Life Theological and Ethical Contributions on Migration in Manitza Kotzé & Riaan Rheeder Edited by Reformed Theology in Africa Series Volume 2 Reformed Theology in Africa Series Volume 2 Life in TransIT Theological and Ethical Contributions on Migration Published by AOSIS Books, an imprint of AOSIS Publishing. AOSIS Publishing 15 Oxford Street, Durbanville 7550, Cape Town, South Africa Postnet Suite #110, Private Bag X19, Durbanville 7551, South Africa Tel: +27 21 975 2602 Website: https://www.aosis.co.za Copyright © Manitza Kotzé & Riaan Rheeder (eds.). Licensee: AOSIS (Pty) Ltd The moral right of the authors has been asserted. Cover image: Original design created with the use of provided image. The image is https:// www.freepik.com/free-photo/passport-top-world-map_987976.htm#page=1&query=immig ration&position=7, used under the Freepik Free License (please refer to the Terms of Use at http://www.freepik.com/terms_of_use). Published in 2020 Impression: 1 ISBN: 978-1-928523-55-0 (print) ISBN: 978-1-928523-56-7 (epub) ISBN: 978-1-928523-57-4 (pdf) DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/aosis.2020.BK219 How to cite this work: Kotzé, M. & Rheeder, R. (eds.), 2020, ‘Life in transit: Theological and ethical contributions on migration’, in Reformed Theology in Africa Series Volume 2, pp. i–365, AOSIS, Cape Town. Reformed Theology in Africa Series ISSN: 2706-6665 Series Editor: J.M. Vorster Printed and bound in South Africa. Listed in OAPEN (http://www.oapen.org), DOAB (http://www.doabooks.org/) and indexed by Google Scholar. Some rights reserved. This is an open access publication. Except where otherwise noted, this work is distributed under the terms of a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 4.0 International license (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0), a copy of which is available at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/. Enquiries outside the terms of the Creative Commons licence should be sent to the Rights Department, AOSIS, at the above address or to publishing@aosis.co.za The publisher accepts no responsibility for any statement made or opinion expressed in this publication. Consequently, the publishers and copyright holder will not be liable for any loss or damage sustained by any reader as a result of his or her action upon any statement or opinion in this work. Links by third-party websites are provided by AOSIS in good faith and for information only. AOSIS disclaims any responsibility for the materials contained in any third-party website referenced in this work. Every effort has been made to protect the interest of copyright holders. Should any infringement have occurred inadvertently, the publisher apologises and undertakes to amend the omission in the event of a reprint. EDITORS Manitza Kotzé Riaan Rheeder Reformed Theology in Africa Series Volume 2 Life in TransIT Theological and Ethical Contributions on Migration Religious Studies domain editorial board at AOSIS Commissioning Editor Andries G. van Aarde, MA, DD, PhD, D Litt, South Africa Board Members Warren Carter, Professor of New Testament, Brite Divinity School, Fort Worth, United States Christian Danz, Dekan der Evangelisch-Theologischen Fakultät der Universität Wien and Ordentlicher Universität professor für Systematische Theologie und Religionswissenschaft, University of Vienna, Austria Pieter G.R. de Villiers, Associate Editor, Extraordinary Professor in Biblical Spirituality, Faculty of Theology, University of the Free State, South Africa Musa W. Dube, Department of Theology & Religious Studies, Faculty of Humanities, University of Botswana, Botswana David D. Grafton, Professor of Islamic Studies and Christian-Muslim Relations, Duncan Black Macdonald Center for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Hartford Seminary, Hartford, Connecticut, United States Jens Herzer, Theologische Fakultät der Universität Leipzig, Germany Jeanne Hoeft, Dean of Students and Associate Professor of Pastoral Theology and Pastoral Care, Saint Paul School of Theology, United States Dirk J. Human, Associate Editor, Deputy Dean and Professor of Old Testament Studies, Faculty of Theology, University of Pretoria, South Africa D. Andrew Kille, Former Chair of the SBL Psychology and Bible Section, and Editor of the Bible Workbench, San Jose, United States William R.G. Loader, Emeritus Professor Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia Isabel A. Phiri, Associate General Secretary for Public Witness and Diakonia, World Council of Churches, Geneva, Switzerland Marcel Sarot, Emeritus, Professor of Fundamental Theology, Tilburg School of Catholic Theology, Tilburg University, the Netherlands Corneliu C. Simut, Professor of Historical and Dogmatic Theology, Emanuel University, Oradea, Bihor, Romania Rothney S. Tshaka, Professor and Head of Department of Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology, University of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa Elaine M. Wainwright, Emeritus Professor School of Theology, University of Auckland, New Zealand; Executive Leader, Mission and Ministry, McAuley Centre, Australia Gerald West, Associate Editor, School of Religion, Philosophy and Classics in the College of Humanities, University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa Peer review declaration The publisher (AOSIS) endorses the South African ‘National Scholarly Book Publishers Forum Best Practice for Peer Review of Scholarly Books’. The manuscript was subjected to rigorous two-step peer review prior to publication, with the identities of the reviewers not revealed to the author(s). The reviewers were independent of the publisher and/or authors in question. The reviewers commented positively on the scholarly merits of the manuscript and recommended that the manuscript be published. Where the reviewers recommended revision and/or improvements to the manuscript, the authors responded adequately to such recommendations. Research Justification Migration is an issue that is under discussion worldwide and affects South Africa, United States and Germany in a distinctive way. This book reflects academically on this significant and topical subject of migration from the often neglected perspective of the fields of theology and Christian ethics. While the majority of contributions are from the South African context, there are also chapters reflecting on the topic from the two other aforementioned contexts. While numerous publications have recently appeared on the subject, reflections from theology and Christian ethics are often lacking. As such, this scholarly publication wants to add ethical value to the local and global conversations on the theme from a theological perspective. The book reflects on migration from the perspectives originated in the disciplines of biblical studies (the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament), systematic theology, ecumenical studies, Christian ethics, practical theology and missiology. It presents new and innovative inquiries primarily from a qualitative methodological viewpoint. The book unveils new themes for deliberation and provides novel interpretations and insights into existing research. The co-authors represent a variety of academic, cultural and confessional backgrounds and as such, a range of epistemological points of departure, adding to the richness and value of the contribution. The target audience of this book includes scholars, peers, researchers and professionals with an interest in migration, in particular as reflected upon from the fields of theology and Christian ethics. The chapters are based on original research, except the one authored by Professor Matthew Kaemingk with the title ‘Muslim Immigration and Reformed Christology’. In this chapter the author revisits and reworks, with permission granted by the publisher, his previous research published in his book Christian Hospitality and Muslim Immigration in an Age of Fear . No part of the book was plagiarised from another publication or books. Manitza Kotzé, Unit for Reformed Theology and the Development of the South African Society, Faculty of Theology, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Riaan Rheeder, Unit for Reformed Theology and the Development of the South African Society, Faculty of Theology, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa vii Contents Abbreviations, Figures and Tables Appearing in the Text and Notes xv List of Abbreviations xv List of Figures xv List of Tables xvi Notes on Contributors xvii Preface xxiii Introduction: Life in transit: An introduction 1 Manitza Kotzé & Riaan Rheeder Introduction 1 Chapter 1: ‘Love Thy Sojourner (by integrating them)’: Ethical perspectives from the Pentateuch 15 Albert J. Coetsee Introduction 15 The definition of the Hebrew word for ‘sojourn’ or ‘sojourner’ 18 The occurrence and use of the concept ‘sojourn’ or ‘sojourner’ in the Pentateuch 21 Laws concerning sojourners in the Pentateuch 25 Laws concerning festivals and Sabbaths 25 Laws concerning sacrifices 28 Laws concerning food 29 Laws concerning charity 32 Laws concerning justice 35 Laws that are the same for Israel and the sojourner 35 Laws concerning conduct due to the sojourner 36 The Pentateuch’s aim: Charity, solidarity and integration 37 Charity 38 Contents viii Solidarity 38 Integration 40 Some suggestions on integrating sojourners in the modern context 43 Conclusion 44 Chapter 2: Migration of God’s people as an opportunity to learn and understand God within the migrant context: A perspective from the books of Leviticus and Acts 47 Christopher Magezi Introduction and background to the study 48 In search of a framework for migration theology: A biblical redemptive historical approach 52 The conceptualisation of a biblical redemptive historical approach as an important framework for analysing migration in Leviticus 19:33–37 and Acts 9:32–10:48 56 The migration of the Israelites into Egyptian bondage to learn how they should treat people from other nations: A perspective from Leviticus 19:33–37 60 Migration as an opportunity for God’s people to learn new things about the character of God: A perspective from the Book of Acts 66 An overview of the Book of Acts in view of migration in redemptive history 66 How Peter learns of God’s impartiality regarding the salvation of humankind in a migration context: A perspective from Acts 9:32–10:48 68 The interrelationship between the doctrine of God’s providence and the notion that good-new perspectives about God may emerge because of migration 75 A balanced understanding of the linkage between the doctrine of God’s providence and the perspectives that emerge in Leviticus 19 and Acts 10 78 Summary and conclusion 82 Contents ix Chapter 3: What can we learn from Paul, the Jew’s, migration dynamics, to accommodate the stranger amidst the Jewish Diaspora? 85 J.A. (Jan) du Rand Actuality and purpose 86 The historical Jewish Diaspora as a space of migration 88 The definable Diaspora situation 88 Some Diaspora spaces according to the Old and New Testament 92 Paul the Jew in the Jewish Diaspora situation 97 Paul facilitates the Diaspora situation through his migration dynamics: Paul’s migration dynamics and Israel 101 Migration dynamics and the law (Torah) 102 Migration dynamics in a particular social context 104 The Diaspora synagogue as source of social dynamic 105 Migration dynamics in a typical Diaspora urban environment 106 The dynamics in the development of communities 106 Migration dynamics in the household 107 Migration dynamics in cooperation with voluntary associations 107 Assimilation, acculturation and accommodation in migration dynamics 108 Migration dynamics and the Jewish identity 109 The historical Jesus in Paul’s migration dynamics? 109 The Septuagint (LXX) as migration dynamic and Paul’s use of scripture 112 Paul’s transcultural and inter-religion approach and migration dynamics 114 Activating missionary perspectives through migration dynamics 115 Migration dynamics active in the Diaspora church in transit 115 Migration dynamics in an eschatological perspective 115 Paul’s own life narrative ‘in Christ’ as migration dynamic 116 Reflection and conclusion 117 Contents x Chapter 4: Migration and Christian identity: Theological reflections on Christian identity reconstructions in new places and spaces 121 Nico Vorster Introduction 122 Social-scientific perspectives on identity formation in new places and spaces 124 Migration and identity 124 Migrations and religious identity reconstructions 128 Diagnostic deductions 130 Theological-ethical perspectives 131 Pauline perspectives on Christian identity and diversity 131 Theological-ethical application 136 Conclusion 140 Chapter 5: Human personhood and the call to humaneness in an environment of migration: A Christian ethical perspective 143 J.M. (Koos) Vorster Introduction 144 The breath of human life 145 The beginning of life 152 The uniqueness of human life 155 The character of human life 160 The intention of human life 162 The hope of human life 165 Conclusion 167 Chapter 6: Muslim immigration and reformed Christology 171 Matthew Kaemingk Introduction 171 A ninth frame 175 Herman Bavinck: The kaleidoscopic Christ 177 Contents xi Klaas Schilder: The slave-king 182 Klaas Schilder: The naked king 185 Following the naked slave-king between Mecca and Amsterdam 188 Hans Boersma: The hospitable king 191 Toward a reformed hospitality 195 Cruciform hospitality amidst Muslim immigration 197 The complex king 200 Framing Muslim migrants in Christ 204 Conclusion: Beyond paralysis 207 Chapter 7: The phenomenon of emigration of health practitioners in South Africa: A Protestant perspective on global guidance for the individual decision 209 Riaan Rheeder Introduction 210 A global-ethical problem 214 Global-ethical perspective 218 Biblical perspective 224 Autonomy 224 Social responsibility 229 Conflicting duties 236 Conclusion 238 Chapter 8: A Christian ethical reflection on transnational assisted reproductive technology 239 Manitza Kotzé Introduction 239 Assisted reproductive technology and egg donation 242 The inequality of access to reproductive technology 244 Transnational assisted reproductive technology 245 Vulnerability of donors 246 Contents xii Migrant women as donors 247 An ethical response 248 Karl Barth and Christian ethics 250 Solidarity with the vulnerable as point of departure for Christian ethics 252 Conclusion 254 Chapter 9: Violence against the displaced: An African Pentecostal response 257 Marius Nel Introduction 257 Refugees as a South African challenge 258 A theology of aliens 265 A Pentecostal response to violence against displaced persons 267 Conclusion 274 Synthesis 274 Chapter 10: Religious pluralisation and the identity of diaconia in Germany 277 Johannes Eurich Introduction 277 On the transformation of religious social forms and their significance for diaconia 279 Religion and religiosity in a sociological perspective 279 What impact does this change have on diaconia? 282 On the question of diaconal identity 283 Possible links to diaconal practice 290 Outlook: Migration as an invitation to the interreligious opening of diaconia 294 Contents xiii Chapter 11: Life in transit: From exiles to pilgrims – A missiological perspective on humanity’s global movement 297 I.W. (Naas) Ferreira Introduction 298 Identify the origin of the Western Church’s ‘perennial urban despair’ 299 Globalisation from above: History of our modernising world 300 Globalisation from below—an ‘urbanism’ 303 Identifying the problem: The problem of ‘identity’ in a globalised world 306 Is there a way to save the Western Church? 309 God’s purposeful and redemptive movement in human history 310 People movement (diasporas) within God’s divine plan 312 Identity: Not exiles, but pilgrims 314 Answer of hope: The next step—move with God 316 Examples to follow and to learn from 316 Conclusion 317 References 319 Index 359 xv Abbreviations, Figures and Tables Appearing in the Text and Notes List of Abbreviations AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome ART Assisted Reproductive Technology HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IPT Identity Process Theory IVF In Vitro Fertilisation LXX Septuagint MT Masoretic Text PTSD Post-traumatic Stress Disorder SA South Africa SADC South African Development Community UDBHR Universal Declaration of Bioethics and Human Rights UN United Nations UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees UNPDDESA United Nations Population Division Department of Economic and Social Affairs WCRC World Communion of Reformed Churches WHO World Health Organization List of Figures Figure 1: Pacifism and Pentecostals in South Africa. 269 Abbreviations, Figures and Tables Appearing in the Text and Notes xvi List of Tables Table 1.1: Occurrences of the root גור in the Pentateuch. 22 Table 1.2: Occurrences of the noun שב ָ תּו in the Pentateuch. 23 Table 1.3: The referent of the concept ‘sojourn’ or ‘sojourner’ in the Pentateuch. 23 ֹ ֹ xvii Notes on Contributors Albert J. Coetsee Unit for Reformed Theology and the Development of the South African Society, Faculty of Theology, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Email: albert.coetsee@nwu.ac.za ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5549-2474 Albert J. Coetsee studied theology at the North-West University (2004–2010). From 2011 to 2016 he was the minister of the Reformed Church Uitschot. During these years, he completed his PhD in the New Testament. The title of his thesis (written in Afrikaans) is, ‘The speaking God in the book of Hebrews: a revelation-historical study’ (2014). Since 2017 he is an Old Testament lecturer at the North-West University. His academic interests include the book of Hebrews and the book of Deuteronomy. Christopher Magezi Unit for Reformed Theology and the Development of the South African Society, Faculty of Theology, North-West University, Vaal Triangle, South Africa Email: magezichristopher@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6097-4788 Christopher Magezi completed his B.Th. Honours in 2013 at the North-West University. In 2015 he received an MA in Theology at the same university, graduating with a distinction. His MA research focused in systematic theology, particularly, the application of Christology to African contextual ministry realities. In 2016, after completing his master’s research, Magezi enrolled for a PhD at the Vaal Triangle Campus of the North-West University. His PhD thesis focused on theological understandings of migration and its implications for church ministry. It employed a biblical redemptive historical approach to analyse the biblical text and its relevance to the impact of migration on the church. The study is located within a systematic theological reflection, with an intentional gospel ministry application in contemporary urban ministry and intercultural experience, as well as human coexistence Notes on Contributors xviii in the global ministry context, with particular focus on South Africa (SA). Since completing his master’s degree, Christopher Magezi has published more than 14 peer-reviewed academic articles in academic journals that enjoy the South African Department of Higher Education (DHET) subsidy. Magezi is currently a Post-Doctoral Researcher at NWU. J.A. (Jan) du Rand Unit for Reformed Theology and the Development of the South African Society, Faculty of Theology, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Email: jdrtheol@gmail.com ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4878-6615 J.A. (Jan) du Rand is a retired extraordinary professor in the Unit for Reformed Theology and the Development of the South African Society, Faculty of Theology, North-West University. He is an emeritus professor at the Department of Religion Studies at the University of Johannesburg. His research interests focus on Bible translation (New Testament), biblical and theological eschatology, theology and ethics of the Johannine writings in the New Testament and biblical hermeneutics (New Testament Greek). Du Rand holds the following degrees: BA and BA Hons (Greek) (UP), MA (Greek) (University of the Free State [UFS]), BD and Postgraduate Dipl in Theology, DD (New Testament) (UP), EMF (Essentials in Managerial Finance) (Wits). He is the author of 41 monographs and 189 scholarly articles and has guided 41 doctor degrees. Recent research projects include the theological development of Pauline eschatology; the application of biblical ethics in the South African situation; the influence of postmodern and deconstructive hermeneutics on theology. Du Rand was awarded the Andrew Murray prize for Theology four times, two on his own for Die A-Z van Openbaring and Die Einde (both in process of translation into English); the Millennial Medal for Theology from UFS as well as the Ds Pieter van Drimmelen medal for Theology from Die S.A. Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns. Notes on Contributors xix Nico Vorster Unit for Reformed Theology and the Development of the South African Society, Faculty of Theology, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Email: nico.vorster@nwu.ac.za ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2989-2877 Nico Vorster is research professor in Systematic Theology and Ethics at the Faculty of Theology at the North-West University of SA (Potchefstroom Campus). J.M. (Koos) Vorster Unit for Reformed Theology and the Development of the South African Society, Faculty of Theology, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa Email: koos.vorster@nwu.ac.za ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4529-5343 J.M. (Koos) Vorster is a post-retirement professor in Ethics at the Faculty of Theology at the North-West University of SA (Potchefstroom Campus). His field of study is social ethics from a theological perspective. He published 11 books and 103 scholarly articles in international and national theological journals on issues relating to human dignity, human rights and political ethics. His angle of approach is the classic Reformed tradition as it was developed by theologians, Christian philosophers and political thinkers since the contributions of Calvin and his contemporaries. He is rated by the National Research Foundation of SA as an established researcher and has presented several papers at international conferences on modern social-ethical issues. He also acted as an advisor of the Human Rights Council of the United Nations in Geneva from 2000 to 2013 on behalf of the United Nations accredited International Association of Religious Freedom.