i THE MOHANDAS INDOLOGICAL SERIES 144 CHAUKHAMBHA PUBLICATIONS New Delhi By : Dr. Shashirekha H.K. M.D., Ayu., Ph.D., Ayu., M. A. Sanskrit, M.Sc. Yoga, M.Sc. Psychology Head, Department of Samhita Sanskrit, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005 Dr. Bargale Sushant Sukumar M.D., Ayu., Ph.D., Ayu., M.Sc. Yoga, M.Sc. Psychology S.D.M. College of Ayurveda and Hospital Hassan, Karnataka-573201 Edited by : Dr. Trilochan Pradhan M. A., Ph.D., Sanskrit, Acharya (Sahitya) Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts Regional Centre, Varanasi As per Board of Ayurveda, National Commission for Indian System of Medicine (NCISM), New Delhi Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas (Ay UG SN & AI) (Sanskrit and Histrory of Ayurveda) Please purchase 'docPrint PDF Driver' on http://www.verypdf.com/artprint/index.html to remove this message. All rights reserved by the publishers. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Publisher : CHAUKHAMBHA PUBLICATIONS 4262/3, Ansari Road, Darya Ganj New Delhi-110002 (India) Telephone : 011-23259050, 23268639 E-mail : chaukhambhapublication@gmail.com, cpub@vsnl.net Sister Concern : CHAUKHAMBHA SANSKRIT SANSTHAN 692/93, Raviwar Peth, Kapadganj Near D.S. House, Pune - 411002 (Maharashtra) India Telephone : 020-24493955, Mobile No. 09970193955 E-mail : hn.shah@rediffmail.com Head Office : CHAUKHAMBHA SANSKRIT SANSTHAN Publishers and Distributors of Oriental Cultural Literature Post Box No. 1139 K. 37 / 116, Gopal Mandir Lane, Golghar (Near Maidagin) Varanasi-221001 (U.P.) India Telephone : 0542-2333445, 2335930 E-mail : cssvns@gmail.com All rights reserved Edition : First, 2022 Price : 595.00 Printed by : Globe Offset Press, New Delhi ISBN : 978-81- 957277-3-5 Sanskrit Evam Ayurveda Ka Itihas Introduction Samskritam Evam Ayurveda Ithihas (history of Ayurveda) is an important subject of the BAMS program for the undergraduate students of Ayurveda. Sanskrit is an ancient still most scientific language of India. The ancient literature created about various subjects in this region is in Sanskrit. The richness of Sanskrit language is accepted by intellectuals across the world. The literature of Ayurveda is also found in Sanskrit. Without under- standing the language of the science, it is really hard to read and understand the terminolo- gies, theories, principles of the science given in the Samhitas. Many of the students com- ing for the course partly introduced or not at all introduced to the Sanskrit language previ- ously. Hence for understanding Ayurveda in its originality, Sanskrit is one of subject in First year BAMS curriculum. Similar to any language Listening, Reading, Writing and Speaking are the four pillars of a Sanskrit. Reading, writing and understanding Samhitas will be emphasized and listening and speaking can give confidence to the student and enhance the study. This changed curriculum involves many new teaching learning techniques and as- sessment methods. Based on the course outcomes, curriculum is divided in papers. Im- portant objectives are appropriately planned as per domains of learning. Practical can give a chance of acquiring skills by practice of use of Sanskrit in Samhitadhyayan. Application of learned Sanskrit will be practically ensured by reading newly introduced Ashtang Hrudayam. Students can experience of application of Sanskrit Grammar in Samhitadhyayan. History of Ayurveda is also added in second part of the Sanskrit. As an ancient science, its gradual development. Important milestones, different Schools of thoughts, important traditions, followers in traditions, their contribution etc will be introduced in History. Contribution of Scholars of modern era, important institutes and globalization are few more points for history. The complete syllabus estimated by Board of Ayurveda, National Commission for Indian System of Medicine, New Delhi (NCISM) is converted in this book. Dr. Shashirekha H.K. Dr. Bargale Sushant Sukumar Paper Layout I Professional BAMS Examinations Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas (Ay UG SN & AI) Paper-I Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 100 Instructions: All questions compulsory Total Marks- 100 Sanskrit Number of Marks per Total Questions question Marks Q1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) 20 1 20 All Sanskrit Q2 Short answer questions (SAQ) All Sanskrit 8 5 40 Q3 Long answer questions (LAQ) All Sanskrit 4 10 40 100 Paper-II Time: 3 Hours Instructions: All questions compulsory Total Marks 100 = [ Sanskrit, (LAQ and SAQ) 80 marks + Ayurved Itihas, (MCQ) 20 marks] Number of Marks per Total Questions question Marks Q1 Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ) Ayurved 20 1 20 Itihas, (all 20) Q2 Short answer questions (SAQ) All Sanskrit 8 5 40 Q3 Long answer questions (LAQ) All Sanskrit 4 10 40 100 Distribution of Practical Exam Practical 100 Marks - (Viva 75 + Elective 10 + IA 15) Marks Sr. No Heads Marks A Viva (75 marks ) 1. Reading (structured approach) 10 2. Shabdarupani and Karakani 10 3. Sandhi and Padachcheda, Dhaturupani 10 4. Samasa 5 5. Paribhasha, Nirukti 5 6. Anvaya 10 7. Constructing sentences and conversation 10 8. Compilation/ Record writing [Compilation/ Record writing 10 book should contain 1. Anvay 2. Padachcheda 3. Samas 4. Shabdarupani 5. Dhaturupani 6. Bhavarth Of the 40 Shlokas from Sanskrit Paper 2 topic numbers 3 A and B Ashtanga Hridayam and ten verses from Charak Samhita Sutrasthan 5 and 6 from Samhita Adhyayana - 1 subject.] 9. Communication Skill 5 B Internal Assessment 15 C Electives 10 Total Marks 100 Paper Layout v Content Sr. Topic Marks Page No. No. Paper I (Sanskrit) 1. Sanskrita Varnanam Parichaya 5 3-10 2. Sanjna Prakarana 5 11-28 3. Upasarga Parakarana 5 29-36 4. Avyayani Prakarana 5 37-40 5. Karaka Prakarana 15 41-78 6. Sandhi Prakarana 15 79-102 7. Samasa Prakarana 15 103-125 8. Shabda Rupani Prakarana 10 126-156 9. Dhatu Rupani Prakarana 10 157-230 10. Pratyaya Prakarana 10 231-263 Paper II (Part A- Sanskrit) 1. Nirukti and Praryaya Padani Prakarana 15 264-274 2. Paribhasha Prakarana 20 275-292 3. Anvaya Lekhana (Astanga Hrudayam) 30 293-378 4. Panchatantra 15 379-430 Paper II (Part B- Ayurveda Itihas) 1. Derivation (Vyutpatti and Niruktti) and definition of 5 433-441 Itihasa. Necessity, Significance and Utility of knowledge of Ayurveda itihasa. Means and method of study of Ayurveda itihasa. Different Time periods relevant for the Study of Ayurveda iti 2. Origin and lineage of Ayurveda (Ayurvedavatarana) and 442-446 Introduction of references of Ayurveda in Veda, Upanishat and Puarana. 3. Structure, Specialities, Time period of Ayurveda Samhitas 5 447-471 and their commentaries (including Special contributions of authors and commentators): Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, Ashtanga Sangraha, Ashtanga Hridaya, Bhela Samhita, Hareeta Samhita, Kashyapa Samhita. 4. Structure, Contributions and importance of Laghutrayee 472-476 and Commentaries: Madhava Nidana, Sharngadhara Samhita, Bhavaprakasha. 5. Origin and period of different systems of medicine in 5 477-495 the world. 6. Introduction to Vrukshayurveda, Hastyayurveda and 496-500 Ashwayurveda. (Included in Transitional Curriculum) 7. Status of Ayurveda during the period of Ashoka, Mughal 501-505 and British rule. 8. Contribution of Scholars of modern era: Acharya Gana Nath 5 506-513 Sen, Vaidya Yamini Bhushan Rai, Vaidya Shankar Dajishastri Pade, Acharya Swami Lakshmiram, Acharya Yadavji Tikramji, Dr. PM. Mehta, Vaidya B G Ghanekar, Vaidya Damodar Sharma Gaur, Acharya Priyavrat Sharma, Vaidya C Dwarakanath, Vaidya K R Shrikan- tamurthy, Vaidya VJ Thakkar, Vaidyaratnam PS Varier, Vaidya B V Gokhale. 9. Globalization of Ayurveda 514-517 10. 1) Developmental activities in Ayurveda in the post- 518-540 independence period: Introduction to various committees and their recomm- endations Introduction of activities of the following Organi- zations : Department of AYUSH, CCIM/ NCISM, CCRAS, 2) National institutions Viz- All India Institute of Ayurved (AIIA), National Institute of Ayurveda, Jaipur. ITRA, Jamnagar. Faculty of Ayurveda, BHU, Varanasi. Rashtriya Ayurveda Vidyapeetha, New Delhi. Content vii Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas Part - A Chapter 1 Introduction to Sanskrit (Sanskrit Alphabets) The tradition of Sanskrit grammar is very long. Sanskrit grammar has been es- tablished as an independent Vedanga in the Vedic period. On the basis of composi- tion of Vedas and the language it is quite logical to say that the study of grammar must have started during the creation of the Veda Mantras. Many words related to grammar have been mentioned in the Brahmin texts. There are many Sutras which are available in Paninis grammar. Sanskrit language is language the main âæÏÙ (dedicated) for expressing emotion. The smallest unit of language is called fláÊ ̧ or syllable. The group of characters is called the fláÊ ̧◊Ê‹Ê (alphabet). The main script used to write Sanskrit is ŒflŸÊª⁄UË (Devanagari). There are forty-eight (48) letters in the Sanskrit (alphabet) which are- • •Ê ß ß ̧ ©U ™§ ́§ ́§Î ‹Î ∞ ∞ •Ê •ÊÒ •¢ •— a å i ∂ u μu æ r∂ ̧ e ai o au a≈ a ̈ ∑§ π ª ÉÊ æU ka kha ga gha ∆ga ø ¿U ¡ ¤Ê ÜÊ ca cha ja jha ¤a ≈U ∆U «U ...U áÊ ¢a ¢ha Œa Œha ƒa Ã Õ Œ œ Ÿ ta tha da dha na ¬ »§ ’ ÷ ◊ pa pha ba bha ma ÿ ⁄ ‹ fl ‡Ê ya ra la va ‹a cÊ ‚ „U ¶a sa ha This alphabet consists of vowels and consonants. It contains 13 Vowels, 33 Consonants and 2 Ayogabahas 4 Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas Sfl⁄U (Vowels) There are three types of Vowels with differentiation of Short Vowel ( Hrashvasvara ), Long Vowel ( Dirghasvara ) and Plutonic Vowel ( Plutasvara ) based on pronounciation according to time or measure. They are : 1. Short Vowel ( Hrashvasvara ) : There are five short vowels. The pronounciation of these takes only one unit of time. These are also called five ◊Í‹Sfl⁄U ( basic vowels). Namely : a i u æ ̧ • ß ©U ́§ ‹Î 2. Long Vowel ( Dirghasvara ) : There are eight Long Vowels. Namely : å ∂ μu r∂ e ai o au •Ê ß ̧ ™§ ́§Î ∞ ∞ •Ê •ÊÒ The pronounciation of these vowels takes two units of time. Out of these eight Long Vowels, ∞, ∞, •Ê and •ÊÒ are formed by combining two different vowels. Like: a ( • ) + i ( ß ) = e ( ∞ ) a ( • ) + u ( ©U ) = o ( •Ê ) a ( • ) + e ( ∞ ) = ai ( ∞ ) a ( • ) + o ( •Ê ) = au ( •ÊÒ ) They are called as ‚ÿÈQ Sfl⁄U or ‚ÁãœSfl⁄U or Á◊üÊSfl⁄U. 3. Plutonic Vowel ( Plutasvara ) : Limited use of pluta is found in everyday practice. Plutasvara is used while addressing someone. e.g. : ŒflŒûÊ 3 •òÊ •Êªë¿U. In this example last ë•í varƒa of ŒflŒûÊ is pluta . The pronounciation of these vowels takes three unit of time. Therefore, the trimatrika plutasvara is indicated by the number ûÊ 3. √ÿ¢¡Ÿ (Consonants) Those consonants which connot be easily pronounced without the help of vow- els are called consonants. For example - k kh g gh ∑ ̃§Ô π ̃Ô ª ̃Ô ÉÊ ̃Ô The consonants shown above are vowelles. The „U‹ ̃Ô sign ( ̃Ô ) has been put under them. when a vowel is combined to these, then the „U‹ ̃Ô sign ( ̃Ô ) is removed and the vowels are combined with it. The long form of example mentioned below: k (∑ ̃§)Ô + a (•) = ka (∑§) k (∑ ̃§)Ô + å (•Ê) = kå (∑§Ê) k (∑ ̃§)Ô + i (ß) = ki (Á∑§) k (∑ ̃§Ô) + ∂ (ß ̧) = k∂ (∑§Ë) k (∑ ̃§)Ô + u (©U) = ku (∑ȧ) k (∑ ̃§Ô) + μu (™§) = kμu (∑ͧ) k (∑ ̃§Ô) + æ ( ́§) = kæ (∑Χ) k (∑ ̃§)Ô + ̧ (‹Î) = k ̧ (Ä‹Î) k (∑ ̃§Ô) + e (∞) = ke (∑§) k (∑ ̃§)Ô + ai (∞) = kai (∑Ò§) k (∑ ̃§)Ô + o (•Ê) = ko (∑§Ê) k (∑ ̃§)Ô + au (•ÊÒ) = kau (∑§ÊÒ) √ÿTŸ flªË ̧∑§⁄UáÊ (Classification of Consonants) The consonants are divided into three catagories due to the veriation of pronounciation. They are : 1. Mute Consonants (S¬‡Ê ̧-√ÿTŸ) : In which the tongue toches any part of the mouth and the air stops for a while and is suddenly released is called Mute Conso- nants ( Sparsha-vyanjana ). They are also called sectional ( vargiya ) consonants due to expressing letter sets. 25 consonants from ∑ ̃§Ô to ◊ ̃Ô are called S parsha . These are devided into five sections. They are: “∑ȧ” means ∑§ flª ̧ - ∑ ̃§Ô π ̃Ô ª ̃Ô ÉÊ ̃Ô æ ̃UÔ “øÈ” means ø flª ̧ - ø ̃Ô ¿ ̃UÔ ¡ ̃Ô ¤Ê ̃Ô ÜÊ ̃Ô “≈ÈU” means ≈U flª ̧ - ≈ ̃UÔ ∆ ̃UÔ « ̃UÔ ... ̃UÔ áÊ ̃Ô “ÃÈ” means à flª ̧ - à ̃Ô Õ ̃Ô Œ ̃Ô œ ̃Ô Ÿ ̃Ô “¬È” means ¬ flª ̧ - ¬ ̃Ô » ̃§Ô ’ ̃Ô ÷ ̃Ô ◊ ̃Ô 2. Semi Consonants (•ã×SÕ-√ÿTŸ) : Those consonants that are pronounced by suddenly stopping the air for a while and releasing it with a little force is called Semi( Antahstha ) Consonants. They are located between the vowel and consonants. These are four in number (ÿ⁄U‹flÊ— •ã×SÕÊ—). As - ÿ ̃Ô, ⁄ ̃UÔ, ‹ ̃Ô, fl ̃Ô. . They are also called ÿáÊ ̃Ô 3. Sibilant Consonants (™§c◊-√ÿTŸ ) : Those consonants that are pronounced by holding air slowly and releasing it with a friction is called Sibilant ( Ushma ) Con- sonants. These are four in number - ‡Ê‹— ™§c◊ÊáÊ—– They are : ‡Ê ̃Ô, cÊ ̃Ô, ‚ ̃Ô, „ ̃UÔ . For not expressing any letter-set, these consonants ( Antahstha & Ushma ) are called non- sectional( avargiya ) consonants . Introduction to Sanskrit (Sanskrit Alphabets) 5 6 Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas The √ÿ¢¡Ÿ (consonants) are divided as flªË ̧ÿ √ÿTŸ and •flªË ̧ÿ √ÿTŸ. ∑£ to „ are called √ÿTŸ (consonants). • ∑ to ◊ are called flªË ̧ÿ √ÿTŸ (grouped consonants). • ÿ to „ are called •flªË ̧ÿ √ÿTŸ (ungrouped consonants). flªË ̧ÿ √ÿTŸ - grouped consonants further divided into three types. 1 . •À¬¬ ̋◊ÊáÊ/∑ ∑ ̧§‡Ê - The 1st and 3rd alphabet of each Varga (group). 2 . ◊„ʬ ̋ÊáÊ /◊ÎŒÈ(- The 2nd and 4th alphabet of each Varga (group). 3 . •ŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑£Ê ( Nasal consonant) - The 5th alphabet of each Varga (group). As per the originated of the sound, the √ÿTŸ are classified as- ∑§ flª ̧ ∑ ̃ π ̃Ô ª ̃Ô ÉÊ ̃Ô æ ̃UÔ ∑ á∆ (pronounced from the throat ) ø flª ̧ ø ̃Ô ¿ ̃UÔ ¡ ̃Ô ¤Ê ̃Ô ÜÊ ̃Ô ÃÊ‹√ÿ (tongue touches the front of the palate ) ≈U flª ̧ ≈ ̃UÔ ∆ ̃UÔ « ̃UÔ ... ̃UÔ áÊ ̃Ô ◊Íœ ̧ãÿ (tongue rolls all the way as if towards the head) à flª ̧ à ̃Ô Õ ̃Ô Œ ̃Ô œ ̃Ô Ÿ ̃Ô Œãàÿ (tongue touches the teeth ) ¬ flª ̧ ¬ ̃Ô » ̃ ’ ̃Ô ÷ ̃Ô ◊ ̃Ô •ÙD ̃ÿ (lips are essential in their pronunciation) •flªË ̧ÿ √ÿTŸ - ungrouped consonants further divided into three types. 1 . ÿ ̃Ô, ⁄ ̃UÔ, ‹ ̃Ô, fl ̃ - •ã×SÕ √ÿTŸ- Semi vowels- soft consonants. 2 . ‡Ê ̃Ô, cÊ ̃Ô, ‚ ̃Ô- ™£c◊-√ÿTŸ - Hard consonants- made with hissing sound. 3 . „ ̃UÔ - ◊„ʬ ̋ÊáÊ- Soft consonants. •ÿʪflÊ„ (Ayogavåhås) There are not specifically explanation anywhere, yet they work. they are considered under “•≈U ̃Ô” ¬ ̋àÿÊ„UÊ⁄U. Both •ŸÈSflÊ⁄ (•¢) and Áfl‚ª ̧ (•—) are •ÿʪflÊ„U . Apart from these Á¡uÔUÊ◊Í‹Ëÿ and ©U¬ä◊ÊŸËÿ have also been considered as •ÿʪflÊ„U. It is important to note that the •œ ̧ Áfl‚ª ̧‚ŒÎ‡Ê ÁøqÔU before “∑” and “π” is called äÿÊÃ√ÿ and the •œ ̧ Áfl‚ª ̧‚ŒÎ‡Ê ÁøqÔU before “¬” and “»” is called ©U¬ä◊ÊŸËÿ. Importance of Grammar The grammar of the Sanskrit language has a complex verbal system, rich nomi- nal declension and extensive use of compound nouns. It was studied and codified by Sanskrit grammarians from the later Vedic periods roughly 8th century BC, culmi- nating in the Paninian grammar of the 4th century BC. Panini a prescriptive and generative grammar with algebraic rules governing every single aspect of the lan- guage, in an era when oral composition and transmission was the norm, is staunchly embedded in that oral tradition. In order to ensure wide dissemination, Panini is said Chapter - 2 Sangya-Prakaran ( ‚¢ôÊÊ-¬ ̋∑§⁄UáÊ ) Caturddashamaheshvara Sutram (øÃÈŒ ̧‡Ê◊Ê„U‡fl⁄U ‚ÍòÊ) v. •ß©UáÊ ̃Ô w. ́§‹Î∑ ̃§ x. ∞•Êæ ̃UÔ y. ∞•ÊÒø ̃Ô z. „Uÿfl⁄U≈ ̃UÔ {. ‹áÊ ̃Ô |. ÜÊ◊æUáÊŸ◊ ̃Ô }. ¤Ê÷ÜÊ ̃Ô ~. ÉÊ...UœcÊ ̃Ô vÆ. ¡’ª«UŒ‡Ê ̃Ô vv. π»§¿U∆UÕø≈UÃfl ̃Ô vw. ∑§¬ÿ ̃Ô vx. ‡ÊcÊ‚⁄ ̃UÔ vy. „U‹ ̃Ô– flÎÁûÊ— - ßÁà ◊Ê„U‡flU⁄UÊÁáÊ ‚ÍòÊÊáÿáÊÊÁŒ‚¢ôÊÊÕÊ ̧ÁŸ– ∞cÊÊ◊ãàÿÊ ß×– ‹áÊ ̃Ô‚ÍòÊ ̆∑§Ê⁄U‡ø–* „U∑§Ê⁄UÊÁŒcfl∑§Ê⁄U ©UëëÊÊ⁄UáÊÊÕ ̧—– Meaning : For forming Pratyahara** •áÊ ̃Ô etc. these Maheshvara Sutras are used . The last characters (consonants) in these are called ßà ̃Ô . The character • in the sutra ‹áÊ ̃Ô is also ßà ̃Ô . On account of convenience of pronounciation the „U varnas • etc. are used. Notes : *Be aware that to make ⁄U Pratyahara, the • in ‹áÊ ̃Ô is made ßà ̃Ô . Combination of this letter • with ⁄U letter of „Uÿfl⁄U≈ ̃UÔ , forms ⁄U Pratyahara. So this ⁄U Pratyahara will make sense of both ⁄U and ‹ varna ** The symbolic form formed by the compression of the characters is called Pratyahara Pratyahara is formed by mixing both the initial letter and the last ßà ̃Ô letter. But in Pratyahara the last consonant character( ßà ̃Ô varna) is not taken. As - saying •ø ̃Ô gives the sense of a , i, u, æ, ̧, e, o, ai and au. It does not take the last ßà ̃Ô consonant character c (ø ̃Ô) . With the help of these Maheshvara Sutraís 43 Pratyaharas can be made. v. „U‹ãàÿ◊ ̃Ô - v.x.x (•) flÎÁûÊ— - “„U‹ ̃Ô” ( 14 ) ßÁà ‚ÍòÊ ̆ãàÿÁ◊àÊ ̃Ô SÿÊà ̃Ô – Meaning : In the sutra „U‹ ̃Ô the last varna ‹ ̃Ô be ßà ̃Ô (•Ê) flÎÁûÊ— - ©U¬Œ‡Ê ̆ãàÿ¢ „U‹ ̃Ô ßà ̃Ô SÿÊà ̃Ô– ©U¬Œ‡Ê •ÊlÊìÊÊ⁄UáÊ◊ ̃Ô– ÃÃÊ •áÊ ̃Ô •ø ̃Ô ßàÿÊÁŒ ‚¢ôÊÊÁ‚hÊÒ– Meaning : In the ©U¬Œ‡Ê the last consonant be called ßà ̃Ô . The meaning of word ©U¬Œ‡Ê is the first pronounciation of a term in grammar. Thus we get the Pratyahara like •áÊ ̃Ô and •ø ̃Ô etc. Notes : The sutra „U‹ãàÿ◊ ̃Ô constitutes the ßà ̃-‚¢ôÊÊ „U‹ãàÿ◊ ̃Ô is mentioned twice in 12 Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas Siddhantakaumudi and it has given two definations(For knowledge of ßà ̃Ô ). In the first mention, the last consonant letter ( ‹ ̃Ô ) of the 14th sutra „U‹ ̃Ô is labeled ßà ̃Ô . Because •ÊÁŒ⁄UãàÿŸ ‚„UÃÊ sutra is unable to create Pratyahara without knowledge of ßà ̃Ô In the second mention, to make Pratyahara •áÊ ̃Ô, •ø ̃Ô etc. Panini , have constituted ßà ̃-‚¢ôÊÊ for the consonants comming to the end of dhatu, sutra, gana unadi, linganushasana, agama, pratyaya and adesha dhatusutraganonadi vakyalinganushasanam (œÊÃÈ‚ÍòʪáÊÊáÊÊÁŒ flÊÄÿÁ‹XÔUʟȇÊÊ‚Ÿ◊ ̃Ô–) agamapratyayadesha upadeshah prakirtitah. (•Êª◊¬ ̋àÿÿÊŒ‡ÊÊ ©U¬Œ‡ÊÊ— ¬ ̋∑§ËÁà ̧ÃÊ—–– ) w. •Œ‡Ê ̧Ÿ¢ ‹Ê¬— - v.v.{Æ flÎÁûÊ— - ¬ ̋‚ÄÃSÿÊŒ‡Ê ̧Ÿ¢ ‹Ê¬‚¢ôÊ¢ SÿÊà ̃Ô– Meaning : Which is available but not appearing is called ‹Ê¬ Notes: The present sutra constitutes Lopa-Sangya . According to this sutra , ‹Ê¬— means •Œ‡Ê ̧Ÿ◊ ̃Ô, it means not to be seen. x. ÃSÿ ‹Ê¬— - v.x.~ Meaning : That ßà ̃Ô character is omitted. Notes : It is noteworthy that the vowels and consonants have been ßà ̃Ô by the sutras „U‹ãàÿ◊ ̃Ô and ©U¬Œ‡Ê ̆¡ŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§ ßà ̃Ô . According to this sutra , the character that has ßà ̃Ô is omitted from the two sutras . For example - áÊ ̃Ô is obtained ßà ̃Ô ‚¢ôÊÊ , which is located in •ß©UáÊ ̃Ô sutra . Therefore, according to this sutra áÊ ̃Ô is omitted. That is, in the sutra •ß©UáÊ ̃Ô , only • ß ©U are assumed. y. •ÊÁŒ⁄UãàÿŸ ‚„UÃÊ - v.v.|v flÎÁûÊ— - •ãàÿŸÃÊ ‚Á„Uà •ÊÁŒ◊ ̧äÿªÊŸÊ¢ SflSÿ ø ‚¢ôÊÊ SÿÊà ̃Ô– ÿÕÊ - “•áÊ ̃Ô” ßÁà • ß ©U fláÊÊ ̧ŸÊ¢ ‚¢ôÊÊ– ∞fl◊ ̃Ô - •ø ̃Ô, •‹ ̃Ô, „UÁ‹àÿÊŒÿ—– Meaning : With the last ßà ̃Ô varna the initial letter is self identifying with the middle letter. As - •áÊ ̃Ô is the nown of these characters a ( • ) i ( ß ) u ( ©U ). Similarly, nouns such as •ø ̃Ô, •‹ ̃Ô and „U‹ ̃Ô should be understood. Notes : This sutra constitutes Pratyahara . The word •ÊÁŒ and •ãàÿ mentioned in the sutra are indicative of the element ( •flÿfl ) of the word. The one which does not have earlier part is called •ÊÁŒ - ÿS◊Êà ̃Ô ¬ÍflZ ŸÊÁSà ¬⁄U◊ÁSà ‚ •ÊÁŒ— and the one which does not have last part is called •ãàÿ— - ÿS◊Êà ̃Ô ¬⁄¢U ŸÊÁSà ¬Ífl ̧◊ÁSà ‚Ê ̆ã× . It is known from the statement of •ÊÁŒ and •ãàÿ varna that the middle varna is required, which is called ‚¢ôÊË . Along with the middle varna the •ÊÁŒ varna constitutes the Sfl-‚¢ôÊÊ . For example - To make •ø ̃Ô pratyahara from •ß©UáÊ ̃Ô to ∞•ÊÒø ̃Ô mentioned in the Maheshvara Sutra is taken. •ø ̃Ô pratyahara is formed from the •ÊÁŒ varna ( • ) of •ß©UáÊ ̃Ô sutra and last consonant ( ø ̃Ô ) of ∞•ÊÒø ̃Ô sutra .Which is made up of the middle letters ß,©U, ́§,ÀÊÎ,∞,•Ê,∞ and •ÊÒ áÊ ̃Ô of •ß©UáÊ ̃Ô , ∑ ̃§Ô of ́§‹Î∑ ̃§Ô , æ ̃UÔ of ∞•Êæ ̃UÔ and ø ̃Ô of ∞•ÊÒø ̃Ô are not taken in pratyahara beacuse of ßà ̃Ô varna is not accepted in pratyahara - ¬ ̋àÿÊ„UÊ⁄UcÊÈ ßÃÊ¢ Ÿ ª ̋„UáÊ◊ ̃Ô z. ©U¬Œ‡Ê ̆¡ŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§ ßà ̃Ô- v.x.w flÎÁûÊ— - ©U¬Œ‡Ê ̆ŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§Ê ̆¡ ̃Ô ßà ̃Ô ‚¢ôÊ— SÿÊà ̃Ô– “¬ ̋ÁÃôÊÊŸÈŸÊÁ‚ÄÿÊ— ¬ÊÁáÊŸËÿÊ—”– Meaning : The nasalized ( •ŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§ ) vowels are ßà ̃Ô in ©U¬Œ‡Ê . The nasalized vowels prescribed by Panini etc. are known by his pledge(indicated letters in-place). Notes: After the ßà ̃Ô of last consonants, it is being represented that where the vowel is considered to be ßà ̃Ô . The word ©U¬Œ‡Ê mentioned in this sutra has been discussed in the earlier sutra „U‹ãàÿ◊ ̃Ô . There are three divisions of vowels such as Short vowel( Hrasvasvara ), Long vowel ( Dirghasvara ) and Plutonic vowel( plutasvara ). These threes are of nine types with ©UŒÊûÊ, •ŸÈŒÊûÊ and SflÁ⁄Uà . Again these nine distinctions are divided as •ŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§ and •ŸŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§ . Thus eighteen distinctions of •ø ̃Ô are mentioned. {. ™§∑§Ê‹Ê ̆Ö\SflŒËÉÊ ̧å‹È× - v.v.w| flÎÁûÊ— - ©U‡ø ™§‡ø ©U 3 ‡ø = fl—– flÊ¢ ∑§Ê‹ ßfl ∑§Ê‹Ê ÿSÿ ÿÊ ̆ø ̃Ô ∑ ̋§◊ÊŒ ̃Ô OÔUSflŒËÉÊ ̧å‹È¢ôÊ— SÿÊà ̃Ô– ‚ ¬ ̋àÿ∑§◊ÈŒÊûÊÊÁŒ÷ŒŸ Áòʜʖ Meaning : The vowel whose utterance period is like ©U, ™§ and ©U 3 (three ©U varnas ), get the name of OÔUSfl , ŒËÉÊ ̧ and å‹Èà respectively. All •ø ̃Ô are three types of ©UŒÊûÊ, •ŸÈŒÊûÊ and SflÁ⁄Uà distinction. Notes: The word ∑§Ê‹ means measure of time required for pronouncing a vowel. This sutra difines the three kinds of vowels acording to their ◊ÊòÊÊ . i.e. Hrasva, D∂rgha and Pluta . Hence, Hrasva ©U, Dirgha ™§ and Pluta ©U 3 are mentioned as a example in this sutra The Hrasva ©U having one ◊ÊòÊÊ , Dirgha ™§ having two ◊ÊòÊÊ and Pluta ©U 3 having three ◊ÊòÊÊ Sangya-Prakaran 13 14 Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas ekamatro bhaved hrasvo dwimatro dirgha uchyate, (∞∑§◊ÊòÊÊ ÷flŒ ̃Ô OÔUSflÊ Ám◊ÊòÊÊ ŒËÉÊ ̧ ©UëÿÖ) trimatrastu pluto jneyo vyanjanam cardhamatrakam. (ÁòÊ◊ÊòÊSÃÈ å‹ÈÃÊ ôÊÿÊ √ÿTŸ¢ øÊ ̆œ ̧◊ÊòÊ∑§◊ ̃Ô––) The question here is why ©U varna was taken for example? Why not • varna ? The solution to this is that in the pronounciation of poultry, the ascending and decending order of the three ukaras ( ©U,™§ and ©U 3) respectively appears to be clear. Hence, ©U varna is presented as an example. |. ©UìÊÒL§ŒÊûÊ— - v.w.w~ flÎÁûÊ— - ÃÊÀflÊÁŒcÊÈ ‚÷ʪcÊÈ SÕÊŸcÊÍäfl ̧÷ʪ ÁŸc¬ãŸÊ ̆¡ÈŒÊûÊ‚¢ôÊ— SÿÊà ̃Ô– Meaning : Under the mouth, the •ø ̃Ô , which is pronounced from the upper part of the places like ∑§á∆U , ÃÊ‹È etc. is called ©UŒÊûÊ Notes: This sutra constitutes the ©UŒÊûÊ-‚¢ôÊÊ . The word ©UìÊÒ— used in this sutra does not refer to the high obedient but to the upper part of the mouth. Panini has divided the pronounciation space under the mouth into two parts. i.e. (1) Upper part of mouth and (2) lower part of mouth. There is no sign of sublime ( ©UŒÊûÊ ) vowel in the Rigveda. }. ŸËøÒ⁄UŸÈŒÊûÊ— - v.w.xÆ flÎÁûÊ— - ÃÊÀflÊÁŒcÊÈ ‚÷ʪcÊÈ SÕÊŸcflœÊ÷ʪ ÁŸc¬ãŸÊ ̆ø ̃Ô •ŸÈŒÊûÊ‚¢ôÊ— SÿÊà ̃Ô– Meaning : Under the mouth, the •ø ̃Ô which is pronounced from the lower part of the places like ∑§á∆U , ÃÊ‹È etc, is called •ŸÈŒÊûÊ Notes: This sutra constitute the •ŸÈŒÊûÊ ‚¢ôÊÊ . The word ŸËøÒ— used in this sutra refers to the lower part of the mouth. In the Rigveda§, the assigned vowel is marked by a line below the letter. For example - flL§ áÊ. ~. ‚◊Ê„UÊ⁄U— SflÁ⁄U× - v.w.xv flÎÁûÊ— - ©UŒÊûÊÊŸÈŒÊûÊàfl fláÊ ̧œ◊ÊÒ ̧ ‚◊ÊÁOÔUÿà ÿòÊ ‚Ê ̆ø ̃Ô SflÁ⁄U¢ôÊ— SÿÊà ̃Ô– ‚ ŸflÁflœÊ ̆Á¬ ¬ ̋àÿ∑§◊ŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§ÊŸŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§àflÊèÿÊ¢ ÁmœÊ– Meaning : The vowel that has the combination of ©UŒÊûÊ and •ŸÈŒÊûÊ tones is said to be SflÁ⁄Uà . These nine distinctions are of two types from each •ŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§ and •ŸŸÈŸÊÁ‚∑§ Notes: This sutra constitutes the ‚◊Ê„UÊ⁄U ‚¢ôÊÊ . The word ‚◊Ê„UÊ⁄U used in this sutra refers to the •ø ̃Ô which is pronounced from the middle part of the places like ∑§á∆U , ÃÊ‹È etc. It has Chapter - 3 U Upasarga Parakarana (Prefixes) ( ©U¬‚ª ̧ ¬ ̋∑§⁄UáÊ) ©U¬‚ª ̧ ¬ ̋∑§⁄UáÊ ¬ ̋, ¬⁄UÊ, ©U¬Ô, ‚◊ ̃Ô, •ŸÈ, •fl, ÁŸ‚ ̃Ô, ÁŸ⁄ ̃UÔ, ŒÈ‚ ̃Ô , ŒÍ⁄ ̃UÔ, Áfl, •Êæ ̃UÔ, ÁŸ, •Áœ, •Á¬, •ÁÃ, ©UÃ, •Á÷, ¬ ̋ÁÃ, ¬Á⁄U, ‚È and •¬ - These are twenty two prefixes. When they are used with a verb, they are called prefixes. Prefix plays a big role in both the form and meaning of the verb. In this regard it is mentioned that - dhatvartham badhate kashcit kashcittamanuvartate. œÊàflÕZ ’ʜà ∑§Á‡øà ̃Ô ∑§Á‡øûÊ◊ŸÈflà ̧Ö tameva vishinashtyante upasargagatistridha. Ã◊fl ÁflÁ‡ÊŸCÔ ̃Uÿãà ©U¬‚ª ̧ªÁÃÁSòÊœÊH Some change the meaning of the root, some follow the meaning of the root and some become specific about the meaning of the root.Thus the prefix has three mo- tions. Examples of all three are given below - 1. Meaning of the root. The meaning of the root is changing due to the use of prefixes. „U⁄UÁà ( Take ) - •Ê + „⁄UÁà = U •Ê„⁄UÁà ( Fetch ) ‚¢ + „⁄UÁà = U ‚¢„⁄UÁà ( Rolling back ) ªë¿UUÁà ( To go ) - •Ê + ªë¿UUÁà = U •Êªë¿UÁà ( To come ) 2. Meaning of the root. The meaning of the root remains the same even after the prefix is used. (Following the meaning of the root) Áfl‡ÊÁà ( To enter ) - ¬ ̋ + Áfl‡ÊUUÁà = U ¬ ̋Áfl‡ÊUÁà ( To enter ) 3. Meaning of the root. Special meaning of root. ∑§⁄UÊÁà ( Does ) - ¬ ̋ + ∑§⁄UÊÁà = U ¬ ̋∑§⁄UÊUÁÃ( Does well ) The meaning of the root changes with the use of a prefix,Therefore it is said - upasargena dhatvartho baladanyatra niyate. ©U¬‚ª ̧áÊ œÊàflÕÊ ̧ ’‹ÊŒãÿòÊ ŸËÿÖ 30 Samskritam Evam Ayurved Itihas praharaharasamharaviharapariharavat. ¬ ̋„UÊ⁄UÊ„UÊ⁄U‚¢„UÊ⁄UÁfl„UÊ⁄U¬Á⁄U„UÊ⁄Uflà ̃ÔH The meaning of the root changes with the use of a prefix, such as - due to the prefix ¬ ̋,•Ê,¬Á⁄ etc. used in the word „UÊ⁄U , its meaning changes. This means that when different prefixes are added to the same word, that root gives different meanings. As - ¬ ̋ + „UÊ⁄U = ¬ ̋„UÊ⁄U ( To beat ) •Ê + „UÊ⁄U = •Ê„UÊ⁄U ( Food ) ¬Á⁄U + „UÊ⁄U = ¬Á⁄U„UÊ⁄U ( Solution ) ¬ ̋ + ÷flÁà = ¬ ̋÷flÁà ( In flow ) •Ê + ø⁄UáÊ = •Êø⁄UáÊ ( Manner ) •Ê + ª◊Ÿ = •Êª◊Ÿ ( Arrival ) Some common examples of prefixes used with verbs are given below, which is useful for students. ¬ ̋ ¬ ̋ + ¡ÊŸÊÁà = ¬ ̋¡ÊŸÊÁà ( Understands ) ¬ ̋ + ÷flÁà = ¬ ̋÷flÁà ( Turns out ) ¬ ̋ + ‹¬Áà = ¬ ̋‹¬Áà ( Speaks rudely ) ¬ ̋ + fl„UÁà = ¬ ̋fl„UÁà ( Flows ) ¬ ̋ + flà ̧à = ¬ ̋flà ̧Ã( Begins ) ¬ ̋ + ‚ËŒÁà = ¬ ̋‚ËŒÁà ( Pleases ) ¬ ̋ + ‚ÊŒÿÁà = ¬ ̋‚ÊŒÿÁà ( That delights ) ¬ ̋ + ‚⁄UÁà = ¬ ̋‚⁄UÁà ( Spreads out ) ¬ ̋ + ÁÃDÔUà = ¬ ̋ÁÃDÔUà ( Lets go ) ¬ ̋ + „U⁄UÁà = ¬ ̋„U⁄UÁà ( Strikes ) Example of some words with ¬ ̋ prefix. ¬ ̋ + ∑§Ê⁄U— = ¬ ̋∑§Ê⁄U— ( Type ) ¬ ̋ + ∑ ̋§◊— = ¬ ̋∑ ̋§◊— ( Initiate ) ¬ ̋ + øÊ⁄U— = ¬ ̋øÊ⁄U— ( Propagation, Announcement ) ¬ ̋ + ‚Ê⁄U— = ¬ ̋‚Ê⁄U— ( Circulation ) ¬ ̋ + fl‡ÊU— = ¬ ̋fl‡Ê— ( Entry ) ¬ ̋ + flÊ„U— = ¬ ̋flÊ„U— ( Flow ) ¬ ̋ + ÿʪ— = ¬ ̋ÿʪ— ( Experiment ) ¬ ̋ + ÷ÊflU— = ¬ ̋÷Êfl— ( Effect ) ¬ ̋ + ◊ÊáÊ◊ ̃Ô = ¬ ̋◊ÊáÊ◊ ̃Ô ( Evidence ) ¬ ̋ + SÕÊŸ◊ ̃Ô = ¬ ̋SÕÊŸ◊ ̃Ô ( Departure ) ¬ ̋ + ÿÊáÊ◊ ̃Ô = ¬ ̋ÿÊáÊ◊ ̃Ô ( Journey ) ¬⁄UÊ ¬⁄UÊ + ÷flÁà = ¬⁄UÊ÷flÁà ( Defeats ) ¬⁄UÊ + ¡ÿà = ¬⁄UÊ¡ÿà ( Defeats ) ¬⁄UÊ + ◊·ÊÁà = ¬⁄UÊ◊·ÊÁà ( Consults ) ¬⁄UÊ + ∑ ̋§◊Áà = ¬⁄UÊ∑ ̋§◊Áà ( Shows strength ) •¬ •¬ + „U⁄UÁà = •¬„U⁄UÁà ( Kidnaps ) •¬ + ‚⁄UÁà = •¬‚⁄UÁà ( Goes away ) •¬ + flŒUÁà = •¬flŒÁà ( Condemns ) •¬ + flŒÃ = •¬flŒÃ ( Rejects ) •¬ + ‹¬UÁà = •¬‹¬UÁà ( Rejects ) •¬ + ¡ÊŸËà = •¬¡ÊŸËà ( Rejects )