to trade in the East Indies, she could not foresee the immense developments that were to rise from that adventurous commerce between east and west. The successive maps of India with their frontier changes mark the gradual advance of an old world toward the new one knit by powerful mutual ties to the Isle of Britain; and recently we have seen what it is to be hoped will open a greater era for those regions, marked by a return to the old capital of Delhi, and a resuming of ancient rites which first gained their symbolism in those lands. But Asia, as Japan has taught us and as China will undoubtedly teach us again, has her own destiny to bear out, apart from our European interests and politics; and it is in that aspect we need to study her on the lines laid down and made clear and positive in this volume. It is not the military records, the charts of mutinies and battle-fields, interesting as they are, which are alone important; but those showing the conditions, physical and climatic, of the country; the dispersion of the tongues, the sites of the old religions, the wealth and tillage of the earth with its fruits, grain and minerals, its rice fields and tea plantations; the prevalence of rain, sun and trade-winds; and the course of the sea-roads that affect its human and industrial life. A gazetteer does not always seem to the ordinary man a very entertaining thing, but in this of Asia its compiler, Miss Grant, has tried to mark in brief, close compacted in small type, the place-associations, historical and other, that give life to the names of town or country. She has related them to the books that have dealt with them, and the events they have witnessed: given Ning-po its allusion to Marco Polo's travels, and Madras its San Thomé pedigree, connected Palmyra with Tamerlane, and Puri, Bengal, with the gold tooth of the Buddha and the Temple of Vishnu's incarnation. In the Brief Survey of the Coins and Coinage, Mr. J. Allan (of the Coins and Medal Department, British Museum) has traced the record from Lydia, six centuries and more B.C., to our own time. His notes on the Phoenician coins—"tetradrachms of Tyre with a dolphin or the god Melkart riding on a sea-horse," or an owl with a crook and a flail (Egyptian royal symbols); or the double shekels of Sidon with a galley, sails, or oars, before a walled city on one side, and a king of Persia on the other—show how much of history a set of coins, apparently so secretive, may hide in their silver and gold impressions. In this Asian Atlas, of small dimensions as it requires to be to fit its pocket, Irkutsk in the north, "far Mandalay," the details of the East and West Indies, the route of Marco Polo, coasts like the Carnatic, towns like Lucknow and Cawnpore, Lhasa, "the Forbidden City" of Tibet, and Matsuye, the old capital of Idzumo, which Lafcadio Hearn describes, all have their record. It remains to be said, that as in other volumes of the same set, Dr. Bartholomew of Edinburgh has acted as cartographer; and the editor and publishers wish to acknowledge his large practical aid in the design of the atlas. Also, they owe a word of thanks to Mr. William Foster of the India Office for his expert advice. Finally, they wish to dedicate the volume to the people and the princes of India, Japan, and the other countries of which it is a memorial, believing in their great future. E. R. CONTENTS COLOURED MAPS PAGE T HE W ORLD ACCORDING TO H ECATÆUS , B.C. 500 1 T HE W ORLD ACCORDING TO E RATOSTHENES , B.C. 220 2 Q UADRANS H ABITABILIS ACCORDING TO A BU R IHAN B IRUNENSIS , A.D. 1030 3 E GYPTIAN E MPIRE , B.C. 1450 4 B ABYLONIAN E MPIRE , B.C. 560 5 P ERSIAN E MPIRE AT ITS GREATEST E XTENT , 525 B.C. 6, 7 E MPIRE OF A LEXANDER THE G REAT , 325 B.C. 8, 9 A SIA M INOR 10, 11 P ALESTINE , O LD T ESTAMENT 12 P ALESTINE , N EW T ESTAMENT 13 A SIA , E ARLY E XPLORERS 14, 15 A SIA , T HIRTEENTH C ENTURY 16 A SIA , ABOUT 1740 17 I NDIA , 1705 18 I NDIA , 1765 19 I NDIA , 1805 20 I NDIA , 1857 21 T HE F AR E AST , 1800 22, 23 R USSIAN A DV ANCES IN C ENTRAL A SIA 24, 25 T HE W ORLD ON M ERCATOR ' S P ROJECTION . S HOWING R OUTES TO A SIA 26, 27 A SIA —O ROGRAPHICAL 28 R IVER B ASINS 29 J ANUARY T EMPERATURE 30 J ULY T EMPERATURE 31 J ANUARY R AINFALL 32 J ULY R AINFALL 33 M EAN A NNUAL R AINFALL 34 V EGETATION 35 R ACES 36 R ELIGIONS 37 P OPULATION 38 P OLITICAL 39 E CONOMIC M AP OF A SIA ON M ERCATOR ' S P ROJECTION 40, 41 T RADE R OUTES OF A SIA ON M ERCATOR ' S P ROJECTION 42, 43 T URKEY IN A SIA , A RABIA , P ERSIA , A FGHANISTAN , AND B ALUCHISTAN 44, 45 A SIA M INOR , S YRIA , ETC 46, 47 S UEZ C ANAL 48 A DEN 49 O ROGRAPHICAL C ENTRAL A SIA , WITH I NDIAN F RONTIERS 50, 51 I NDIAN E MPIRE 52, 53 P RODUCTS OF I NDIA 54, 55 B OMBAY , B ERAR , AND PART OF C ENTRAL I NDIA 56, 57 P UNJAB , S IND , R AJPUTANA , K ASHMIR , ETC 58, 59 U NITED AND C ENTRAL P ROVINCES , B ENGAL , A SSAM , ETC 60, 61 M ADRAS , H AIDARABAD , M YSORE , AND C EYLON 62, 63 E NVIRONS OF B OMBAY 64 E NVIRONS OF C ALCUTTA 65 O ROGRAPHICAL F ARTHER I NDIA 66 B URMA 67 M ALAY S TATES 68, 69 S IAM AND I NDO -C HINA 70, 71 T HE F AR E AST , E CONOMIC 72, 73 E AST I NDIES 74, 75 J A V A 76 P HILIPPINE I SLANDS 77 I SLAND OF S INGAPORE 78 H ONG -K ONG 79 C HINA AND J APAN 80, 81 N ORTHERN C HINA 82, 83 S OUTHERN C HINA 84, 85 E NVIRONS OF P EKING AND S HANGHAI 86 E NVIRONS OF H ONG -K ONG AND M ANILA 87 J APAN 88, 89 K OREA AND M ANCHURIA 90 C ENTRAL J APAN 91 E NVIRONS OF T OKIO 92 E NVIRONS OF P ORT -A RTHUR AND N AGASAKI 93 S IBERIA 94, 95 E NVIRONS OF V LADIVOSTOK 96 A BRIEF SURVEY OF THE COINAGES OF ASIA, F ROM THE E ARLIEST T IMES TO THE P RESENT D AY , BY J. A LLAN , M.A., M.R.A.S. 97 LINE MAPS PAGE B ATTLE OF S IRANGAPATAM , February 1792 130 B ATTLE OF A SSAYE , September 1803 131 B ATTLE OF M EANEE , February 1843 131 B ATTLE OF A LIWAL , January 1846 132 B ATTLE OF S OBRAON , February 1846 132 I NDIAN M UTINY , SHOWING D ISTRIBUTION OF T ROOPS , May 1857 133 A RYAN L ANGUAGES OF I NDIA 134 N ON -A RYAN L ANGUAGES OF I NDIA 135 S ITES OF A NCIENT I NDIAN T EMPLES 136, 137 M ILITARY D IVISIONS OF I NDIA 138 D ELHI 139 L UCKNOW 140 C AWNPORE 141 L AHORE 142 R ANGOON 143 L HASA , "T HE F ORBIDDEN C ITY " 144 A G AZETTEER OF T OWNS AND P LACES IN A SIA HA VING AN H ISTORIC I NTEREST 145 I NDEX 173 THE WORLD according to HECATÆUS B.C. 500 John Bartholomew & Co., Edin r View larger image THE WORLD according to ERATOSTHENES B.C. 220 John Bartholomew & Co., Edin r View larger image QUADRANS HABITABILIS according to ABU RIHAN BIRUNENSIS A.D. 1030 John Bartholomew & Co., Edin r View larger image EGYPTIAN EMPIRE B.C. 1450 View larger image BABYLONIAN EMPIRE B.C. 560 John Bartholomew & Co., Edin r View larger image PERSIAN EMPIRE AT ITS GREATEST EXTENT 525 B.C. John Bartholomew & Co., Edin r View larger image EMPIRE OF ALEXANDER THE GREAT 325 B.C. John Bartholomew & Co., Edin r View larger image ASIA MINOR John Bartholomew & Co., Edin r View larger image