Citizen Science Citizen Science Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy Edited by Susanne Hecker, Muki Haklay, Anne Bowser, Zen Makuch, Johannes Vogel & Aletta Bonn First published in 2018 by UCL Press University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT Available to download free: www. ucl . ac . uk / ucl-press Text © Authors, 2018 Images © Copyright holders named in captions, 2018 The authors have asserted their rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 to be identified as authors of this work. A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from The British Library. This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International license (CC BY 4.0). This license allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the work; to adapt the work and to make commercial use of the work providing attribution is made to the authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Attribution should include the following information: Hecker, S., Haklay, M., Bowser, A., Makuch, Z., Vogel, J. & Bonn, A. 2018. Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy. London: UCL Press. https://doi . org / 10. 14324/111.9781787352339 Further details about Creative Commons licenses are available at http://creativecommons. org/licenses/ ISBN: 978-1-78735-235-3 (Hbk.) ISBN: 978-1-78735-234-6 (Pbk.) ISBN: 978-1-78735-233-9 (PDF) ISBN: 978-1-78735-236-0 (epub) ISBN: 978-1-78735-237-7 (mobi) ISBN: 978-1-78735-238-4 (html) DOI: https:// doi. org/10.14324/111.9781787352339 v The world is facing unprecedented social, environmental and economic challenges that will require policymakers, business, scientists and citizens to open up to one another and find new ways of collaborating. In our dig- ital age, we are reinventing the way knowledge is produced, distributed and acted upon. And an approach based on citizen science will be part of this new relationship between science and society. The current increase in citizen science shows clearly the societal desire to participate more actively in knowledge production, knowledge assessment and decision-making. At the same time, scientists, research organisations and research funders are discovering the benefits of open- ing research to society by actively collaborating with citizens. There has been a significant rise in public participation in research in recent times, with citizens becoming engaged in the process of knowledge co-creation. This is not just a passive role, but actively setting the agenda, crowdsourc- ing via web platforms, and collecting and analysing a broad spectrum of scientific data. To invent new innovative ways to tackle societal challenges we need to involve those most affected – the citizens themselves. I very much welcome these developments. The Commission is sup- porting them through its Open Science Agenda as well as through actions funded under the EU’s Horizon 2020 framework programme. The recent ‘Lab – Fab – App’ report on maximising the impact of EU research and innovation recommended greater mobilisation and involvement of citi- zens in future EU research and innovation programmes through stimulat- ing co-design and co-creation. This book brings together some of the key insights into citizen science, highlighting what is already happening and exploring its poten- tial to create new forms of knowledge generation, transfer and use and to Foreword ForEword vi foster the civic engagement of science. As a part of the open science agenda, citizen science contributes to the idea of a more innovative, inclu- sive, future-oriented and democratic Europe. Carlos Moedas European Commissioner for Research, Science and Innovation vii Citizen science is becoming a global movement. Although there is a long history of co-operation between members of the general public and pro- fessionals, only now are its social benefits and transformative power the subjects of political and scientific debates. Citizen science is growing as a network of different players and is undergoing a self-identification pro- cess, making itself known in discussions about quality criteria, the role of the humanities, and its relationship to the concepts of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI) and open science. Our normative idea of citizen science encompasses democratic gov- ernance in Europe and the rest of the world relying on the informed deci- sions of its citizens and the shared understanding of science as one if its foundation – a contribution especially valuable given struggles to iden- tify shared meanings for Europe and global citizenship. One part of the evolution of citizen science, like other movements, involves the desire to gain legitimacy, and one way to achieve this is through institutionalisation. The European Citizen Science Association (ECSA), Citizen Science Association (CSA) based in United States, and Australian Citizen Science Association (ACSA), as well as national net- works in countries including Germany, New Zealand, China and Austria, are transitioning from lose networks to legal entities. The self-reflection taking place within the citizen science community is also increasing, as shown by the increasing amount of research conducted on citizen science and its impacts. Citizen science is not only institutionalising, but profes- sionalising. Practitioners exchange experiences, tips and tricks, but also consider societal and political impacts: What do the participants – citizens and scientists – learn? Do their attitudes and routines change? How does Preface PrEFAcE viii citizen science impact policy? Does citizen science impact the innovative potential of a society, and how can this be measured? Another characteristic of a movement is the process of developing a self-identity and joint understanding – in this case, of citizen science. One example of this identity forming is demonstrated by the Ten Principles of Citizen Science developed by the ECSA principles group, chaired by Lucy Robinson (Robinson et al. in this volume), and translated into more than 20 different languages. As citizen science associations, we aim to promote sustainability through citizen science, build competence centres for citi- zen science and develop participatory methods for co-operation, empower- ment and impact. Our vision is for citizen science to advance its integrative power, to develop tools and find resources to approach and integrate marginalised groups, and for the concerns and findings of citizens to be taken seriously by different scientific communities and in the political arena. Katrin Vohland, Claudia Göbel, ECSA, Jennifer Shirk, CSA & Jessie Oliver, ACSA European Citizen Science Association (ECSA https://ecsa.citizen-science.net/) Citizen Science Association based in United States (CSA http:// citizen science . org /) Australian Citizen Science Association (ACSA https://csna.gaiaresources.com.au/) ix The process of scoping, writing and compiling diverse perspectives for this volume has been a rewarding and inspiring journey for all involved. This volume brings together the diverse perspectives of 121 authors including researchers from the natural, social and computational sciences, educa- tors in formal and informal contexts, policy experts and policymakers as well as non-governmental organisations (NGOs). These authors span 16 countries and represent 82 organisations. We sincerely thank all authors for joining this stimulating journey of the production of this volume and for the many discussions throughout the process. We are also indebted to the many hundreds of volunteers as well as project managers and policy advisers who have engaged in the citizen science projects presented in this volume. The case studies, we believe, help to ground the more theoreti- cal perspectives and offer concrete examples of research in action. We hope that this book will inspire continued dialogue on the intersections of citizen science and policy. We also thank our reviewers, who lent their scientific expertise and practitioner experience to enhance all chapters in this book. We are grate- ful to Chris Penfold and to the excellent support staff at UCL Press for helpful advice and encouraging guidance. A very special thanks goes to Madeleine Hatfield as our editor for fantastic improvements to the flow of the text and to Olaf Herling for the professional graphic design and for re-drawing some of the figures. Without the efforts of a wide range of collaborators, this synthesis would not have been possible. This volume developed out of a productive international confer- ence by the European Citizen Science Association (ECSA) and the Ger- man ‘Citizen create Knowledge – Knowledge creates Citizens’ (GEWISS) Acknowledgements AcknowlEdgEMEntS x capacity-building programme in May 2016 under the title ‘Citizen Science – Innovation in Open Science, Policy and Society’, organised by some of the editors and authors of this volume in Berlin. The ECSA con- ference which attracted over 360 participants from more than 240 organisations and 30 countries allowed for rich and fruitful discussions on key topics from science and policy with keynotes and panel sessions, interactive workshops and a marketplace with posters. In addition, a ThinkCamp and a range of live demonstrations that included robots and hacking and presentations of local Berlin grassroots science fostered discussions. The European Citizen Science Association (ECSA) fosters a vibrant citizen science community across Europe and works closely with its partner organisations Citizen Science Association (CSA) and Australian Citizen Science Association (ACSA). Members from all organisations have actively contributed to this volume. Funding for the conference was provided by the German Research Foundation (DFG grant agreement No BO 1919/2-1) and over 24 inter- national partner organisations from science and policy: Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ); German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Museum für Naturkunde Berlin; Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research (BBIB); Wissenschaft im Dialog; Center for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH); Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle Paris; Museum for Natural History London; Museo di Storia Naturale della Marremma; Fondazione Grosseta Cultura; University College London (UCL); Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Science and Research (BMBWF); Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB); Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife (IZW); Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF); EarthWatch Institute; Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig; Haus der Zukunft/Futurium Berlin; Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft; Irstea; British Eco- logical Society (BES); Science Hack Day Berlin. The ThinkCamp was spon- sored by Writelatex Limited. The German DFG grant also supported the development of this book. The GEWISS project was funded by the German ministry of educa- tion and research (BMBF grant agreement No 01508444). Further sup- port for the development of this volume was provided through funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation pro- gramme under grant agreement No 709443 - Doing It Together Science (DITOS) and grant agreement No 6417 - ECOPOTENTIAL. Anne Bows- er’s contributions were supported by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. xi AcknowlEdgEMEntS The editors have used their best endeavours to ensure URLs provided for external websites are correct and active at the time of going to press. The publisher has no responsibility for websites and cannot guarantee that contents will remain live or appropriate. Susanne Hecker Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany Mordechay (Muki) Haklay UCL, UK Anne Bowser Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Washington, DC, US Zen Makuch Imperial College London, UK Johannes Vogel Museum für Naturkunde Berlin Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany Aletta Bonn Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research – UFZ Friedrich Schiller University Jena German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany xiii Contents List of figures xvii List of tables xxiii List of contributors xxv 1 Innovation in open science, society and policy – setting the agenda for citizen science 1 Susanne Hecker, Muki Haklay, Anne Bowser, Zen Makuch, Johannes Vogel and Aletta Bonn PART I Innovation in citizen science – setting the scene 2 Ten principles of citizen science 27 Lucy Danielle Robinson, Jade Lauren Cawthray, Sarah Elizabeth West, Aletta Bonn and Janice Ansine 3 Scientific impacts and innovations of citizen science 41 Jennifer L. Shirk and Rick Bonney 4 Participatory citizen science 52 Muki Haklay 5 Technology infrastructure for citizen science 63 Peter Brenton, Stephanie von Gavel, Ella Vogel and Marie-Elise Lecoq 6 Evaluating citizen science: Towards an open framework 81 Barbara Kieslinger, Teresa Schäfer, Florian Heigl, Daniel Dörler, Anett Richter and Aletta Bonn contEntS xiv PART II Innovation in science with and for society 7 Watching or being watched: Enhancing productive discussion between the citizen sciences, the social sciences, and the humanities 99 Dana Mahr, Claudia Göbel, Alan Irwin and Katrin Vohland 8 The value of indigenous and local knowledge as citizen science 110 Finn Danielsen, Neil D. Burgess, Indiana Coronado, Martin Enghoff, Sune Holt, Per M. Jensen, Michael K. Poulsen and Ricardo M. Rueda 9 Citizen engagement and collective intelligence for participatory digital social innovation 124 Jasminko Novak, Mathias Becker, François Grey and Rosy Mondardini 10 Creative collaboration in citizen science and the evolution of ThinkCamps 146 Margaret Gold and Erinma Ochu 11 Integrating citizen science into university 168 Daniel Wyler and Muki Haklay PART IIA Case studies 12 Citizen science on the Chinese mainland 185 Chunming Li 13 The European citizen science landscape – a snapshot 190 Susanne Hecker, Lisa Garbe and Aletta Bonn 14 Stakeholder engagement in water quality research: A case study based on the Citclops and MONOCLE projects 201 Luigi Ceccaroni and Jaume Piera 15 Global mosquito alert 210 John R.B. Palmer, Martin Brocklehurst, Elizabeth Tyson, Anne Bowser, Eleonore Pauwels and Frederic Bartumeus PART III Innovation at the science-policy interface 16 Citizen science for policy formulation and implementation 219 Susana Nascimento, Jose Miguel Rubio Iglesias, Roger Owen, Sven Schade and Lea Shanley xv contEntS 17 Citizen science and Responsible Research and Innovation 241 Melanie Smallman 18 Conservation outcomes of citizen science 254 Heidi L. Ballard, Tina B. Phillips and Lucy Robinson 19 Capacity building in citizen science 269 Anett Richter, Daniel Dörler, Susanne Hecker, Florian Heigl, Lisa Pettibone, Fermin Serrano Sanz, Katrin Vohland and Aletta Bonn 20 Citizen science in environmental protection agencies 284 Roger P. Owen and Alison J. Parker PART IV Innovation in technology and environmental monitoring 21 Citizen science technologies and new opportunities for participation 303 Suvodeep Mazumdar, Luigi Ceccaroni, Jaume Piera, Franz Hölker, Arne J. Berre, Robert Arlinghaus and Anne Bowser 22 Maximising the impact and reuse of citizen science data 321 Jamie Williams, Colin Chapman, Didier Guy Leibovici, Grégoire Loïs, Andreas Matheus, Alessandro Oggioni, Sven Schade, Linda See and Paul Pieter Lodewijk van Genuchten 23 Enhancing national environmental monitoring through local citizen science 337 Hester Volten, Jeroen Devilee, Arnoud Apituley, Linda Carton, Michel Grothe, Christoph Keller, Frank Kresin, Anne Land- Zandstra, Erik Noordijk, Edith van Putten, Jeroen Rietjens, Frans Snik, Erik Tielemans, Jan Vonk, Marita Voogt and Joost Wesseling 24 Citizen science to monitor light pollution – a useful tool for studying human impacts on the environment 353 Sibylle Schroer, Christopher C.M. Kyba, Roy van Grunsven, Irene Celino, Oscar Corcho and Franz Hölker PART V Innovation in science communication and education 25 Science for everybody? Bridging the socio-economic gap in urban biodiversity monitoring 369 Taru Peltola and Isabelle Arpin contEntS xvi 26 Learning and developing science capital through citizen science 381 Richard Edwards, Sarah Kirn, Thomas Hillman, Laure Kloetzer, Katherine Mathieson, Diarmuid McDonnell and Tina Phillips 27 Children and citizen science 391 Karen E. Makuch and Miriam R. Aczel 28 Turning students into citizen scientists 410 John Harlin, Laure Kloetzer, Dan Patton, Chris Leonhard and Leysin American School high school students 29 Citizen science and the role of natural history museums 429 Andrea Sforzi, John Tweddle, Johannes Vogel, Grégoire Lois, Wolfgang Wägele, Poppy Lakeman-Fraser, Zen Makuch and Katrin Vohland 30 Stories can change the world – citizen science communication in practice 445 Susanne Hecker, Monique Luckas, Miriam Brandt, Heidy Kikillus, Ilona Marenbach, Bernard Schiele, Andrea Sieber, Arnold J.H. van Vliet, Ulrich Walz and Wolfgang Wende Conclusions 31 Citizen science to foster innovation in open science, society and policy 465 Aletta Bonn, Susanne Hecker, Anne Bowser, Zen Makuch, Johannes Vogel and Muki Haklay References 485 Index 527 xvii 1.1 Global network of contributing authors to this volume (lines indicate connections between co-authors) 10 2.1 The Museo di Storia Naturale della Maremma (Natural History Museum of Maremma, Italy) displays the Ten Principles of Citizen Science in their ‘Citizen Science Corner’ gallery to inspire visitors to participate in local projects. (Source: © Andrea Sforzi) 31 4.1 Levels of participation in citizen science (Haklay 2013) 54 4.2 OpenStreetMap contributions (Wood 2014) 57 5.1 A conceptual model for a digital information supply chain (Source: Icon made from http:// www. onlinewebfonts .com /icon fonts is licensed under CC BY 3.0) 66 5.2 Website Atlas of Living Australia 73 5.3 Website Global Biodiversity Information Facility France 76 5.4 Website National Biodiversity Network, UK 78 6.1 Methodological approach to developing the evaluation framework 85 8.1 Tuno ( Castilla tunu ) has a fibre-rich bark. It is important for crafting clothing, bags and rope, among other things, in the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. The tree grows more than 25 metres tall and is rich in latex but, in contrast to the related species ( Castilla elastica ) also found in the area, the Tuno-latex does not have elastic properties. (Source: Sune Holt) 116 8.2 Signs of the Nine-banded Armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus ) showing disturbed leaf litter, twigs and small holes, where ants, termites and other insects have been dug out. (Source: Sune Holt) 117 List of figures li St o F FigurES xviii 8.3 A Miskito community member recording his sightings and signs of plants, birds and mammals in the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. (Source: Sune Holt) 118 8.4 Relationship between focus groups’ statements of abundance of 10 plant, bird and mammal forest resources and the average abundance indices (number of individuals observed per hour, with SE) of the same resources obtained by trained scientists’ transect walks between 2007–2009 at nine study sites in the Bosawás Biosphere Reserve, Nicaragua. Experienced community members’ perceptions of forest resources, transmitted orally during focus group discussions, matched results from line transects by scientists. (Source: Danielsen et al., ‘Testing Focus Groups’, 2014) 119 9.1 Hybrid LetterBox (Source: Matthias Steffen) 128 9.2 Example storyboard as user-centred design technique 133 9.3 Architecture of the CHEST Enhanced Environment for Social Tasks 135 9.4 CHEST bottom-up problem selection and solution generation process 137 9.5 Citizen engagement methods applied by CHEST-supported projects 138 9.6 Co-design workshop in the TransforMap project. (Source: transformap.co) 139 9.7 End-user test session in Project99/AyeMind. (Source: We Are Snook Ltd) 139 9.8 Sensor for traffic monitoring. (Source: http://www.magenta lab.it/) 140 10.1 The Citizen Cyberscience Summit ThinkCamp 2014, London England. Image A – Ian Marcus of the Centre for Research and Interdisciplinarity, Paris, introducing the SynBio4All Challenge during the ‘Elevator Pitches’. Image B – Jesse Himmelstein of the Centre for Research and Interdisciplinarity, Paris, working with fellow participants on the RedWire.io Challenge. (Sources: Margaret Gold, CCBY) 156 10.2 The Citizen Cyberscience Summit Hack Day 2012, London UK: Image C – Leif Percifield of Newell Brands presenting the outcomes of the Air Quality Egg challenge at the Show & Tell. Image D – Louise Francis of Mapping for Change and UCL ExCiteS taking the audience vote, with a noise metre held aloft, for prizes to be won. (Sources: Cindy Regulado, CCBY) 157 xix li St o F Figur ES 10.3 The ECSA citizen science ThinkCamp 2016, Berlin Germany: Image E – The ECSA Inclusivity Challenge poster (Photo credit: Margaret Gold, CCBY). Image F – The ECSA ThinkCamp participants in working groups alongside the related challenge posters (Source: Florian Pappert, CCBY) 160 12.1 Participatory soundscape sensing online analysis and visualisation website 188 13.1 Distribution of projects from the European Citizen Science Survey 2017 192 13.2 Primary discipline of citizen science projects 193 13.3 Level of engagement in European citizen science projects (according to Shirk et al. 2012) 194 13.4 Citizens’ involvement within citizen science projects 195 13.5 Outputs of citizen science projects 195 13.6 Funding received by citizen science projects 196 13.7 Challenges for citizen science projects 197 13.8 Areas of perceived impact of citizen science projects 198 13.9 Possible impacts of citizen science projects on policy decision-making 198 14.1 Understanding and engaging decision-makers and the public in their lifecycle. Public engagement with science motivates the design of programmes for people in many different roles who make choices that help shape socio-technological futures and also influence the choices of others. (Source: Worthington et al. 2012) 202 14.2 Citclops’ data acquisition, validation (quality assurance and control, QA/QC), processing and delivery (Source: Authors) 207 15.1 Predicted global distribution of Aedes albopictus , mosquitoes that can serve as vectors for dengue, chikungunya, Zika and other viruses. Colours indicate probability of occurrence (from 0 blue to 1 red) at a spatial resolution of 5 km × 5 km. (Source: Kraemer et al. 2015) 211 15.2 Tiger mosquito photograph submitted by an anonymous participant through Mosquito Alert. CC BY 4.0. Participants in many mosquito- related projects may submit photographs along with their reports of mosquito detections to help researchers validate the reports. Other projects allow participants to submit specimens. 212 16.1 Screenshots of the Invasive Alien Species mobile app (left) and web page (right) 223 16.2 The Smart Citizen Kit, a DIY and open source sensor (Source: Smart Citizen team; Fab Lab Barcelona | IAAC and MID) 237