Series Editor: Michael J. Selgelid Public Health Ethics Analysis 3 Drue H. Barrett · Leonard W. Ortmann Angus Dawson · Carla Saenz Andreas Reis · Gail Bolan Editors Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe Public Health Ethics Analysis Volume 3 Edited by Michael J. Selgelid Monash University, Melbourne , Australia During the 21st Century, public health ethics has become one of the fastest growing subdisciplines of bioethics. This is the first book series dedicated to the topic of public health ethics. It aims to fill a gap in the existing literature by providing thoroughgoing, book-length treatment of the most important topics in public health ethics—which have otherwise, for the most part, only been partially and/or sporadically addressed in journal articles, book chapters, or sections of volumes concerned with public health ethics. Books in the series will include coverage of central topics in public health ethics from a plurality of disciplinary perspectives including: philosophy (e.g., both ethics and philosophy of science), political science, history, economics, sociology, anthropology, demographics, law, human rights, epidemiology, and other public health sciences. Blending analytically rigorous and empirically informed analyses, the series will address ethical issues associated with the concepts, goals, and methods of public health; individual (e.g., ordinary citizens’ and public health workers’) decision making and behaviour; and public policy. Inter alia, volumes in the series will be dedicated to topics including: health promotion; disease prevention; paternalism and coercive measures; infectious disease; chronic disease; obesity; smoking and tobacco control; genetics; the environment; public communication/trust; social determinants of health; human rights; and justice. A primary priority is to produce volumes on hitherto neglected topics such as ethical issues associated with public health research and surveillance; vaccination; tuberculosis; malaria; diarrheal disease; lower respiratory infections; drug resistance; chronic disease in developing countries; emergencies/disasters (including bioterrorism); and public health implications of climate change. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/10067 Drue H. Barrett • Leonard W. Ortmann Angus Dawson • Carla Saenz • Andreas Reis Gail Bolan Editors Public Health Ethics: Cases Spanning the Globe ISSN 2211-6680 ISSN 2211-6699 (electronic) Public Health Ethics Analysis ISBN 978-3-319-23846-3 ISBN 978-3-319-23847-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-23847-0 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015960197 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2016 . This book is published open access. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 2.5 License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/) which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the work’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if such material is not included in the work’s Creative Commons license and the respective action is not permitted by statutory regulation, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to duplicate, adapt or reproduce the material. This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland Editors Drue H. Barrett Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of the Associate Director for Science, Office of the Director Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta , GA , USA Angus Dawson Center for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, Sydney School of Public Health The University of Sydney Sydney, Australia Andreas Reis Global Health Ethics Department of Information, Evidence and Research World Health Organization Geneva , Switzerland Leonard W. Ortmann Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of the Associate Director for Science, Office of the Director Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta , GA , USA Carla Saenz Regional Program on Bioethics Office of Knowledge Management, Bioethics, and Research Pan American Health Organization Washington , DC , USA Gail Bolan Division of STD Prevention National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Atlanta , GA , USA v Disclaimer The contents of this casebook represent the opinions, findings, and conclusions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position, views, or policies of the editors, the editors’ host institutions, or the authors’ host institutions. vii Pref ace Public health ethics can be seen both as the application of principles and norms to guide the practice of public health and as a process for identifying, analyzing, and resolving ethical issues inherent in the practice of public health. Public health ethics helps us decide what we should do and why. Although the practice of public health has always considered ethical issues, the emergence of public health ethics as a discipline is relatively new. Although rooted in bioethics and clinical and research ethics, public health ethics has many characteristics that set it apart. The defining characteristics are its focus on achieving social goods for populations while respect- ing individual rights and recognizing the interdependence of people. Currently there are few practical training resources for public health practitio- ners that consider ethical issues and dilemmas likely to arise in the practice of pub- lic health. In public health ethics training, we have found it advantageous to use cases to illustrate how ethical principles can be applied in practical ways to decision making. The use of cases encourages reflection and discussion of ethics, reinforces basic ethical concepts through application to concrete examples, highlights practi- cal decision making, allows learners to consider different perspectives, and sensi- tizes learners to the complex, multidimensional context of issues in public health practice. The case-based approach (known as casuistry) contrasts with the theoreti- cal approach to considering moral principles, rules, and theories. By describing scenarios, cases allow the learner to use ethical principles in the context of a realis- tic situation that sheds light on ethical challenges and illustrates how ethical prin- ciples can help in making practical decisions. This casebook comprises a broad range of cases from around the globe to high- light the ethical challenges of public health. For those new to public health ethics, Section I introduces public health ethics. Chapter 1, “Public Health Ethics: Global Cases, Practice, and Context” by Ortmann and colleagues, summarizes basic concepts and describes how public health ethics differ from bioethics, clinical ethics, and research ethics. The chapter also includes an approach for conducting an ethical analysis in public health. In Chap. 2, “Essential Cases in the Development of Public Health Ethics,” Lee, Spector-Bagdady, and Sakhuja highlight important viii events that shaped the practice of public health and explain how practitioners address and prevent ethical challenges. Section II is organized into chapters that discuss the following public health topics: • Resource allocation and priority setting • Disease prevention and control • Chronic disease prevention and health promotion • Environmental and occupational public health • Vulnerability and marginalized populations • International collaboration for global public health • Public health research We have invited some of the leading writers and thinkers in public health ethics to provide an overview of the major ethical considerations associated with each topic. The topic overviews offer the authors’ perspectives about applicable ethical theories, frameworks, and tools and draw attention to the cases that follow. The cases are meant to highlight the ethical issues in practice. Each represents the work of authors from around the globe who responded to a solicitation from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. We worked with the authors to ensure that each case included a concise articulation of a public health situation that raises ethical tensions, challenges, or concerns that require decisions or recommendations from public health officials or practitioners. The cases are presented in a standard format that includes a background, case description, discussion questions, and ref- erences. However, we also allowed for variation in the amount of detail provided in each section and the approach used to set up the case. Our goal was to include just enough contextual information to orient the reader who is not an expert in the case topic. We include the case setting, population, or intervention in question, legal or regulatory landscape, and questions to stimulate discussion on core ethical issues. Each case—although fictionalized—is as realistic as possible to reflect the ethical challenges that public health practitioners face daily. Sometimes the cases were based on actual or composite events. In these instances, the case details were modi- fied to exclude identifying information that could be considered private, sensitive, or disputable by others involved in the case. We deliberately did not attempt to provide a resolution or solution for the cases. Often in public health practice, there is no single correct answer. Instead, ethical analysis in public health is a process to identify the ethical dimensions of the options available and to arrive at a decision that is ethically justifiable, through deliberation and consideration of relevant facts, values, and contexts. The cases and other writings in this book represent the opinions, findings, and conclusions of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official position, views, or policies of the editors, the editors’ host institutions, or the authors’ host institu- tions. We decided which topic category to place the case in to best distribute the cases across chapters. However, you may note that some cases cross topic areas and could just as easily have been included in another chapter. Preface ix This casebook is written for public health practitioners, including frontline work- ers, field epidemiology trainers and trainees, and managers, planners, and decision makers with an interest in learning about how to integrate ethical analysis in their day-to-day public health practice. However, the casebook will also be useful to instructors in schools of public health and public health students as well as to aca- demic ethicists who can use the book to teach public health ethics and distinguish it from clinical and research ethics. Our hope is that the casebook will increase awareness and understanding of pub- lic health ethics and the value of ethical analysis in public health practice in all of its forms. This includes applied public health research; public health policy develop- ment, implementation, and evaluation; and public health decision making in national and international field settings and training programs. By emphasizing prospective practical decision making, rather than just presenting a theoretical academic discus- sion of ethical principles, we hope this casebook will serve as a useful tool to sup- port instruction, debate, and dialogue about the nature of ethical challenges encountered in public health practice and how to resolve these challenges. We rec- ommend discussing the cases in small groups and using the discussion questions, the ethical framework described in Chap. 1, and the information provided in the topic area overview sections as a starting place for exploring the ethical issues reflected in the cases. The ultimate goal of case-based learning is to develop skills in ethical analysis and decision making in daily public health practice. The ethical framework provides a convenient tool for putting our ideas into practice. Atlanta , GA , USA Drue H. Barrett, PhD Atlanta, GA, USA Leonard W. Ortmann, PhD Sydney, Australia Angus Dawson, PhD Washington , DC , USA Carla Saenz, PhD Geneva , Switzerland Andreas Reis, MD Atlanta , GA , USA Gail Bolan, MD Preface xi Contents Section I Introduction to Public Health Ethics 1 Public Health Ethics: Global Cases, Practice, and Context .................. 3 Leonard W. Ortmann, Drue H. Barrett, Carla Saenz, Ruth Gaare Bernheim, Angus Dawson, Jo A. Valentine, and Andreas Reis 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 3 1.2 Public Health .................................................................................. 5 1.3 Ethics.............................................................................................. 9 1.4 Public Health Ethics ....................................................................... 19 1.5 Ethical Frameworks ....................................................................... 27 1.6 A Three-Step Approach to Public Health Decision Making .......... 28 References ................................................................................................... 33 2 Essential Cases in the Development of Public Health Ethics ................ 37 Lisa M. Lee, Kayte Spector-Bagdady, and Maneesha Sakhuja 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 37 2.2 Case Study: Jacobson v. Massachusetts ......................................... 39 2.3 Case Study: U.S. Public Health Service Research on Sexually Transmitted Disease: Alabama and Guatemala.............................. 44 2.4 Case Study: The New York City A1C Registry ................................ 50 2.5 Conclusions and Implications ........................................................ 54 References ................................................................................................... 55 Section II Topics in Public Health Ethics 3 Resource Allocation and Priority Setting ................................................ 61 Norman Daniels 3.1 Resource Allocation in Public Health ............................................ 61 3.2 Collective Lessons from the Cases ................................................ 62 3.3 Specific Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation .............................. 65 xii 3.4 Decision-Making Process .............................................................. 69 References ................................................................................................... 70 3.5 Case 1: Priority Setting and Crisis of Public Hospitals in Colombia.................................................................... 71 References ................................................................................................... 74 3.6 Case 2: Intersection of Public Health and Mental Health: Meeting Family Needs ...................................................... 74 References ................................................................................................... 79 3.7 Case 3: Public-Private Partnerships: Role of Corporate Sponsorship in Public Health ......................................................... 80 References ................................................................................................... 83 3.8 Case 4: Black-White Infant Mortality: Disparities, Priorities, and Social Justice .......................................................... 84 References ................................................................................................... 86 3.9 Case 5: Priority Setting in Health Care: Ethical Issues.................. 87 References ................................................................................................... 89 3.10 Case 6: Critical Care Triage in Pandemics..................................... 90 References ................................................................................................... 93 4 Disease Prevention and Control ............................................................... 95 Michael J. Selgelid 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 95 4.2 Mandatory Treatment and Vaccination .......................................... 95 4.3 Disease Screening and Surveillance .............................................. 97 4.4 Stigma ............................................................................................ 98 4.5 Access to Care................................................................................ 99 4.6 Health Promotion Incentives .......................................................... 100 4.7 Emergency Response ..................................................................... 101 4.8 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 102 References ................................................................................................... 103 4.9 Case 1: Mandatory Vaccination in Measles Outbreaks .................. 103 References ................................................................................................... 107 4.10 Case 2: Public Health Approaches to Preventing Mother-to-Child HIV Transmission ............................................... 108 References ................................................................................................... 111 4.11 Case 3: Newborn Bloodspot Screening: Personal Choice or Public Health Necessity? Storage and Ownership of Newborn Bloodspots.................................................................. 111 References ................................................................................................... 114 4.12 Case 4: Decoding Public Health Ethics and Inequity in India: A Conditional Cash Incentive Scheme—Janani Suraksha Yojana ................................................. 116 References ................................................................................................... 119 4.13 Case 5: HIV Criminalization and STD Prevention and Control .................................................................. 120 References ................................................................................................... 124 Contents xiii 4.14 Case 6: Ethics of Administering Anthrax Vaccine to Children ...... 125 References ................................................................................................... 128 4.15 Case 7: Non-adherence to Treatment in Patients with Tuberculosis: A Challenge for Minimalist Ethics .................. 129 References ................................................................................................... 132 4.16 Case 8: Mass Evacuation ............................................................... 132 References ................................................................................................... 135 5 Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion .............................. 137 Harald Schmidt 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 137 5.2 Individuals ...................................................................................... 140 5.3 Formal and Informal Health Workers ............................................ 141 5.4 Governments (At Different Levels) ............................................... 144 5.5 Corporate Entities .......................................................................... 147 5.6 Case Studies ................................................................................... 149 References ................................................................................................... 151 5.7 Case 1: Municipal Action on Food and Beverage Marketing to Youth ......................................................................... 153 References ................................................................................................... 157 5.8 Case 2: Obesity Prevention in Children: Media Campaigns, Stigma, and Ethics...................................................... 158 References ................................................................................................... 161 5.9 Case 3: Obesity Stigma in Vulnerable and Marginalized Groups ............................................................... 162 References ................................................................................................... 166 5.10 Case 4: Water Fluoridation: The Example of Greece .................... 167 References ................................................................................................... 170 5.11 Case 5: The Prohibition of Smoking in Public Places in Bulgaria........................................................................... 172 References ................................................................................................... 175 6 Environmental and Occupational Public Health ................................... 177 Bruce Jennings 6.1 Environment and Workplace: Key Venues for Public Health ........ 177 6.2 Population Benefits, Individual Rights, and Ethically Acceptable Risk ............................................................................. 180 6.3 Systems and Power: The Ethical Importance of Ecological and Social Context ................................................... 183 References ................................................................................................... 185 6.4 Case 1: Assessing Mining’s Impact on Health Equity in Mongolia ........................................................................ 186 References ................................................................................................... 190 6.5 Case 2: Exceptions to National MRSA Prevention Policy for a Medical Resident with Untreatable MRSA Colonization ..... 191 References ................................................................................................... 194 Contents xiv 6.6 Case 3: Safe Water Standards and Monitoring of a Well Construction Program ..................................................... 195 References ................................................................................................... 198 6.7 Case 4: Implementation of Global Public Health Programs and Threats to Personal Safety ....................................................... 199 References ................................................................................................... 201 7 Vulnerability and Marginalized Populations .......................................... 203 Anthony Wrigley and Angus Dawson 7.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 203 7.2 Different Approaches to the Concept of Vulnerability ................... 204 7.3 Concerns Surrounding Approach (V2): Universal Condition ........ 205 7.4 Concerns Surrounding Approach (V3): Specific Attributes, Contexts, or Groups ....................................................................... 206 7.5 Concerns Surrounding Approach (V4): Overarching Concepts .................................................................... 207 7.6 Simplifying the Concept of Vulnerability (V5): The Moral-Marker Approach ......................................................... 208 References ................................................................................................... 210 7.7 Case 1: Reducing Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in a Culturally Diverse Society: The New Zealand Cot Death Study and National Cot Death Prevention Programme ....... 211 References ................................................................................................... 215 7.8 Case 2: Medical Tourism and Surrogate Pregnancy: A Case of Ethical Incoherence ....................................................... 216 References ................................................................................................... 220 7.9 Case 3: Compulsory Treatment for Injection Drug Use after Incarceration .......................................................................... 220 References ................................................................................................... 224 7.10 Case 4: Unanticipated Vulnerability: Marginalizing the Least Visible in Pandemic Planning ......................................... 226 References ................................................................................................... 229 7.11 Case 5: Can Asylum Seeking Be Managed Ethically? .................. 230 References ................................................................................................... 233 7.12 Case 6: Tuberculosis Screening, Testing, and Treatment among Asylum Seekers .................................................................. 235 References ................................................................................................... 239 8 International Collaboration for Global Public Health .......................... 241 Eric M. Meslin and Ibrahim Garba 8.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 241 8.2 The Rise of Globalization and Global Health ................................ 242 8.3 Ethics Frameworks for Global Health............................................ 246 8.4 Summary ........................................................................................ 253 References ................................................................................................... 253 8.5 Case 1: The Ethics of HIV Testing Policies ................................... 256 References ................................................................................................... 259 Contents xv 8.6 Case 2: Just Allocation of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Drugs in Sub-Saharan Africa ......................................................... 260 References ................................................................................................... 262 8.7 Case 3: Drug Trials in Developing Countries ................................ 263 References ................................................................................................... 265 8.8 Case 4: Ethical Issues in Responding to International Medication Stock-Outs .................................................................. 266 References ................................................................................................... 269 8.9 Case 5: Transmitting Cholera to Haiti............................................ 270 References ................................................................................................... 274 8.10 Case 6: Perilous Path to Middle East Peace: The Sanctions Dilemma ................................................................. 274 References ................................................................................................... 278 8.11 Case 7: Advancing Informed Consent and Ethical Standards in Multinational Health Research .................................................. 279 References ................................................................................................... 283 9 Public Health Research ............................................................................ 285 Drue H. Barrett, Leonard W. Ortmann, Natalie Brown, Barbara R. DeCausey, Carla Saenz, and Angus Dawson 9.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 285 9.2 What Is Different About Public Health Research? ........................ 287 9.3 Ethical Considerations for Protecting the Public during Health Research .................................................................. 289 9.4 How Ethical Challenges Can Arise in Public Health Research: Lessons Learned from Cases ......................................... 296 9.5 Conclusions .................................................................................... 297 References ................................................................................................... 298 9.6 Case 1: To Reveal or Not to Reveal Potentially Harmful Findings: A Dilemma for Public Health Research .......... 300 References ................................................................................................... 303 9.7 Case 2: Ethical Challenges in Impoverished Communities: Seeking Informed Consent in a Palestinian Refugee Camp in Lebanon ........................................................................... 305 References ................................................................................................... 309 9.8 Case 3: Improving Review Quality and Efficiency of Research Ethics Committees to Enhance Public Health Practice in Africa ................................................................ 310 References ................................................................................................... 313 9.9 Case 4: Internet-Based HIV/AIDS Education and Prevention Programs in Vulnerable Populations: Black Men Who Have Sex with Men............................................. 314 References ................................................................................................... 317 Index ................................................................................................................. 319 Contents xvii Contributors Rima Afifi, PhD, MPH Department of Health Promotion and Community Health, Faculty of Health Sciences , American University of Beirut, Beirut , Lebanon Waleed Al-Faisal, PhD Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Damascus University, Damascus , Syrian Arab Republic Primary Health Care, Dubai Health Authority, Dubai , United Arab Emirates Silviya Aleksandrova-Yankulovska, MD, PhD, DSc Faculty of Public Health, Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of Pleven, Pleven, Bulgaria Aikaterini A. Aspradaki, PhD, MA, DDS Joint Graduate Programme in Bioethics, University of Crete, Crete , Greece Drue H. Barrett, PhD Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of the Associate Director for Science, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta , GA , USA Michael T. Bartenfeld, MA Children’s Preparedness Unit, Disability and Health Branch, Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta , GA , USA Carrie Bernard, MD MPH CCFP FCFP Department of Family and Community Medicine , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada Department of Family Medicine McMaster University, Hamilton , ON , Canada Ruth Gaare Bernheim, JD, MPH Department of Public Health Sciences , University of Virginia, Charlottesville , VA , USA Divya Kanwar Bhati, BSc, MSc, MBA World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for District Health System Based on Primary Health Care, Indian Institute of Health Management Research University, Jaipur, Rajasthan , India xviii Dhrubajyoti Bhattacharya, JD, MPH, LLM Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Nursing and Health Professions , University of San Francisco, San Francisco , CA , USA Erika Blacksher, PhD Department of Bioethics and Humanities , University of Washington, Seattle , WA , USA Karin Johansson Blight, RGN, MSc, PhD The Policy Institute , Kings College London, London , UK Gail Bolan, MD Division of STD Prevention , National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta , GA , USA Renaud F. Boulanger, BA Biomedical Ethics Unit , McGill University, Montréal , QC , Canada Andrew Boyd, MD Department of Medicine, Section of Hospital Medicine , Columbia University, New York, NY, USA Natalie Brown, MPH Human Research Protections Office, Office of Scientific Integrity, Office of the Associate Director for Science, Office of the Director, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta , GA , USA Cynthia H. Cassell, PhD Birth Defects Branch, Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta , GA , USA Paul Christopher, MD Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School , Brown University, Providence , RI , USA Brian Cook, PhD Toronto Food Strategy, Toronto Public Health, Toronto , ON , Canada Maite Cruz-Piqueras, BA Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada , Spain Norman Daniels, PhD Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston , MA , USA Colleen Davison, MPH, PhD Clinical Research Centre and Department of Emergency Medicine , Kingston General Hospital , Kingston , ON , Canada Department of Public Health Sciences , Queen’s University, Kingston , ON , Canada Angus Dawson, PhD Center for Values, Ethics and the Law in Medicine, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Barbara R. DeCausey, MPH, MBA Clinical Research Branch, Division of Tuberculosis Elimination, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta , GA , USA M. Gabriela Doberti, MD Hospital Padre Hurtado, Facultad de Medicina , Clínica Alemana–Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago , Chile Contributors xix Dora M. Dumont, PhD, MPH Division of Community, Family Health and Equity, Rhode Island Department of Health, Providence , RI , USA Ewout Fanoy, MD Department of Infectious Disease Control, Municipal Health Service Utrecht , Zeist , The Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Centre for Infectious Disease Control , Bilthoven , The Netherlands Sherry Fontaine, PhD Department of Management , University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse , WI , USA Joseph B.R. Gaie, PhD Department of Theology and Religious Studies, University of Botswana , Gaborone , Botswana Ibrahim Garba, MA, JD, LLM Indiana University Center for Bioethics , Indianapolis , IN , USA Public Health Law Program , Office of State, Tribal, Local, and Territorial Support, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta , GA , USA Rachel M. Glassford, BS School of Public Health and Health Services, George Washington University, Falls Church , VA , USA Daniel S. Goldberg, JD, PhD Department of Bioethics and Interdisciplinary Studies, Brody School of Medicine , East Carolina University, Greenville , NC , USA M. Inés Gómez, MD, Masters of Bioethics Centro de Bioética Facultad de Medicina , Clínica Alemana–Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago , Chile Susan D. Goold, MD, MHSA, MA Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Health Management and Policy, Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA María del Pilar Guzmán Urrea, PhD Department of Community Medicine , El Bosque University, Bogotá , Colombia Riripeti Haretuku, MEd Maori SIDS and Research , MauriOra Associates, Auckland , New Zealand Alison Hayward, MD, MPH Department of Emergency Medicine , Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven , CT, USA Uganda Village Project, Iganga, Uganda Margaret Henning, MA, PhD International Health Systems Program , Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health , Boston , MA , USA Health Science , Keene State College , Keene , NH , USA Ildefonso Hernández-Aguado, MD, PhD Department of Public Health, History of Science and Gynecology, Universidad Miguel Hernández and CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, San Juan, Alicante, Spain Contributors