Pipeline Design Optimization Report 1. Diagram of the Pipeline System [Note for drawing: Draw a long cylinder labeled length = 100 km, diameter = 1.5 m, and an arrow inside labeled Flow Rate = 1000 m3/h. Add a note: Pipe Roughness = 0.001 mm.] 2. Calculations for Physical Properties of Crude Oil Based on the given composition of the crude oil (80% hydrocarbons, 10% water, 10% sediment) at 20C, we determine its overall density and viscosity: * Density Calculation: Density = (0.8 x 800) + (0.1 x 1000) + (0.1 x 2000) Density = 640 + 100 + 200 = 940 kg/m3 * Viscosity Calculation: Viscosity = (0.8 x 0.01) + (0.1 x 0.001) + (0.1 x 0.1) Viscosity = 0.008 + 0.0001 + 0.01 = 0.0181 Pa.s 3. Optimized Pipeline Design Calculations To minimize energy loss while maintaining a flow rate of 1000 m3/h, the chosen specifications are: - Pipe diameter: 1.5 m (Largest option) - Pipe length: 100,000 m (Converted 100 km to meters) - Pipe roughness: 0.001 mm (Smoothest option) Since diameter is in the denominator (diameter^4), choosing 1.5 m results in the smallest pressure drop. * Pressure Drop Calculation: pressure_drop = (8 x 0.0181 x 100000) / (3.14159 x 1.5^4) pressure_drop = 14480 / (3.14159 x 5.0625) pressure_drop = 14480 / 15.904 = 910.46 Pa * Energy Loss Calculation: energy_loss = 910.46 Pa x 1000 m3/h = 910,460 Joules/hour 4. Implications of the Design Choosing the 1.5 m diameter pipe with a 0.001 mm roughness is the most efficient choice because it drastically reduces the pressure drop, leading to the lowest possible energy loss during transportation. In the real world of the oil and gas industry, this means pumping stations won't have to work as hard or use as much electricity to push crude oil across 100 km. While a larger, smoother pipe might have a higher upfront material and manufacturing cost, the long-term savings on energy and pump maintenance will easily make it the most cost-effective solution over the pipeline's lifespan. Page 1