10/2/2020 1 1A1 Preventing Accidents • Definitions • Accident causation • Reasons for preventing accidents • Accident prevention programmes 1 Key learning Points: 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Definitions: Incident “An event that includes all undesired circumstances and near misses that could cause accidents” 2 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Definitions: Accident “ any undesired circumstances which give rise to ill health, injury, damage to property, plant, environment, production losses or increased liabilities” Therefore an event with an adverse outcome. 3 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Definitions: Near Miss “ ...any form of incident that could have resulted in injury or loss but did not.” Relates to all events where there were not losses 4 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 10/2/2020 2 Accident Ratio Triangle - Bird (USA – 1969) 5 10 Serious Injury Non - Injury/Damage Accidents Minor Injuries Property Damage Accidents 1 30 600 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Accident Ratio Triangle – Heinrich (USA - 1931) 6 Major Accident Minor Injuries Non - Injury Accidents 1 29 300 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Indirect Causes of Accidents Single cause Domino Theory (Heinrich) - Accident involving 5 sequential factors - Each factor caused by the preceding one - Remove the factor, remove the accident 7 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Injury Heinrich’s Accident Domino Theory 8 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 10/2/2020 3 LOSS Bird’s Modified Accident Domino Theory 9 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 What Causes Accidents? Unsafe Acts - Active - Passive Unsafe Conditions - Mechanical - Physical 10 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Multi - causal Theories • Several causes happening together in sequence or simultaneously - e.g. Combustion requires fuel, ignition & oxygen at the same time • Multi - causal accidents generally less frequent but more serious • Single cause accidents generally more frequent but less serious 11 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 The Costs of Accidents - Classifying Accidents / Incidents 12 D Steps on banana skin – slips - sprains ankle and breaks cup £££ C Steps on banana skin – slips - sprains ankle £ Injury B Steps on banana skin – slips - drops cup which breaks £ A Steps on banana skin – does not slip NEAR MISS? No injury Property damage No property damage 10/2/2020 4 Type of Accident Costs Direct Costs - Relating directly to the accident Indirect costs - Relating indirectly to the accident 13 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Insured and Uninsured Costs • Employer’s Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Regs 1998 • Fire and theft • Public liability • Insurance covers a fraction of the true costs • Many accident costs left unnoticed and uninsured 14 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Accident Iceberg – the hidden costs of accidents (HSE, 1997) 15 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Insured and Uninsured Costs 16 Investigation costs Loss of goodwill Loss of reputation Replacement staff Sick pay Repairs Product lost / damaged Business interruption Product liability Employer’s liability Public liability Damage to buildings Damage to vehicles INSURED DIRECT INDIRECT UNINSURED Investigation costs 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 10/2/2020 5 Reasons for Preventing Accidents 17 MORAL ECONOMIC LEGAL 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 Accident Prevention Programmes Long term plan of action - Aimed at controlling all accidental loss Effective management - Plan - Do - Check - Act 18 1A1 Preventing Accidents v5 090514 What is Occupational Safety and Health Management System? • Safety and Health Management is a process put in place by an employer to minimize the risk of fatality, injury, and illness. • This is made possible by: – Identifying – Assessing and – Controlling risks to workers in all workplace locations. What is Occupational Health and Safety? • Occupational health and safety ( OHS ) is a multidisciplinary field concerned with the safety, health, and welfare of people engaged in work or employment. • Safety is freedom from unacceptable risk of harm to persons. Safety may also encompasses environmental or asset damage/loss. What is safety? • Health is ‘a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being of workers in all occupations’. What is health ? • An incident is an unplanned, unexpected event which has the potential to lead an accident although may not to do so. • An incident is an occurrence or event that interrupts normal procedure. • An incident is not a part of normal operations. What is incident? What is an accident? • An accident is an unplanned event that results in personal injury and/or in property damage. • During an accident , a person’s body comes into contact with or is exposed to some objects, other person, or substance, which is injurious; or the movement of a person causes injury or creates the probability of injury. What is near miss? • A near miss is an incident, which did not show a visible result, but had potential to do so. What is unsafe conditions? • An unsafe condition is a condition in the work place that is likely to cause property damage or injury. an incident, which did not show a visible result, but had potential to do so. What is unsafe act? • An unsafe act is performance of a task or other activity that is conducted in a manner that may threaten the health and/or safety of workers. Source: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/unsafe-act-condition-near-miss-mohammed- alielkhatib Definitions Please choose the correct term term for the action shown in the picture below? A.Accident B.Near miss C. Incident D.Unsafe Act E. Unsafe Condition QUESTION #1 • An injury may be defined as a harmful condition sustained by the body as the result of an accident; it can take the form of an abrasion, a burise, a laceration, a fracture, a foreign object in the body, a puncture wound, a burn, or an electric shock. What is an injury ? What is an occupational disease? • An occupational disease is a health problem caused by exposure to a workplace health hazard. • Ex: Silicosis, pneumoconiosis. • Fatality is a death caused by an accident or from a disease. What is fatality?