Zurvanica II By E. C. ZAEHNEK I T gives me great pleasure to take this occasion to thank Professor Bailey for material assistance without which this article would probably not have appeared. He has been kind enough to put at my disposition an edition of Zatspram printed in India and sent to him from there. This edition—the work of Behramgore Anklesaria— was utilized by Dr. Tavadia in proof form for his edition of the Sayast- ne-sayast. It has not yet, to my knowledge, been published. It is therefore desirable that some description of this edition should be given here. There is no introduction, but the text is supplemented by a full apparatus cnticus. Besides K 35 , already widely known through the Copenhagen facsimile, two other MSS. have been used, respectively designated as BK and TD. These were known to West, who makes the following comment (v. SBE. 47, p. xvi): " but before it (sc. K 35 ) was so mutilated, a copy (Bk) of it was made, which is now in Bombay and contains a copy of its colophon the date of which corresponds to A.D. 1592. . . . The other MS. authority T, belonging to Ervad Tahmuras in Bombay . . . is dated two generations earlier." However neither colophon appears in this edition. The book contains 166 pages; but whereas we have the readings of TD till the end, BK only takes us as far as p. 142, and K 35 to p. 86. For the second extract published below we only have TD. The first chapter of Zatspram is parallel to the first chapter of the Bundahisn; but whereas the latter is lengthy, difficult, and diffuse, the former is clear, concise, and taking into account the difficulties of the language and script, comparatively easy. Both seem to derive from a common source. Its importance for the study of Zurvan is great, for in no other source are we given an account of Zurvan's transactions with Ahriman and the delivery of that sinister weapon " mingled with the power of Zurvan . . . black and ashen ". For once, from a Pahlavl source, we have more than a glimpse of that great deity whom Yezdigird II is known to have regarded as the father of Ohrmazd and Ahriman, and belief in whom he vainly tried to force on the resentful Armenians. 574 K. C. ZAEHNER— I ZATSPEAM Chapter I 'Apar gumecisn i Spenak Menok 'ut Ganay Menok (1) 'Et 'pat den (a > 5yon paStak 'ku rosnlh hacapar 'ut tarlklh hacaSar; 'ut-san miyanak i 'har 2 visataklh 'but. (2) Ohrmazd 'andar rosnih, Ahriman 'andar tarlkih ; 'ut Ohrmazd 'hastih (a) Ahriman matan-ic <6) 'o patkar (c) akas; Ahriman 'hac 'hastih rosnlh Ohrmazd 'ne akas 'but. (3) Ahriman 'andar tam-tariklh 'o (a) *frot (6) kustan hame 'raft; 'dit ( c > [i] handacisnlk 'ul 'o 'apar 'amat; 'ut-as teh-e i rosnlh frac 'dit, 'ut yut-gohrih i a^is raS tu^slt < d) 'ku a^is 'raset, 'ut-as ham oyon pat-is w 'andar < ^ > kamak valihet (y ' ceyon 'pat-ic taran. (4) 'ka§ (a) frac '5 vimand mat, m Ohrmazd apac dastan i Ahriman 'hac 'x v es sa(k datik startak ( e > kart, 'ut-a§ apac 'o torn ( ^' 'a/2gand. paspanlh 'hac druz ra8 menoklha 'andar *5 balist* <"' menok asman m 'ap zamlk ['ap] < * ' urvar gospand 'martom 'ut ata^s brehenlt, 'ut-as 3000 'sal 'apac « dast. (5) Ahriman-ic 'andar torn (a) a^Szar hame arast. ( *> 'pat sar i 3000 'sal 'apac 'o vimand 'amat; patestat ' c > 'ut drayit (d > 'ku 'zanam 'to, 'zanam daman i 'to raS. dam 'dat meneh, 'to 'ke Spenak W Menok 'heh : harvisp ['pat] O 'han 'be murnjenam. (6) Ohrmazd pasa^ v enit 'ku 'ne, druz, harvisp kartar 'heh. (7) 'dit Ahriman patestat M 'ku 'be hacem < w harvisp a^ v i astomand 'o adostih (c ' i 'to, '* dostlh i 'man. (8) Ohrmazd 'pat menok-xratlh 'dit (°) 'ku < * > 'han-ic *i w Ahriman patestat ( i hec rosnlh W 'apar 'ne 'estet. Zaman 'hast 'har 2 x v ap hamaSyarih rast raSenitarlh; a^8is W niyaz. W (10) 'ut-as 'pat 3 zaman 'kart i 'har zaman-e 3 hazarak. (11) Ahriman 'apar 'estat. (12) Ohrmazd 'dit 'ku, 'kaS Ahriman fravastak kartan 'ne sayet, hame 'kaS '^ v aSet, 'apac 'o '^ v es *bunist (a > i tarlkih 'savet, a^Szar < 6 ) ves araSet, W afrazam patkar 'bavet. 'ut-as 'pas 'hac ' d) zaman 'kartan ahunvar frac srut. ( e > ZUBVANICA II 575 (13) 'ut-as 'pat ahunvar 3 (a> aSvenak a/3is nimut. (14) fratom 'ku 'har cis 'han fraron [i] Ohrmazd k a m : (15) 'hac *'en < < " paStak 'ku 'kaS 'han i (») fraron [i] M Ohrmazd kam, paStak 'ku 'cis 'hast i 'ne 'andar kam i Ohrmazd, acar 'han < rf ' 'ke W *bun dast* W Vay i < » > yut-gohr. (16) ditikar 'en 'ku 'ke '") 'han '*' 'kunet i Ohrmazd kam, *as M mizd patdahisn ( rf) ^ v es [Ik]; 'ave 'ke 'ne 'han' 6 ' 'kunet'^ 'ke Ohrmazd< ? > kam, *as <*' puhr patafras W '^ v es. (17) 'hac 'en (a) nimaylhet kirpak-garan mizd 'ut vinaskaran patafras/ 6 ' 'ut matiyan vahist d5sa^ v 'hac-is. (18) sitikar nimut 'ku '"' ^ v ataylh i Ohrmazd 'ave aySzayenet i 'o driyosan vicarihet pityarakomandih ' 6> ; (19) 'han-as'"' nimut 'ku 'hast-heran '5 niyazik (*' -heran aSyar 'bavisn; ceyon akas-dahisnan '5 anakasagan amo^tan, < c > tuvanik- X v astakan '5 niyazlk-^ v astakan ratiha 'dat i 'x v §s frahat dast. [i] Ohrmazd daman evak '**' 'o 'dit 'andar k5^sisnlk ' e ' artlk. (20) Seyon fraskart-kartarih 'pat 'en 3 'cis sayet 'but. (21) 'hast fratom '"' rast-denih i '^ v at 5stavanih i 'apar 2 '*> bunistaklh, ( c ' 'pat 'han ristak < d ' brahm 'ku Ohrmazd hamak 'vehlh a-'vattarih, («' 'ut-as kam bazak-garan, tu^sltan i 'pat kirpak, pahre^tan i 'ha6 vinas. (23) sitikar ham-aSyarlh 'biitan i daman evak < a > 'apak *'dit < 6 ); 'hac" ham-aSyarlh ham-spahlh, 'hac hamW-spahlh perozlh i 'apar dusman 'bavet i *'^ v at f d ' fraskart. (24) 'pat 'en go^isn start 'but, 'apac 'o torn ' a ' opast.' 6 ' (25) Ohrmazd dam tanomandiha < a) 'be 'o geteh 'dat,—fratom asman, '*' ditikar 'ap, sitikar zamlk, ' c ' 4-om urvar, 'ut pancom (*' gospand, 6-om 'martom; 'ut ata^s 'andar visp w 'but pargandak 'hamist W 'pat 6 gohrak, i 'har gohrak^'-e *drang '*' i 'pat 'apar 'dat (i > hand but, guft 'estet, cand mez-e i 'ka8 evak 'pat 'dit frot 'nihend. W (26) 3000 'sal dam tanomand 'ut afrac-raftar ("' 'but: ^ v arset mah staran (6) 'estlt 'hend 'andar balist tarlklh 'ke-s nerok <"' i zurvanlk (6) pat-i§ patvastak, past (c) aSvenak, zaylk (?) 'ut siyah w 'ut aturastar-g5n frac 'o Ahriman burt. (30) 'ut-as 'pat frac barisnih guft 'ku 'pat < a) 'avesan zay apaklh [i] Az 'et i ( 6 > 'to 'be zoyet < c >; 'x v at 'pat suS W frot miret,—'hakar 'pat sar i 9000 'sal cey5n-at patestit, w past W 'apar kart, zanian 'apar 'kart, 'ne frazamenit. (31) 'pat ham 'zaman (a > Ahriman 'hac ham zo(h)ran (6) 'hamist 'be 'o star- (c) pa§ak 'amat <*. (32) bun i < a > asman (6 > 'pat star-paSak dast; 'hac '58 W frot '5 tuhikih aha^t i *andaron W bunist i rosnan 'ut taran, 'ut gyak i artik, 'ke-S tacisn W i 'har <»' 2-an pat-is. (33) 'ut-as tarlklh 'apak 'x v es < " > dast[an] 'andar '5 asman < 6 > 'ajSurt: asman < c ) oyon 'o torn dam 'kaS Zurvan 'han karp *patmok ( a) i tarik 'ut aturastar-gon ravakih raS frac '5 Ahriman burt, 'pat 'en *past (6) 'ku 'en 'hast 'han zay i ati^s humanak socisnlk, 'ut hamak daman pat-is ostapomand, 'x v at gohr i Az daret. 'kaS *zamanak i 9000 'sal 'be 'o frazam mat, 'han 'ce-t 'pat 'be *patestat 'ku 'be haceh harvisp a^ v i astomand 'o adostlh i Ohrmazd, dostlh i '^; v es,—'x Va t virravisn i 'apar evak bunistakih, 'ku ham 'han 'ke a^Szayenitar zatar,—^bavandak 'ne frazamenit, 'pat 'avesan zay *apaklh ' c ' Az 'et i 'to 'be zoyet, dam 'to ; ^ v at 'pat suS frac 'miret, 'ce 'ne ayapet 'hac Ohrmazd daman x v arisn,—humanaklh i ))?>ivej T D '> BK, K 35 : < c > om. TD ; « j ^ j j ^ - u ^ TD : « J^^^J-M^)*) pro legit TD : < / > om. BK : < » > I ^ O " * K 35 : (4) < « > y-P) BK : TD : < « > sic K 3 5 ; ) K e o , BK ; ^ j , TD : « »„> S y TD : BK: (/) ** BK ' Kss: ia) w f V TD; wf^r BK; K 3 8 : W p ^ j y * TD, BK ; J J H ^ J * ) * K 3 5 : » sic omnes : om. BK, K 3 5 : (5) < « > ^ » BK, K 3 5 : <» , ^ j ^ BK ; ^ 3 K 3 5 : : {a> CC^HJ-""^ T D : w - u )^> K » 5 : (/> sic o m n e s : T D : ( W ^ e n y T D : (c) J O ^ J J > ' ) W B K > K 3 * : 580 E. C. ZAEHNEE— W %)) inserunt BK, K 3 5 : (8) < a > j ^ j ^ i l u BK, K 35 : < « om. TD [, K 35 ; siefi TD : <« MftV^JJ-M^e) K 35 : ^JJj^V^WeJ T D K 3 5 : W JO-*))} T D : (9) < " » sic omnes : <« -JUJJ TD BK, K 35 : w i ^ f t j y BK, K^: M io«)» T D ±>K, K 3 5 (i^) w j ^ j ) ) ^ o ) ( K 3 5 ; ItfjJl^t))! *>K, -i-D 5 : W sic B K ; | ^ ^ g u u j t K 3 5 ; ) ^ J J ^ J J J TD W om. TD : W )^)|pJO K 35 : (13) (°) ^u BK, K 3 5 : (15) W ^)» cod. Worn. BK, K 3 5 : W ^ j j j ^ g j B K : M sic i 5 ^ i * ^ TD ; J L ) ^ W T> X?" TZ" fg) ^ T> 17" 17" f f 1 k j rrvr\ , x> XT" *>£., ^35 • OT jfr BK, K 3 5 : ( ^' ) ^ j j ^ j j j ^ ) j I D ; )^).)-O)H BK 5 : to) om. TD : (16) '") i j g TD : '*' 1 inserit TD to) om. 'iTe Ohrmazd T D : <*' ^^>» cod.: < * > ^ J ^ J ^ y g J K 35 (17) W ^ * » ^ B K ; ^ * , K 3 5 : »> ^ y J ^ j ^ y ^ K 3 5 : (18) W m inserit TD : < » > j ^ a ^ y i ^ j u y M ^ j B K : (19) < • > i i " B K ; JW^I-W>O» T D W \43ywQM} T D : (21) < " ) £y)y K 3 5 : <« 4 m i BK, K 35 BK, K 3 5 : W J J ^ ^ J ^ J U J K ^ : W J()3^jJaj TD inserunt BK, K 3 5 : (22) W J ^ J ^ U Q » K ^ : < 6 ' • A ()'JgJ^>»4) K 35 (23) w gj^y BK, K 3 5 : W J cod.: W om. 'hoc ham BK, K 35 WjPoeJl cod.: (24) W ^ o BK, K 3 5 : W , ^ 5 ^ K K : (25) < • BK, Kas : ^ ^ ) i ^ A ) l ) ) TD : <« J ^ - C J - u TD, B K ; ) W ^ « Kas : W^ju^*» K ^ : W )ei3 TD : ( / ) ^ O » ^ T D : BK, K ^ : (A) J ) y i c o d . : w j^^yo inserit TD : <*) )^>j)f^y»*> TD (26) W 3j*^ejJo»^> BK, Kss : < 6 ' )>»J)^,j K 3 5 : W J J ^ J J J > J ^ BK, K 35 (27) W -»()-f JOfi )*» -«O insent T ° : (6) om. BK, K ^ : (28) < • > ) ^ H n BK, K ^ : (29) < • > ^ J ^ J K 3 5 : <» 5 ^ ) ^ TD : W , ^ , ^ , 4 , BK, K 35 ZURVANICA II 581 w • * 0 0 3 J A U L $ BK, K 3 5 r -^y^^uxS T D : (30) Worn. TD : < 6 > om. K 3 5 : W J inserit BK ; J ^ > T K 3 5 : W J.J^J BK, K 3S : W pro BK, K 35 : : (31) <"»-«>» BK, K 35 : w 1 , *,, )y o$£ BK, K» : : (32) «_JJJ BK, K 35 : » > i ^ y ^ ^ . T D : (TD) i ^ W i f t J )^MJ-O) ^g™* BK > K 35 : cod.: W ) n ) ( 2 ^ T D : *^>5 T ^ ; )»)) K 3 5 : ( 3 3 ) ( a ) o m - T D '• TD : W )>^<53« TD : ' d ) ^ » BK, K 3 5 : w p r o iQ)}Jij» (TD) , ^ j Md) legit BK, M f t D ^ J K 35 = (/) )H»-f-O> T D : te) )K}Hf»Pb BK, K 35 XXXIV. (35) < « ) j J i ^ e ) c o d - : (6) I^OOJd) c o d - : W •* i ^* ) «)» c o d - sed v. I. 30 : W) J^jy cod.: (. hamrdn is attested in DkM. 643, 17, where the meaning, however, is not quite certain. o bdlist: in spite of the confusion of the MSS. I regard the emenda- tion as almost certain. In § 26 we have a similar confusion in BK and Kgj, but TD gives the correct reading. (5) drdst: the variants represent *kurt and *kart < Av. hint-, " cut," = Jdrrenlt, the technical term for Ahriman's creative activity. patestdt : the pronunciation is made practically certain by the reading of TD which has the ideogram for estatan after pat-: so Bar- tholomae (ZAIW., p. 181), who interpreted it as " entgegentreten ". Deriving the word from 01. std- rather than stav- this would indeed seem to be the root meaning. It is attested for the substantive patest in GrBd. 60, 13 ; menok i dsmdn . . . paterak i Gandk Menok 'be tUndrt, patest *'burt, " the spirit of the sky . . . prepared itself against the Destructive Spirit and offered opposition," and in Dd. 36, 13 21 : 'andar 'ne 'hilisriih i hambatlk 'hoc nok nok patestih 'i-s 'pat dranjiSn . . . ddstan, " in not letting in the adversary, to hold him back from his ever renewed opposition in speech." From the idea of " opposition in speech " we easily get " threaten ", though one is of course at liberty to read drozisn instead of dranjisn in the above passage. We are, however, obliged to admit the secondary meaning " threaten" for §§ 7 and 30, and for DkM. 391, 5, hand drang cand ham druz pat-is kartan 'hdn 'i-s zur-mitoytlhd patestlt, " as long a period as that same Lie had threatened to fulfil his wily tricks." rd8 with the direct object; exceedingly rare in MP., but cf. DkM. 630, 4, 'ahak 'be yast Zartu^st 'man rdS, " then Zoroaster worshipped me." (7) hdc-, lit. " cause to follow ", and indistinguishable in the Pahl. script from aydp- " obtain ". Cf. the parallel passage GrBd. 5, 12, 'be hdcem harvisp dam i 'to '6 adostih i 'to dostih i 'man. In Vd. 19, 26 hdcend translates Av. hi^sdne. DkM. 244, 14, hdcisn i 'hoc Spenak Menok is opposed to frefiisn i 'hoc Gandk Menok. In Bk. VII. of the Dk. it is the ordinary word for " convert " (to the Good Religion), cf. DkM. 666, 4, hdcltan -farsandihd 'ut ax v arsandiha, " to convert them whether they like it or not " : further ibid., 627, 21; 628, 17 ; 629, 3 : (hdceh '6 'en den 'apar menismh), 629, 5, 12 ; 635, 21 : Pahl. Riv. 46, 16. It is also found in the sense of "succeed", Dd. 36, 88 (v. "Zurvanica I", BSOS. IX, 319), and ZURVANICA II 583 ibid. 3, 3, 'ut-as 'be hdcenam 'tdk 'o 'hdn i 'pas, " I shall make him succeed for the future." Cf. Arm. hoc, patsac. (8) For the limitation of time as a means of conquering Ahriman, cf. GrBd. 6, 4 ff. (9) " He saw that by means of no light thing would (Ahriman) desist." This shows that, at least for Zatspram, Zaman was not a light deity, and therefore not wholly on the side of Ohrmazd. In the SGV. the question is raised as to whether the light of the breath-soul is imparted by Zurvan: the reply, however, seems rather to evade the question than to answer it. (12) fravastak, Paz. faravast, §GV. 4,12,16, as here " encompass " : it has the further sense of " comprehend", e.g. SGV. 16, 67, and passim to the end. Yres.fravand-, Paz. faravand-, §GV. 16, 66, 68, 77 ; in Pahl. Dd. 36, II 1 4 , 100 ; 38, 22 (fravand, " girdle " ) ; 39, 2 ; DkM. 353, 1, etc. The past fravast is frequent. O)£J' anc ^ correctly written in § 30 of this chapter). Both readings are equally plausible. zaylk: DkM. 451, 22, has, dturastar 'ut )tf>O-*^OJ ut t ^P^ n l ui UIJJAJL^. My translation is pure conjecture from context. The Burhan i Qati' has a word Sj which it interprets thus: >il*Jj < U w £ JJSl , 'be '6 Ahriman, 'ke-s 'pat spdhpatdn sarddr paBtdkemt, *ran]akihd ( J ^(j i ->(°y) 'andar 'o daman *i vat* (? (^o3) paikdrt 'ku-m ser hanburt 'kunet, 'ce 'ne aydpem 'hoc Ohrmazd daman y^arisn zo(h)rdn. 'patframdn i Ahriman 'dev i -^artak 'be afisiheriit, " Then the demon Az, since he could not derive strength from the creatures of Ohrmazd, expostulated in torment among the evil creatures (?) to Ahriman who had made him commander over his captains (and said), ' Satisfy me, satiate me, for I can get no food or strength from the creatures of Ohrmazd.' By the command of Ahriman he destroyed the lesser demons." suB: reading proved by the simile of the frog in the parallel passage 34, 35. MPT. swd, Av. sud-. Quite common in Pahl. (31) zo(h)rdn : the variant Zurvdn can scarcely be right. (33) askop : " roof," NP. ojCal. Zs. 30, 54 ; 34, 22, 23, 24 ; Dd. 17, 3 ; ZXA. 256, 16; Sng. 2, 626. Chapter XXXIV, § 35 'et i 'to zoyet 'dam i 'to : for the word-order and construction, cf. DkM. 664, 4. 'avesdn-ic 'o 'en i 'man murnjenisn 'dahend 'o 'en i 'man den, " they bring destruction on that which is mine, on my religion." suS : v. i, § 30, note. vazag : the frog was regarded with especial detestation by the Zoroastrians. It is described as the worst of noxious creatures in the water (GrBd. 143, 9), and, what is even more strange, as the mightiest of the creatures of Ahriman (ibid. 150, 6). Ahriman himself had the form of a frog (ibid. 181, 11), cf. 41, 3, where both ^j^jj and •{ytfc seem to represent des), and created a frog to injure the white Horn in the sea of Frax v kart (ibid. 149, 13). In view of the fact that Az is here compared to a frog, one is tempted to emend the mysterious JJ«3 in Ch. i, 29, to *vazagtk, but the parallel passage in the Dk. is against this.

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Zurvanica II

R. C. Zaehner