Microsoft Word - Abs-zargarani.docx

Production and modeling of wind energy related to various scientific and engineering fields Mustafa Eydyany, Morteza Zargarani Abstract: Wind energy is very popular in the electricity industry today. This attention is due to responding to the growing demand for electrical energy along with environmental, economic and operational concerns. The production and modeling of wind energy is related to various scientific and engineering fields such as material science, electrical and mechanical engineering, etc. Therefore, this topic cannot even be described in a book, let alone be presented in a chapter. The aim is to express the basic concepts related to the modeling, simulation and control of wind power plants (WPPs) in large power systems. ! ! .# $ % &% !'(# ) *+, -!.-/ 0 1 23 4, ' 5 ! 67 8. .# 9: &/ ;& # < = 5 >9.( :9 #&? & 29 #&? @ - ... # ! ! 0 A .= !.:B &= @! C .B D > E &# -! @! D8, F G&5 * H5 I # # < ;& # J% # ;.B 5 ) WPPs ( H.# 5 M+ N& # O( 5 15 - 1 15 - 3 T U) (! +$ V!U &B !&E 6 997 H? B :B I.# , &B WX# O( 15 - 4 Z% 8.( A 9 5 I.# F % O( 15 - 5 $ ! D B .U 5 % ! 1/ &/ I.# &B [! 5 / = &! ) ! % 5 \7 &% # O( 15 - 6 N / 6 +! O! : 9B @! WPP > &B O( 15 - 7 5 ;.B 5 # _. * &B O( 15 - 8 @! ;& - ! F &5 U ab !&E c &! ) d I.# % O( 15 - 9 @! /.B '5 :5 5 I @! + , &B J$ 5 H? #&? fJ 5 _ ; = &% O!+, gI H.# 5 $ _ ;7 & ! ! D8, ;& 5 H.# 5 /.B < .,U) ! H.# 5 &/ ) WTG ( F &5 B \ % &T .= Nh7 &!&$ , b ; J &B 15 - 1 a(! O( :? 4 &/ !&E UB D!&J &% # h :.= .$ *&% ' 5 ! 67 :5 b * .U % / = B 4J *, # *b D = i5 $ &!hb & *b D/ :5 " +J# " .I % , D&= Njk ! 67 d$ &/ D!&J &B I.# Nh ! &7. T * H5 lb &% ; # 1888 m &/9B ! 5 12 N9B DC % # _. &/ B ] 199 .[ Nh7 fJ I.# 5 DC ; # 5 !&. * H. % ! ; = D!&J *&% AC D-% q/ l &/ ; 1. I.# -!.-/ # 5 DC # _. * ! ) &# ] 199 .[ I.# " *& " T 5 1970 * -! 5& ) *7 5 .I 1973 1979 lb &% ] 200 .[ ; J ! 4! 5 1980 4!# ,U) B # &% , b 5 5 b :5 f7 ! f!% 8. ; = 0 = * - &/ q8 5 M+ m 1 C96 , H5 &B ! $ B T 5UB & ! DB -!.-/ &%&/ E .# D = # +5 j 1s B 4 CT &.5 q9l +B G8 & * U # B ! 5 # I.# 4 D J$ &.5 9# # B UJ$ $ -!.-/ D!&J &B s T $ E OT :c ) 5 I.# % ) 5 @! , % & TE B . A =s t :1. ! u!s @! J$ & @! B D) % WX# - - D!&J -!.-/ &B . 7 OTE 5 ! * 5 7 1, ) HAWT ( ! 5 7 : ) VAWT ( 1Js & &% * :5 s B D-% 15 - 1 * U &% # &-) 7 1, :5 % h @! v W- @! 7 : -! + !:5 & '! 1Js & 5 ;: 5 D % ) 5 2 _. 2 j % 5 # j # _ # 5 2 _. 9 OTE ) 5 T &. 57 /s & T / = B A 2 j ! 9 && D-% 15 - 1 D!&J ) : a ( 7 1, ) HAWT ( ) b ( 7 : ) VAWT ( D-% 15 - 2 7 1, 5 # j t h: % 5 @EB &.5 t # # # j B &B / = B 5 # _. & 4# # D: &B 5 *& M+ m 1 B A # _. &.5 I.# ;&J 5 4J ./ , # :? B $ &5 5 # _. @! W B, H5 * @! H.# N& AC D8. &% * - x .B -J% WTG H5, &B s B @! & 2 '5 x f!% 6T H.# !b & : $ .% &% B ;&J 5 4J ./ t J D8, 14 \7 &% # Zs 5 c WTG @! &-) 7 1, # ) D7 B ) 5 9$ &= &% D!&J &% & ) D-% 15 - 2 .( ! &-) y T ! D8, z, &% # 15 - 2 +$ M+ ! D $ ! +$ D# v &.5 D# h v 4 &% # a:5 ! # ?c N+ 9:$ 5! G7 ) yaw ( J$ & T $ # ) D-% 15 - 3 15 - 4 ( 5! yaw * B D# ?$ I.# % W- , % ) , % HB # ( , % I$ &B D % ) 5 ) # D-% 15 - 3 15 - 4 5! 2 -!.-/ 4 ) * U &% # D-% 15 - 3 D# D-% 15 - 4 v # D I{ 5! 2 *& TE ) 2 * ( ) 5 &. 7 /s *b 5 # v # # B D# J.U) &B N+?c -!.-/ '! & ;&J 5 5 I -.-/ N& T $ # D-% 15 - 4 @! ;&J -.-/ N& @! I * U &5 B ! ) v I ) I &= ( ; 8 -J% I.# ;&J 5 -.-/ N& +$ 9 5 *& &.5 4 ;.B &E I.# &% 15 - 3 DB * $ ) ( # .B , # : HB 5 # * 2# .= B f# ) 5 C $ % ] 201 [ ) 15 - 1 ( = ν B *b / 'E 5 ) 29B q- . ( # # ) . j ( # * j ! # 5 s 2& _ &B / 'E 5 s # / 'E 5 + O!+, A I O5 B & ! ) V6# ! 15 $ . # / 'E 5 t J!1 1 ٫ 225 29B q- . # ] 201 .([ = = B f# ) 5 c $ % f# | ) ! c! .# B u!s = B r A % # % ) D-% 15 - 5 .( D-% 15 - 5 = f# &% C $ = ) 5 ! / ) 15 - 1 ( * N ! + % = ν 15 - 2 ( ) / ) 15 - 2 ( * U &5 B * -! * 5.B , ! # @! ) 5 &9 &1 * D ?$ .U ) 5 B &/ &B D-% 15 - 6 N& # A % >9.( ) 30 . 50 . ( * U &5 ! &/ ! 1 .U ) 5 &9 -! D!h O! c! 5 M+ C96 # }B&= ! B * ~ v(.# B 26 / 59 & # ] 201 [ = 0,593 = 0,593 ν ( 15 - 3 ) ! &= W) NJ/b +. ) 1868 - 1885 ( m&? :/b B *b >UB B * &= +. .T % % D: &1 * v(.# &% f# 5 B &= 40 & * $ # ] 202 .[ ; } 15 - 1 }B&= }B&= * D v(.# f# @! B 6 *b 70 . # J# 7 &B B # :>/ 11 . j :C 12 j . &% z, &B / 'E 5 1 ٫ 225 29B q- . &% : D-% 15 - 6 N& $ J # D= 5 : !+'! $ 5 &% ) 15 - 3 ( ) 15 - 4 ( ) 15 - 5 ( ! . # & b Z0 jk D ?$ % N_ t .J HB # * U 5 & 15 - 3 - 1 ?$ ! ) Zs 5 / ) N c 4:$ &% :)5 # & b # 5& -%b &! Zs 5 D!,! B q# ; :)5 # 5 !.? Zs &. ] 203 .[ ! c # ) 5 y8( 5 7 1, .&% ] 203 205 .[ !&E Z6 > D!,! I.# % 9:$ N =6 * U &% D-% 15 - 7 : • m fT : fT :1. B J/ 5 9$ 5 D!,! H5 D8. &B • ! 9:= : ! α J fT m B= J 5 J D!,! # • ! 2 : ! 7I OTE D!,! fT m N J '! ! 2 ! .I % B @! _ 7 /s T &TE ;.B ! 2 @! x j H~ * 5 # _. # N_ t .J @EB ! 2 & jk D ?$ * &%&/ .% &% ] 203 .[ D-% 15 - 7 V6# 461 D!,! : ( , ) ( ℓ , ℓ ) # U, 5 Gs h ! ) @! D!, 5 ! 9:= α a:5 D-% 15 - 7 * U &% # B &% 1/ D!,! $ : &h UB & UB & D!,! 1 ?$ x J # h & : J # ! 5 D/ .T G U, Z6# h ! ) @! D!,! $ &!b D-% 15 - 7 # h ℓ # s B U, 5 ℓ ! ) # ! &h c! % ) 5 @! HAWT f# &h & &% ! ; = OTE @! VAWT UUB B ) 5 ; : % ; , % c. @! VAWT B !b .:B J HAWT ., }B&= # C96 ) &. ) N I. # ! # UTE r = t v ! $ B # ! q= rad / sec # 2 '5 & ) ) @EB ! ( ?. *b ) ! h ( O!+, & ! * :5 s B D-% 15 - 8 * U &5 @! + ) @EB # s B ! r # J # @EB # ! ! 2 ? = r + # ) 15 - 6 ( ! $ B ! ? 9:= t J!1 5 .&% D-% 15 - 8 _ 2 ) &. ) ] 204 .[ $ .% &% B ! 2 + O!+, & ! | _ M+ ! &1 T &# ! $ B = / . ) * J # | .T % % B * J # ) | # >! % ) 15 - 7 ( = ! # ! q= ) rad / sec ( r A % q= ) m ( v # q= ) m / sec ( # &1 C96 t J!1 8 # B *b * 2 N ! J# 7 B ) 15 - 8 ( (8∕1) + 5 = 82.88 + 5 = 87.88 −1 = tan θ # ! ?$ ) t J!1 : ?$ # ! 2 ! 1 @EB r .U &5T ! ) ~ =s &a) # 9$ : # 2 _. &-) ? 2 = 0 >! % *&# }B&= *+ Cd$ f!% HB 2 = 0 H~ &5T &% . # O &1 *b &% O!+, & ! *+ Cd$ O5 B & ! * $T &1 *b I= % ) pu 1 .( 15 - 3 - 2 q!0 * &1 * - - %&' = () B 4 & @! D1. % )# 15 - 2 ( @! &1 *& &= # B * q!0 N& .T % % * + (λ, ) () = * + (λ, ) or * + (λ, )= () / ( 9 - 15 ) ! $ B * + (λ, ) B * $ # B & f# v(.# % $ .% &% B * + ! 1 *& * :! &.5 B & &. D-% 15 - 9 @! : * + D 1 !&E ! 2 # & b 5 * b # D-% * U &5 B * + @! J # | @! 61 }B&= &= &# ! @! [! H? # B +' I.# 5 # _. ~ }B&= *& # N& v(.# &% * U &5 * ; } @! f1, &. # OTE j B &B }B&= * + f1, @! # y T ) # λ = ( D = % ! $ &. # OTE T H~ &B & }B&= * + 4# # B &B G&5 J% # Tg 7 5 * + D-% 15 - 9 WX# D # ! 2 % # :5 D/ q9l @! &E 9:$ * U * J!1 7 5 * + 3 15 I.# % ; } 15 - 2 z, # 12 . j 2 1 # ! J# 7 &B B () 6 90 . I.# q!0 N& D 1 7 # B D-% 15 - 9 * U &% }B&= & # D-% 15 - 9 q!0 * D 1 # ! >9.( 2 D= 5 : D-% 15 - 9 2 1 * + . B J # | t J!1 8 &% }B&= &1 T &# ! ) 15 - 7 ( v = 8 × 12 = 2.13 rad/sec = 20.4 rpm = r 90∕2 ( 10 - 15 ) ! @! &= 3 j D B &B Zs :? B > -9: @! # 5 >9.( I.# % 7 N& # ! 7 : $T * # A I ) # ) D-% 15 - 10 .( ! 7 ?E = D-U &% # B 5 @! # # ! >! &% & : 1 ( # 46 &% : D&= .# B *b &/ &B ) # 5 ;: x &7 3 5 . j # .( 2 ( # : D&= .# B *b * T &/ &B 3 ( # : T x }B&= .# B *b &5 =s 9$ q#b N+?c 5 '5 B # O # x # B : &B 5 &/ = B = 2 3 =s &% & = 2 G&5 ;.B @! # _. ! # B }B&= *& # q!0 N& * + N& v(.# }B&= & # = 3 . # .U &1 *b &% * $T * *b &7 % ! B ~ 9$ q#b *&! N+?c 2 c % U, * ) 5 2 c % 9Bs G&5 ;.B ! # B &/ $ ! &7 5 =s N+?c }B&= & # D-% 15 - 10 7 * ?E = -9: &/ # .:B # 46 &% *1 , 5 B # O # x T s = &U & 15 - 4 A . x ;.B # 5 Z% ! 1Js & &% ] 206 214 :[ 1 ( A 1 - # j 2 ( A 2 - # _. &% &7 3 ( A 3 - # _. ;&J :# 4 ( A 4 - # _. f D B ;&J 15 - 4 - 1 A 1 A 1 # ! a:5 :!& ! =s # &-) 9 *b D-% 15 - 11 * U &% # ! 1/ WI c# D-U &% # u!s J$ & D8. D -J% # * :5 s B D8, 11 \7 &% 5 ! 1/ GT 5 ! 1/ * .B G8 &B ;: s * T 5 - - iF# % & k * .B G8 &% f# ! 1/ I.# % % 5 ! 1/ + '5 B # HB B &B ! 1 ! * * !$ .B &UB :5 D/ q9l @! " & 2 " .-/ - O5 B ! Nj I.# % D-% 15 - 11 A 1 A 1 # 2 1 # D/ [! 5 # .U q% ! 1/ t # # @! # j B &B # t J!1 j ! # B : * Cd$ &% ? B 15 - 4 - 2 A 2 A 2 J% % A 1 # N I ! # B A 2 1 & # v T H~ % $ &5 @! &7 # .U A 1 .&B B ) D-% 15 - 12 .( -: # @! " .# 2 " -.-/ O5 B * !$ 5 M+ G8 * .B 2 '5 A% B $ .% &% D-% 15 - 12 A 2 15 - 4 - 3 A 3 A # @! ! 1/ &% & H# 19= 5 x+_/ D-U &% # * :5 s B D-% 15 - 13 * U &% # 19= 5 x+_/ ; 8 H# i) 5 @! ;&J ./ ) VSC ( I.# % ! q * W B, @!7 9T 4!# H~ B * - ;.B # # # H5, &B # 9: -: # pu 0 ٫ 7 pu 1 ٫ 1 W B, H5 * H.# _. &% ] 210 [ 5 ! .T # 5 ! 1/ !d_ > ) DFIG ( 5 *-#b !d_ > ) DFAG ( & @! [! g &-) DFIG ! # B f1, B DB * f# ;&J 5 x ) % ;: s ! &1 t J!1 30 ٪ # c. ;&J 5 ! m # $ & &% D-% 15 - 13 A 3 15 - 4 - 4 A 4 5 A 4 u!s @! ;&J D B -J% D8. % ! ;&J 2 : * &%&/ D:= &B ) D-% 15 - 14 .( ! q # s D B W B, H.# N& &$ &B $ &5 4# # D: &B A I9.( 5 ! A 5 I.# &% # 9:$ % 5 *-# 5b :F % 5 *-# &% & H# % 5 ! 1/ WI c# ] 214 .[ WTG 5 A 1 2 , 5 :!& &/ &.5 }B 5 M+ m 1 C96 A 3 4 &.5 ! % 5 # _. 5 A 4 A+ ! ! d$ T & D-% 15 - 14 A 4 ; } 15 - 5 5. ) ! ;& WTG 2$ * U &% D-% 15 - 39 !) ! ) ~ &!' : 2 = 4.33sec 2 3 = 0.62sec 4 5'6 = 1.5 pu 7 5'6 = 139.48 pu ( 15 - 33 ) ! 1 / 5_. / = z, %&' 3% ) 15 - 31 ( pu 1 J# 7 &B ω = ω 3 = ω = 1.2 pu # D= 5 : # _. / = ;& > &B ) $T 5 2 l &B 5 :( Δω Δ ω 3 δ 3 @! ;& !) !+c D97 &! ) d ;: s z, f!% / = &! ) lb % ! N 1.U _. 5 / = I &.5 ! / = j G7 # Δ ω Δ ω 3 I # &1 / _. / = 2# δ 3 * / ; ! 2 ) 15 - 31 ) ( %&' = 3% ( #& b δ 3 = ; <=>?@ + ABC D E = 0.006 HI ( 15 - 34 ) ; } 15 - 6 B ; } 15 - 5 ~ ., &% # # &B B W B, Ua) * # t J!1 8 ٫ 1 + 5 # D= 5 : ) 15 - 31 ( W! / = ;& $ ! % ( 35 - 15 ) !+'! $ ! 1 & &% &5 ( 36 - 15 ) / = # A - 0.4515 ± j11.3288 B W B, *b 11.3288/2 =1.803Hz 15 - 8 - 5 ;& ;.B .U G&5 ;& ;.B .U J# 7 4$ * &/ ? # ;.B &B .U D-% 41 - 15 * U &% # ! t # # @! ;.B &B PI # B I{ *b H~ N& 4$ %6 ;.B &B -!.-/ m # # O) &% D 1 6 ω = J( % ) # 7 * D 1 # D-% 15 - 42 * U &% # 7 }B&= &1 * - 5 # ! 1 >9.( # 2 '5 j *&% ! 2 &1 I ) &B ) -9: 16 2 .( N I ω %6 # ; '# @! ;.B &B PI &/ 4$ .U # ;87 4$ .U # 4$ N& !d_ &% ;.B &B .-/ -! D-U &5 j K D%6 t .J ! # * ; } 5 j B $ &5 4$ # .= N_ * ! &B D-% 15 - 41 ;.B &B .U D-% 15 - 42 7 * # D-% 15 - 43 ;& - ! !b 15 - 8 - 6 ;& - ! !b ;& - ! !b ) ;& aero ( * - - &%&/ f# %&' $ J# 7 &B ) D-% 15 - 43 .( B cb ! * # q!0 * * # # &a) ;& - ! !b '. V6# F+$ B * U * * # I.# % '. q!0 * # @! -9: 6Tl J # | ! 2 # @! Zs # & &! : * # D = 5 & &% D-% 15 - 44 * U &% # I.# @! # & N Jj l d 7 * # J# 7 * # - @! &!, * # ! V6# N F+$ !+c D97 &! ) d D-% 15 - 44 V6# # & * # D-% 15 - 45 ;& - ! !b # &% 5 : # * # F &% # B D % @! 6 J$ * # # ] 214 .[ ;& !b ., B ;& WPP * U &% D-% 15 - 45 # # m # z, j * # # ] 213 .[ ! z, V6# N F+$ J% # +! H.# N& D % Nh.T -J% *& %) @! J% # 10 - 20 j 16 # ;& - ! !b # B D-% 15 - 45 * U &% # @! &= ! 2 # $T *b * - - %&' # ! 1 / *b 5 %&' θ # D-% 15 - 45 / B ;& !b > &B * ! / f# . % %&' = %&' − 7 ( - θ ) ( 37 - 15 ) ! ;& m # N&5 U c -9: @! ;& u # B f 6T 5_. >9.( 9:$ # _ N& dP ∕ d $ ! 2 ) D-% 15 - 46 ( a:5 * U &5 # * &%&/ ) D-% 15 - 47 .( < 1 + D-% 5 ! 1 # B ;& u # & b # <6T q# . *b < 1 H1. &.5 D-% 15 - 46 dP ∕ d D 1 D-% 15 - 47 # D 1 * &%&/ 15 - 8 - 7 ;.B &B 2 -9: ;& ;.B &B 2 ! # B 2 '5 &/ 16 3 * &%&/ f# &1 *b 1pu &7 &B ! 16 $ h $ N+?c # &! ) 5 B ;.B * - - D!7 , % 1pu &7 % D-% 15 - 48 ;.B &B 2 ! !) ;.B &B 2 & jk D ?$ ! . J% # - ! .% &% '5 B $ .:B = &% & 5 ) D&= 2 ' .% &% B $ ;& D-% 15 - 48 I $ # ;.B &B 2 D-% 15 - 48 * U &% # D % ;.B &B PI ! &7 ! 5 ) ( @! j ! &7 5 # ) ( fJ ! ) ) pitch ( # -! ;.B &B 5 PI G7 # ;.B &B '! PI G7 # # ! ; '# -: # / '# q# . G7 * !1 % ;.B &B 2 * U &% D-% 15 - 48 U! : -9: H.# ;.B # N J '! ! ;.B &B @! B ;.B &B ~ ., &U # -9 N 8T - ! @! ;.B B & '/ &B ; } 15 - 7 ! ; } # ) - ! WPP D8. @! H.# M+ B * @! d ! ? ;& &% # * U &5 ) D-% 15 - 49 .( # WTG ; 12 . j N& 162 N ' * &/ 180 ' / # # / = &! ) 14 . j # s B 5 ) 9 ٫ 58 $ O5 B & ! $ N& , J% # Nh.T ! 2 c &5 : 1 ( x : @! +$ ## B 5 j A% % 10 j * ! ) & ! # , 0 % 6 :5 B : h D-% 15 - 50 * U &% # # !.:B &1 10 . j O5 B & ! 2 ( f!% 6T : 6T ; 8 B 3 / 1 j m 5 ; : &% *& 46 i5 6T | ) % : @/:# J% # ! Nh.T %) WT_model $ # ! ;& m # ( 9J ;& GE WTG Z% &% ] 217 [ .T # &% # 6 |7 @! ;& $ I.# % 5 2 = 4.33 pu 2 3 = 0.62 pu &.5 5. ) '! * %) ; } , ! D= 5 : 1 ( x : ! . J% # D-% 15 - 50 * U &% # 6 :5 B # 5 j A% O5 B &B N& - - %&' # + , &B W) *b &/ 3% &/ % O5 B $T .B * ./ ; A% O!+, &B &1 * .B O5 B & ! ;.B &B 2 A% O5 B ! 2 &B .U v T &B ! ) *& b # ! # 12 . j ! 2 D&= &1 $ I A J% % D-% 15 - 49 H.# * b # D-% 15 - 50 ! . J% # x 6 :5 B # 5 I $ A% O!+, &B N& - - s 162 N ' h c. ! 2 A% O!+, &B \ % / = / B T $ .% &% B ! J% # * # ) Ua &5 U : % ! N_ t .J .5b # &. jk d B & , B '# # j d 2$ &/ D1. &- D-% 15 - 51 ! . J% # f!% 6T 2 ( f!% 6T : ! . J% # 6T ; 8 B D-% 15 - 51 b &% # 6T * !$ -J% D.( &B \ % B 6T Gs % -!.-/ s D ?$ O5 B ! & ;s 6T # A% O!+, &B \ % B ! 2 O!+, & ! N& v(.# &% O5 B & ! cb B ! ;.T t :1. 2$ jk d * # Ua) 2$ 2$ 1 ٫ 8 + 5 Z0 D &5 U # ;.B &B 2 + ! * # OB * U &5 ! $ H.# &! ) # / = 9: 9 W&X ; 4:$ &B @! O! : # @! -J% -!.-/ t .J &a) # B D&= *& # , ./ N I9 =s &% # @! x # ] 211 [ , &% ] 206 [ .U !8 &UB &% W&X ; @! H.# 4:$ &B J# 7 % W&X D = # 7 J N I9 * .B .B a:5 , ./ . % I.# ! x m # !&E z, # # c / # J# 7 &X W ; 4:$ &B % M %N = O %N + QR %N = (∑ M T U T )/V W TX , Y %N = ∑ Y T W TX (15-22) B *b k * U &5 <6T I # M T Y T q W&X W .X## fT k &.5 M %N O %N R %N Y %N q W&X 1 W .B W .X## fT ; &.5 K q & T % 5 5.-9B H.# N & DB 5 ; = B # . ) U T & 5 D8. &% @! d (U ?. T % ) 5 ( 4:$ &B # I.# / ) 15 - 22 ( ; } ! * U &% # ; } 15,4 @! WPP @EB D-U. 14 D-% 15 - 30 * U &% # 5 MVA 1,7 +?c @! I &= kV / 34.4 kV 0,6 * MVA 1,75 # 5 W&X 4:$ &B *.# 5 R X B ;&$ 15 - 1 b &% # v(.# ; WTG &= WPP ) 22 - 25 ( I.# &B D-% 15 - 30 ;&$ 15 - 1 5 H.# J# 7 W&X 4:$ &B D= 5 : O( 4:$ &B 5 m 4 5 ~ &!' ) >! 4 ;&$ 15 - 1 .( & 5 m 5 ?. T % 4:$ &B 4 # ) WX# & 5 D8. m 1 2 3 4 ( ! U T = 4 :5 q : 4:$ &B m 100 101 ~ &!' ) >! 11 ;&$ 15 - 1 .( ! / = U T = 10 ) & 5 D8. 5 m 1 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 14 .( ! m # WX# ! 1 U T O U T R *.# Tb ;&$ 15 - 1 b &% 1 ; OB H1 ! 1 *.# U T O U T R V = 14 = 196 #& &!b 15 - 7 5 ;.B 9B 5 # _. 5 5 ;.B 9B @! WTG # _. * $ 7 * D 1 # B O( 15 - 3 , &% # > B 16 9 -9: f# ! 7 >! &% : us 2 3 16 2 B *b # .:B &1 *b # G&5 ;.B ! # B }B&= *+ ; 87.# H~ # # ) N_ #& H!b ! 16 ! 2 j # cb B * v(.# &% q# . q!0 * * # # B ! 2 J # | # G&5 ;.B 16 2 ' .% J # | &1 # B * # }B&= &B D-% 15 - 31 * # D 1 ! 2?I D-% 15 - 31 * U &% # B : U1 = * # D 1 * U &5 B B 16 2 &?' *b D&= &1 0 $ # H~ % &1 t J!1 7,7 B &B B *b * # }B&= &1 T &# 16 3 B # h &1 *b # G&5 9 ;.B &7 * B * $T &1 :# *b # ! 16 ! 2 H~ * , 0 *&# G&5 ;.B 9$ , 0 * -!.-/ ! - - H~ % D-% 15 - 32 @! : ?I 4 9 ;.B fJ WTG 5 A 3 4 # D-% 15 - 33 N & /.B us 2 3 T &B E G&5 ! ? :5 5 &/ -!.-/ s & b B 8. ! &7 5 =s ?b # x .# ! G&5 5 & # N I. # 5 C96 ;.B &B 5 I9.( & B -9: N I. =s &% & m 1 ;&J :# t h: ;.B .U ./ ; ! q!0 N& I.# % ;&J :# -J% ' .% ./ * T DC @! &1 H~ &% I= -9: ;&J @! 4J &% I.# % ] 207 .[ $T * .B * _ &1 * !$ ;.B B ! N :~ ./ WTG A 3 A 4 GT *-# -9 # # ) .U ] 217 .[ D-% 15 - 32 4 ;.B 9 D-% 15 - 33 7 * D 1 # [! 5 WTG A 3 A 4 t B 7 jk ;&J 5 4!# D: &B N I. [! 5 - ! 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