Construction Contracts This page intentionally left blank Construction Contracts Law and management Fifth Edition Will Hughes, Ronan Champion and John Murdoch Routledge Taylor & Francis Group LONDON AND NEW YORK ROUTLEDGE First edition published 1992 by E & F N Spon Second edition published 1996 Third edition published 2000 by Spon Press Fourth edition published 2008 by Taylor & Francis This edition published 2015 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN And by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 1992, 1996, 2000, 2008 John Murdoch and Will Hughes © 2015 Will Hughes, Ronan Champion and John Murdoch The right of Will Hughes, Ronan Champion and John Murdoch to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for any efforts or omissions that may be made. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hughes, Will (William Paul), 1956- author. Construction contracts : law and management / Will Hughes, Ronan Champion and John Murdoch. -- 5th edition. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Construction contracts--England. I. Murdoch, J. R., author. II. Champion, Ronan, author. III. Title. KD1641.H84 2015 343.4107’8624--dc23 2014047697 ISBN: 978-0-415-65705-1 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-415-65704-4 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-69521-1 (ebk) Publisher’s Note Camera-ready copy prepared in Times New Roman by Will Hughes Contents Introduction ................................................................................................ v List of tables .............................................................................................. vii List of figures ............................................................................................. ix Table of cases ............................................................................................. xi Table of statutes ...................................................................................... xxv Glossary ................................................................................................. xxvii 1 UK construction sector context ...................................................... 1 1.1 The nature of the sector ..................................................................... 1 1.2 The nature of professionalism in construction ................................... 6 1.3 The nature of projects ........................................................................ 8 1.4 Procurement methods ...................................................................... 11 2 Roles and relationships ................................................................. 13 2.1 Common problems........................................................................... 13 2.2 Client roles ....................................................................................... 18 2.3 Consultant roles ............................................................................... 20 2.4 Professional services agreements..................................................... 21 2.5 Architect .......................................................................................... 22 2.6 Quantity surveyor ............................................................................ 24 2.7 Typical terms in professional services agreements .......................... 24 2.8 Integrated documentation ................................................................ 28 3 General contracting ....................................................................... 31 3.1 Background ...................................................................................... 31 3.2 Use of general contracting ............................................................... 34 3.3 Basic characteristics......................................................................... 40 3.4 Risk in general contracting .............................................................. 45 3.5 Standardized approaches to general contracting .............................. 49 4 Design-build ................................................................................... 51 4.1 Background ...................................................................................... 51 4.2 Features of DB contracts.................................................................. 53 4.3 Use of the JCT design build form (JCT DB 11) .............................. 56 4.4 Characteristics of JCT DB 11 .......................................................... 61 4.5 Risk in DB ....................................................................................... 64 4.6 Approaches to DB............................................................................ 66 5 Construction management ............................................................ 69 5.1 Background ...................................................................................... 69 5.2 Use of construction management contracts ..................................... 71 5.3 Principles of CM contracting ........................................................... 73 ii Construction Contracts 5.4 Overview of JCT CM Contract ........................................................ 75 5.5 Allocation of risk in construction management ............................... 77 5.6 Approaches to construction management ........................................ 79 6 Collaborative contracting ............................................................. 81 6.1 Background ...................................................................................... 81 6.2 Use of collaborative contracting ...................................................... 82 6.3 Principles of collaborative contracting ............................................ 84 6.4 Characteristics of collaborative contracting ..................................... 84 6.5 Risk in collaborative contracting ..................................................... 90 6.6 Approaches to collaborative contracting ......................................... 91 7 Risk allocation and procurement decisions ................................. 93 7.1 Types of risk in construction contracts ............................................ 93 7.2 Dealing with risk.............................................................................. 94 7.3 Procurement ..................................................................................... 99 7.4 Identifying and choosing procurement methods ............................ 103 7.5 Characteristics of procurement methods ........................................ 107 8 Contract choice ............................................................................ 117 8.1 Use of standard contracts ............................................................... 117 8.2 Contract drafting ............................................................................ 120 8.3 JCT contracts ................................................................................. 120 8.4 Other standard-form contracts ....................................................... 127 8.5 The burgeoning landscape of standard forms ................................ 132 9 Tendering and contract formation ............................................. 133 9.1 The meaning of construction contracts .......................................... 133 9.2 The formation of contracts by agreement ...................................... 134 9.3 Contracts made by tender .............................................................. 144 10 Liability in contract and tort ...................................................... 157 10.1 Express terms ................................................................................. 157 10.2 Exemption clauses ......................................................................... 166 10.3 Incorporation by reference ............................................................. 168 10.4 Implied terms ................................................................................. 169 10.5 Liability in tort for negligence ....................................................... 172 11 Contractor’s obligations.............................................................. 175 11.1 Standard of work............................................................................ 175 11.2 Statutory obligations ...................................................................... 179 11.3 Co-ordination and management ..................................................... 181 11.4 Transfer of materials ...................................................................... 185 12 Employer’s obligations ................................................................ 187 12.1 Implied obligations ........................................................................ 187 12.2 Employer’s express obligations ..................................................... 190 12.3 Responsibility for the contract administrator ................................. 192 12.4 Responsibility for site conditions .................................................. 193 12.5 Health and safety ........................................................................... 196 Contents iii 13 Responsibility for design ............................................................. 197 13.1 Design management....................................................................... 197 13.2 Design duties in law....................................................................... 198 13.3 Legal responsibility for design ...................................................... 204 14 Time .............................................................................................. 209 14.1 Commencement ............................................................................. 209 14.2 Progress ......................................................................................... 211 14.3 Completion .................................................................................... 212 14.4 Contractor’s obligations after completion...................................... 216 14.5 Adjustments of time ....................................................................... 217 15 Payment ........................................................................................ 229 15.1 Employer’s obligation to pay ......................................................... 229 15.2 The contract sum............................................................................ 233 15.3 Variations....................................................................................... 234 15.4 Fluctuations ................................................................................... 243 15.5 Retention money ............................................................................ 244 16 Contractors’ delay and disruption costs .................................... 249 16.1 Contract claims and damages ........................................................ 249 16.2 Grounds for contractual claims ...................................................... 251 16.3 Claims procedures ......................................................................... 254 16.4 Quantification of claims................................................................. 256 17 Insurance and bonds ................................................................... 267 17.1 Insurance........................................................................................ 267 17.2 Bonds and guarantees .................................................................... 277 18 Role of the contract administrator ............................................. 283 18.1 Contract administrator as the employer’s agent ............................. 283 18.2 Contract administrator as independent certifier ............................. 294 19 Sub-contracts ............................................................................... 303 19.1 Reasons for the prevalence of sub-contracting .............................. 303 19.2 The legal basis of sub-contracting ................................................. 305 19.3 The contractual chain ..................................................................... 306 19.4 Domestic sub-contracts .................................................................. 307 19.5 Defaults of sub-contractors ............................................................ 309 19.6 Rights of sub-contractors ............................................................... 313 19.7 Collateral warranties ...................................................................... 319 19.8 Employer selection of sub-contractors........................................... 324 20 Financial remedies for breach of contract ................................. 331 20.1 General damages ............................................................................ 331 20.2 Liquidated damages ....................................................................... 336 20.3 Quantum meruit claims .................................................................. 341 20.4 Non-payment as a contractual remedy ........................................... 342 21 Defective buildings and subsequent owners .............................. 347 21.1 Claims in negligence...................................................................... 347 21.2 Statutory protection ....................................................................... 350 iv Construction Contracts 21.3 Alternative forms of legal protection ............................................. 353 21.4 Assessment of damages ................................................................. 358 22 Suspension and termination of contracts .................................. 361 22.1 Suspension of work........................................................................ 361 22.2 Termination for breach at common law ......................................... 362 22.3 Termination under JCT contracts................................................... 369 22.4 Termination under NEC contracts ................................................. 375 22.5 Termination under FIDIC contracts ............................................... 376 22.6 Termination of contract by frustration ........................................... 377 23 Non-adversarial dispute resolution ............................................ 379 23.1 Background to disputes.................................................................. 379 23.2 The nature of construction disputes ............................................... 382 23.3 The role of the contract administrator ............................................ 384 23.4 Methods of dispute resolution........................................................ 384 23.5 References to ADR procedures in standard forms ......................... 389 24 Adversarial dispute resolution.................................................... 391 24.1 Adjudication .................................................................................. 391 24.2 Arbitration ..................................................................................... 398 24.3 Litigation ....................................................................................... 407 24.4 Arbitration or litigation? ................................................................ 409 References ............................................................................................... 415 Author index ........................................................................................... 421 Subject index ........................................................................................... 423 Introduction This book is aimed primarily at students for whom the study of building or civil engineering contracts forms part of a construction-based course. We have had in mind the syllabus requirements for first degrees in Building, Civil Engineering, Architecture, Quantity Surveying and Building Surveying, as well as those of postgraduate courses in Construction Management and Project Management. We have also assumed that such students will already have been introduced to the general principles of English law, especially those relating to contract and tort. As a result, while aspects of those subjects that are of particular relevance to construction are dealt with here, the reader must look elsewhere for the general legal background. In producing this fifth edition, we have again been greatly assisted by the many helpful comments made by reviewers and users of previous editions. Nonetheless, our basic aim is identical to that which underpinned the first edition: to provide an explanation of the fundamental principles of construction contract law, rather than a clause-by-clause analysis of any particular standard-form contract. As a result, the book is based not just on one standard-form contract. We draw frequently upon particular standard-form contracts, such as JCT SBC 11, FIDIC 1999 Red Book, NEC3 and ICC 11 for our illustrations of particular points and to contrast different approaches to specific issues. The choice and range of contracts reflects the pre- eminent positions occupied by the forms currently in use, both in the UK and internationally. Indeed, by dealing with these contracts in the context of making general points about construction contract law, we hope that we generate insights for users in a wider range of countries than the UK. Finally, we repeat our previous warning as to the dangers inherent in a little learning. Neither this book, nor the courses for which it is intended, seek to produce construction lawyers. The objective is rather to enable those who are not lawyers to resolve simple construction disputes before they become litigious, and to recognize when matters require professional legal advice. We feel that every construction practitioner should understand the legal framework in which they operate. The extent of this understanding should be enough to enable them to instruct and brief specialist construction lawyers. We hope that this is also the aim of every construction student. Ultimately, our aspiration is that this book will help construction practitioners to understand the impact of contract law on their work in construction projects of all kinds, in diverse countries. This page intentionally left blank List of tables Table 2.1: Structure of responsibilities in construction projects ................ 15 Table 7.1: Principles of procurement ....................................................... 105 This page intentionally left blank List of figures Figure 3.1: Contractual relationships in general contracting ...................... 33 Figure 4.1: Contractual relationships in design-build................................. 54 Figure 5.1: Contractual relationships in construction management ........... 70 Figure 7.1: Typical contractual networks in a construction project ......... 102 Figure 7.2: A decision-led approach to contracting methods ................... 104 Figure 7.3: Client’s relative level of involvement .................................... 108 Figure 7.4: Separation of design from management ................................. 109 Figure 7.5: Capacity for variations ........................................................... 110 Figure 7.6: Clarity of client’s contractual remedies ................................. 111 Figure 7.7: Complexity of projects ........................................................... 112 Figure 7.8: Speed from inception to completion ...................................... 113 Figure 7.9: Certainty of price ................................................................... 114 Figure 19.1: Chain of contracts ................................................................ 320 Figure 19.2: Collateral warranties ............................................................ 321 This page intentionally left blank Table of cases A & D Maintenance and Construction Ltd v Pagehurst Construction Services Ltd [1999] CILL 1518. 393 Abrams (J & JC) Ltd v Ancliffe [1978] 2 NZLR 420. 137 Adyard Abu Dhabi v SD Marine Services [2011] EWHC 848 (Comm); [2011] BLR 384. 219 Alfred McAlpine Capital Projects Ltd v Tilebox Ltd [2006] BLR 271. 338 Alfred McAlpine Construction Ltd v Panatown Ltd (1998) 88 BLR 67. 357 Alliance Concrete Singapore Pte Ltd v Sato Kogyo Pte Ltd [2014] SGCA 35. 378 Alstom Transport v Eurostar International Ltd [2012] EWHC 28 (Ch). 154 AMEC Civil Engineering Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [2005] BLR 227. 302 Amec Civil Engineering Ltd v Secretary of State for Transport [2005] EWCA Civ 291. 296 Ampleforth Abbey Trust v Turner & Townsend Project Management Ltd [2012] EWHC 2137 (TCC). 167, 293, 335 Andrews v Schooling [1991] 3 All ER 723. 351 Anglian Building Products Ltd v W & C French (Construction) Ltd (1972) 16 BLR 1. 344 Anns v Merton LBC [1978] AC 728. 348, 353 Architectural Installation Services Ltd v James Gibbons Windows Ltd (1989) 46 BLR 91. 363, 371 Archivent Sales and Developments Ltd v Strathclyde Regional Council (1984) 27 BLR 98. 186, 318 Ascon Contracting Ltd v Alfred McAlpine Construction Isle of Man Ltd (2000) 66 Con LR 119. 212 Ashville Investments Ltd v Elmer Contractors Ltd [1988] 2 All ER 577. 400 Austin Hall Building Ltd v Buckland Securities Ltd [2001] BLR 272. 392 Azimut-Benetti SpA v Darrell Marcus Healey [2010] EWHC (Comm). 337 Babcock Energy Ltd v Lodge Sturtevant Ltd [1994] CILL 981. 261 Bacal Construction (Midlands) Ltd v Northampton Development Corporation (1975) 8 BLR 88. 195 Balfour Beatty Building Ltd v Chestermount Properties Ltd (1993) 62 BLR 1. 225 Balfour Beatty Civil Engineering v Technical & General Guarantee Co Ltd [2000] CILL 1574. 279 Balfour Beatty Construction (Scotland) Ltd v Scottish Power plc [1994] CILL 925. 332 xii Construction contracts Banco De Portugal v Waterlow & Sons Ltd [1932] AC 452. 311 Barclays Bank plc v Fairclough Building Ltd (1994) 68 BLR 1. 173 Barking and Dagenham LBC v Terrapin Construction Ltd [2000] BLR 479. 298 Barnard Pipeline Technology Ltd v Marton Construction Co Ltd [1992] CILL 743. 166, 167 Barnes & Elliott Ltd v Taylor Woodrow Holdings Ltd [2004] BLR 111. 397 Beaufort Developments (NI) Ltd v Gilbert-Ash NI Ltd (1998) 88 BLR 1. 298, 363 Beck Interiors Ltd v UK Flooring Contractors Ltd [2012] EWHC 1808 (TCC). 398 Beeston v Marriott (1864) 8 LT 690. 185 Bell (A) & Son (Paddington) Ltd v CBF Residential Care & Housing Association (1989) 46 BLR 102. 299 Bernhard’s Rugby Landscapes Ltd v Stockley Park Consortium Ltd (1997) 82 BLR 39. 251 BFI Group of Companies Ltd v DCB Integration Systems Ltd [1987] CILL 348. 339, 401 Bickerton v North West Metropolitan Regional Hospital Board [1977] 1 All ER 977. 120 BL Holdings Ltd v Robert J Wood & Partners (1979) 12 BLR 1. 203 Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club Ltd v Blackpool BC [1990] 3 All ER 25. 152 Blue Circle Industries plc v Holland Dredging Co (UK) Ltd (1987) 37 BLR 40, CA. 43, 110, 237 Bolton v Mahadeva [1972] 2 All ER 1322. 367 Bottoms v York Corporation (1892) HBC 4th ed, ii, 208. 194 Bouygues UK Ltd v Dahl-Jensen UK Ltd [2000] BLR 49. 396 Bradley (DR) (Cable Jointing) Ltd v Jefco Mechanical Services Ltd (1988) 6-CLD-07-19. 308, 366 Bradley v Eagle Star Insurance Co Ltd [1989] 1 All ER 961. 268 Brican Fabrications Ltd v Merchant City Developments Ltd [2003] BLR 512. 316 Brickfield Properties Ltd v Newton [1971] 3 All ER 328. 202 Brightside Kilpatrick Engineering Services v Mitchell Construction Ltd (1973) 1 BLR 62. 169, 346 Brightside Mechanical & Electrical Services Group Ltd v Hyundai Engineering & Construction Co Ltd (1988) 41 BLR 110. 315 British Steel Corporation v Cleveland Bridge & Engineering Co Ltd [1984] 1 All ER 504. 135 British Telecommunications plc v James Thomson and Sons (Engineers) Ltd [1999] BLR 35. 312 British Westinghouse Electric Co Ltd v Underground Electric Railways [1912] AC 673. 333 Bruno Zornow (Builders) Ltd v Beechcroft Developments Ltd (1989) 51 BLR 16. 171, 214 Bryan & Langley Ltd v Boston [2005] BLR 508. 135 Table of cases xiii Bryant & Sons Ltd v Birmingham Hospital Saturday Fund [1938] 1 All ER 503. 195 Bryen & Langley Ltd v Boston [2005] BLR 508. 392 BWP (Architectural) Ltd v Beaver Building Systems Ltd (1988) 42 BLR 86. 346 C & P Haulage v Middleton [1983] 3 All ER 94. 336 Cantrell v Wright & Fuller Ltd [2003] BLR 412. 299 Carillion Construction Ltd v Devonport Royal Dockyard Ltd [2006] BLR 15. 396 Carr v JA Berriman Pty Ltd (1953) 89 CLR 327. 188, 365 Central Provident Fund Board v Ho Bock Kee (1981) 17 BLR 21 (Singapore). 371 Chambers v Goldthorpe [1901] 1 KB 624. 301 Chandler Bros Ltd v Boswell [1963] 2 All ER 179. 168 Channel Tunnel Group Ltd v Balfour Beatty Construction Ltd [1992] 2 All ER 609. 361 Chaplin v Hicks (1911) 2 KB 786. 335 Charon (Finchley) Ltd v Singer Sewing Machine Ltd (1968) 207 EG 140. 273 Chesham Properties Ltd v Bucknall Austin Project Management Services Ltd (1996) 82 BLR 92. 288 Chester Grosvenor Hotel Co Ltd v Alfred McAlpine Management Ltd (1991) 56 BLR 115. 166, 167 Chichester Joinery Ltd v John Mowlem & Co plc (1987) 42 BLR 100. 139 City Inn Ltd v Shepherd Construction Ltd [2010] BLR 473. 219 Clayton v Woodman & Son (Builders) Ltd [1962] 2 QB 533. 291 Cleveland Bridge UK Ltd v Severfield - Rowen Structures Ltd [2012] EWHC 3652 (TCC). 310 Clydebank District Water Trustees v Fidelity Deposit of Maryland 1916 SC (HL) 69. 281 Commissioner for Main Roads v Reed & Stuart Pty Ltd (1974) 12 BLR 55. 188, 241 Compact Metal Industries Ltd v PPG Industries (Singapore) Pty Ltd [2012] SCHC 91. 262 Computer & Systems Engineering plc v John Lelliott (Ilford) Ltd (1990) 54 BLR 1, CA. 223 Concorde Construction Co Ltd v Colgan Co Ltd (1984) 29 BLR 120. 247 Convent Hospital v Eberlin & Partners (1990) 14 Con LR 1. 278 Cook Islands Shipping Co Ltd v Colson Builders Ltd [1975] 1 NZLR 422. 154 Coombe v Green (1843) 11 M&W 480. 189 Cooper v Langdon (1841) 9 M&W 60. 284 Cooperative Group Ltd v John Allen Associates Ltd [2010] EWHC 2300 (TCC). 334 Co-operative Insurance Society Ltd v Henry Boot (Scotland) Ltd (2003) 84 Con LR 164. 158 xiv Construction contracts Co-operative Retail Services Ltd v Taylor Young Partnership [2002] 1 WLR 1419. 275 Cort v Ambergate, Nottingham, Boston & Eastern Junction Railway Co (1851) 17 QB 127. 366 Cosslett (Contractors) Ltd v Mid-Glamorgan CC (1997) 85 BLR 1. 186 Costain Civil Engineering Ltd v Zanen Dredging and Contracting Co Ltd (1996) 85 BLR 77. 342 Costain Ltd & Ors v Bechtel Ltd & Anor [2005] EWHC 1018 (TCC). 296 Costain Ltd v Charles Haswell & Partners Ltd [2009] EWHC B25 (TCC). 334 Courtney & Fairbairn Ltd v Tolaini Brothers (Hotels) Ltd [1975] 1 All ER 716. 138 Crestar Ltd v Carr (1987) 37 BLR 113. 413 Crosby (J) & Sons Ltd v Portland UDC (1967) 5 BLR 126. 251 Croshaw v Pritchard (1899) 16 TLR 45. 137 Croudace Construction Ltd v Cawoods Concrete Products Ltd (1978) 8 BLR 20. 256 Crown Estate Commissioners v John Mowlem & Co Ltd (1994) 70 BLR 1. 176, 297 D & F Estates Ltd v Church Commissioners for England [1988] 2 All ER 992. 313, 348 Darlington BC v Wiltshier Northern Ltd (1994) 69 BLR 1. 356 Davies (A) & Co (Shopfitters) Ltd v William Old Ltd (1969) 67 LGR 395. 140 Davies Middleton & Davies Ltd v Toyo Engineering Corporation (1997) 85 BLR 59. 413 Davis Contractors Ltd v Fareham UDC [1956] AC 696. 377 Davis v Foots [1940] 1 KB 116. 348 Dawber Williamson Roofing Ltd v Humberside CC (1979) 14 BLR 70. 186, 317 Dawnays Ltd v FG Minter Ltd [1971] 2 All ER 1389. 345 Dawson v Great Northern & City Railway Co [1905] 1 KB 260. 356 Day v Ost [1973] 2 NZLR 385. 290 Dhamija v Sunningdale Joineries Ltd [2010] EWHC 2396. 294, 296 Dillingham Ltd v Downs [1972] 2 NSWLR 49. 195 Discain Project Services Ltd v Opecprime Development Ltd (No 2) [2001] BLR 285. 397 Discain Project Services Ltd v Opecprime Development Ltd [2000] BLR 402. 397 Dodd Properties (Kent) Ltd v Canterbury CC [1980] 1 All ER 928. 333 Dodd v Churton [1897] 1 QB 562. 218 Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. 348 Douglas (RM) Construction Ltd v Bass Leisure Ltd (1990) 53 BLR 119. 345 Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v New Garage & Motor Co Ltd [1915] AC 79. 337 Dunnett v Railtrack plc [2002] 2 All ER 850. 385 Table of cases xv Dutton v Bognor Regis UDC [1972] 1 QB 373. 348 Dyer (E R) Ltd v Simon Build/Peter Lind Partnership (1982) 23 BLR 23. 308, 316 Earth & General Contracts Ltd v Manchester Corporation (1958) 108 LJ 665. 365 East Ham BC v Bernard Sunley & Sons Ltd [1966] AC 406. 291, 332 Eckersley v Binnie & Partners (1990) 18 Con LR 1. 202 Eckersley v Mersey Docks and Harbour Board [1894] 2 QB 667. 404 Edward Owen Engineering Ltd v Barclays Bank International Ltd [1978] QB 159. 279 Edwards v Skyways [1964] 1 WLR 349. 135 Ellis-Don Ltd v Parking Authority of Toronto (1978) 28 BLR 98. 262 Emson Eastern Ltd v EME Developments Ltd (1991) 55 BLR 114. 213 English Industrial Estates Corporation v George Wimpey & Co Ltd (1972) 7 BLR 122. 120, 165 Equitable Debenture Assets Corporation v Moss (1984) 2 Con LR 1. 206 Eriksson v Whalley [1971] 1 NSWLR 397 (Australia). 371 Eurico SpA v Philipp Bros., The Epaphus [1987] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 215, CA. 117 Fairclough Building Ltd v Port Talbot BC (1992) 62 BLR 82. 152 Fee (J & J) Ltd v Express Lift Co Ltd [1993] CILL 840. 315 Felton v Wharrie (1906) HBC 4th ed, Vol 2, 398. 364 Ferguson (DO) & Associates v Sohl (1992) 62 BLR 95. 334 Fillite (Runcorn) Ltd v Aqua-Lift (1989) 45 BLR 27. 400 Finnegan (JF) Ltd v Community Housing Asociation Ltd (1993) 65 BLR 103. 247 Finnegan (JF) Ltd v Sheffield CC (1988) 43 BLR 124. 262, 263 Florida Hotels Pty Ltd v Mayo (1965) 113 CLR 588. 291 Forsikringsaktieselskapet Vesta v Butcher [1988] 2 All ER 43. 173 Francis v Cockrell (1870) LR 5 QB 501. 200 Frederick Mark Ltd v Schield (1971) 1 BLR 32. 345 Freeman v Hensler (1900) 64 JP 260. 189, 210 Geldof Metaalconstructie NV v Simon Carves Ltd [2010] EWCA Civ 667. 343 George E Taylor & Co Ltd v G Percy Trentham Ltd (1980) 16 BLR 15. 344 Gibson Lea Retail Interiors Ltd v Makro Self-Service Wholesalers Ltd [2001] BLR 407. 134 Gilbert-Ash (Northern) Ltd v Modern Engineering (Bristol) Ltd [1974] AC 689. 338, 345 GLC v Cleveland Bridge and Engineering Co Ltd (1984) 34 BLR 50. 211, 368 GLC v Ryarsh Brick Co Ltd [1985] CILL 200. 327 Gleeson (MJ) (Contractors) Ltd v Hillingdon London Borough (1970) 215 EG 165. 165 Glenlion Construction Ltd v Guinness Trust (1987) 39 BLR 89. 190 Gloucestershire CC v Richardson [1969] 1 AC 480. 178 Gold Group Properties Ltd v BDW Trading Ltd [2010] EWHC 323 (TCC), [2010] BLR 235. 378