berginsight.com This strategy report analyses the latest developments on the electric vehicle charging market in these two regions covering all parts of the value chain including charge point operators, car OEM initiatives, and hardware and software vendors. Published in January 2023 Caspar Jansson 3rd Edition EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America berginsight.com BERG INSIGHT RESEARCH TEAM Caspar Jansson, IoT Analyst (caspar.jansson@berginsight.com) Johan Fagerberg, Principal Analyst (johan.fagerberg@berginsight.com) OFFICE Viktoriagatan 3 SE-411 25 Gothenburg Sweden CUSTOMER SERVICE Phone: (46) 31 711 30 91 E-mail: info@berginsight.com Web: www.berginsight.com Printed in Sweden in January 2023 © Copyright 2023 Berg Insight, All rights reserved ABOUT THE AUTHOR Caspar Jansson is an IoT Analyst with a Master’s degree in Industrial Engineering and Management from Chalmers University of Technology. He joined Berg Insight in 2021 and his areas of expertise include automotive telematics, public transport ITS and EV charging technology. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ADS-TEC Energy, Alfen, Amina Charging, AMPECO, CEZ Group, ChargeNode, ChargePoint, Circontrol, ClipperCreek, Compleo, CTEK, DBT Group, Delta Electronics, Driivz, E.ON, Easee, Ecotap, Efacec, Elli, Ensto, EO Charging, Etrel, EVBox, EV Connect, Fastned, FreeWire Technologies, Freshmile, Ionity, Jolt Energy, Juice Technology, Keba, Plugsurfing, Schneider Electric, Siemens, Vattenfall, Wallbox The author wishes to thank everyone who has assisted him with the report. EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Index i Table of Contents Table of Contents Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... i List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ vi Executive Summary....................................................................................................................... 1 1 EV Charging in Europe and North America .......................................................................... 5 1.1 EV charging infrastructure in Europe ............................................................................. 6 1.2 EV charging infrastructure in North America .................................................................. 9 1.3 The electric vehicle market ........................................................................................... 10 1.3.1 Vehicle types ......................................................................................................... 11 1.3.2 The electric vehicle market in Europe ................................................................... 12 1.3.3 The electric vehicle market in North America ........................................................ 14 1.4 Market players .............................................................................................................. 15 1.4.1 Charge point operators (CPOs) ............................................................................ 15 1.4.2 Mobility service providers (MSPs) ......................................................................... 15 1.4.3 Hardware and software providers ......................................................................... 16 2 Charging Technologies and Standards .............................................................................. 18 2.1 Electric vehicle charging ............................................................................................... 18 2.1.1 AC and DC ............................................................................................................. 19 2.1.2 Charging modes and levels................................................................................... 20 2.1.3 Battery capacity and charging time ....................................................................... 21 2.2 Connector Standards.................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Type 1/SAE J1772 ................................................................................................. 24 2.2.2 Type 2 .................................................................................................................... 24 2.2.3 Combined charging system (CCS) ....................................................................... 24 2.2.4 CHAdeMO.............................................................................................................. 25 2.2.5 North American Charging Standard (Tesla) .......................................................... 25 2.2.6 GB/T ....................................................................................................................... 26 2.3 Connectivity and management software ...................................................................... 26 2.3.1 Cellular IoT gateways, routers and modems ........................................................ 26 2.3.2 The open charge point protocol (OCPP) .............................................................. 29 2.3.3 Charging station management software ............................................................... 30 2.4 Payment solutions ........................................................................................................ 32 2.4.1 Mobile payments and RFID tags ........................................................................... 32 2.4.2 ISO 15118 .............................................................................................................. 33 2.4.3 Autocharge ............................................................................................................ 33 2.4.4 Payment terminals ................................................................................................. 34 EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Index ii 3 Charge Point Operators....................................................................................................... 37 3.1 Europe .......................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.1 Allego ..................................................................................................................... 37 3.1.2 Atlante .................................................................................................................... 39 3.1.3 Be Charge .............................................................................................................. 40 3.1.4 Bouygues Energies and Services (Bouygues Construction) ................................ 40 3.1.5 BP Pulse ................................................................................................................ 40 3.1.6 CEZ Group ............................................................................................................. 41 3.1.7 E.ON Group ........................................................................................................... 42 3.1.8 EnBW ..................................................................................................................... 43 3.1.9 Eneco eMobility ..................................................................................................... 44 3.1.10 Enel X (Enel Group) ............................................................................................... 44 3.1.11 ESB Group ............................................................................................................. 46 3.1.12 Fastned .................................................................................................................. 47 3.1.13 Freshmile ............................................................................................................... 48 3.1.14 Iberdrola Group ..................................................................................................... 49 3.1.15 InstaVolt ................................................................................................................. 49 3.1.16 Ionity ...................................................................................................................... 50 3.1.17 Izivia (EDF)............................................................................................................. 51 3.1.18 Jolt Energy ............................................................................................................. 52 3.1.19 Mer (Statkraft) ........................................................................................................ 53 3.1.20 Power Dot .............................................................................................................. 54 3.1.21 Recharge ............................................................................................................... 54 3.1.22 Shell Recharge Solutions ...................................................................................... 55 3.1.23 TotalEnergies ......................................................................................................... 57 3.1.24 Vattenfall Group ..................................................................................................... 58 3.2 North America ............................................................................................................... 59 3.2.1 Blink Charging ....................................................................................................... 60 3.2.2 Electrify America .................................................................................................... 61 3.2.3 Electrify Canada .................................................................................................... 62 3.2.4 EVgo ...................................................................................................................... 62 3.2.5 Francis Energy....................................................................................................... 63 3.2.6 Hydro-Québec ....................................................................................................... 64 3.2.7 Tesla ...................................................................................................................... 64 3.2.8 Volta Charging ....................................................................................................... 66 4 Hardware and Software Providers....................................................................................... 69 4.1 Europe .......................................................................................................................... 69 4.1.1 ABB ........................................................................................................................ 69 4.1.2 ABL ........................................................................................................................ 72 EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Index iii 4.1.3 ADS-TEC Energy ................................................................................................... 73 4.1.4 Alfen ....................................................................................................................... 76 4.1.5 Alpitronic ................................................................................................................ 77 4.1.6 Amina Charging ..................................................................................................... 78 4.1.7 AMPECO ................................................................................................................ 79 4.1.8 Charge Amps ......................................................................................................... 80 4.1.9 Chargecloud .......................................................................................................... 81 4.1.10 ChargeNode .......................................................................................................... 81 4.1.11 Circontrol ............................................................................................................... 82 4.1.12 Compleo Charging Solutions ................................................................................ 84 4.1.13 CTEK ...................................................................................................................... 86 4.1.14 DBT Group ............................................................................................................. 87 4.1.15 Driivz ...................................................................................................................... 88 4.1.16 Easee ..................................................................................................................... 90 4.1.17 Eaton ..................................................................................................................... 91 4.1.18 Ecotap (Legrand) ................................................................................................... 92 4.1.19 Efacec .................................................................................................................... 94 4.1.20 Ekoenergetyka ....................................................................................................... 95 4.1.21 Elli .......................................................................................................................... 96 4.1.22 eNovates ................................................................................................................ 97 4.1.23 Ensto Building Systems (Legrand) ........................................................................ 97 4.1.24 E-Totem ................................................................................................................. 99 4.1.25 EO Charging .......................................................................................................... 99 4.1.26 Etrel ...................................................................................................................... 100 4.1.27 EVBox (ENGIE) .................................................................................................... 102 4.1.28 Evtec .................................................................................................................... 104 4.1.29 Fortum ................................................................................................................. 104 4.1.30 Garo ..................................................................................................................... 105 4.1.31 Gnrgy ................................................................................................................... 106 4.1.32 GreenFlux ............................................................................................................ 106 4.1.33 Heidelberg Amperfied (Heidelberg Druckmaschinen) ........................................ 107 4.1.34 Ingeteam .............................................................................................................. 108 4.1.35 IES Synergy ......................................................................................................... 109 4.1.36 Juice Technology ................................................................................................ 110 4.1.37 KEBA .................................................................................................................... 112 4.1.38 Kempower ........................................................................................................... 114 4.1.39 Kostad .................................................................................................................. 116 4.1.40 L-Charge .............................................................................................................. 118 4.1.41 Last Mile Solutions............................................................................................... 118 EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Index iv 4.1.42 Mennekes Group ................................................................................................. 119 4.1.43 Pod Point (EDF) ................................................................................................... 120 4.1.44 Rolec Services ..................................................................................................... 121 4.1.45 Schneider Electric................................................................................................ 122 4.1.46 Siemens ............................................................................................................... 124 4.1.47 Smartlab .............................................................................................................. 126 4.1.48 Teltonika .............................................................................................................. 126 4.1.49 Tritium .................................................................................................................. 128 4.1.50 Virta ...................................................................................................................... 129 4.1.51 Wallbox ................................................................................................................ 131 4.1.52 Webasto ............................................................................................................... 133 4.1.53 Wirelane ............................................................................................................... 135 4.1.54 Zaptec .................................................................................................................. 135 4.2 North America ............................................................................................................. 136 4.2.1 Flo ........................................................................................................................ 137 4.2.2 BorgWarner ......................................................................................................... 138 4.2.3 BTC Power (E.ON)............................................................................................... 139 4.2.4 ChargePoint ......................................................................................................... 141 4.2.5 ClipperCreek ........................................................................................................ 143 4.2.6 Delta Electronics .................................................................................................. 144 4.2.7 Elmec ................................................................................................................... 145 4.2.8 EV Connect .......................................................................................................... 145 4.2.9 EvoCharge (Phillips & Temro) ............................................................................. 147 4.2.10 EVPassport .......................................................................................................... 147 4.2.11 FreeWire Technologies........................................................................................ 148 4.2.12 InductEV .............................................................................................................. 149 4.2.13 SemaConnect ...................................................................................................... 150 4.2.14 SK Signet ............................................................................................................. 151 4.3 Additional hardware vendors ...................................................................................... 152 5 Market Analysis and Trends .............................................................................................. 155 5.1 Market analysis ........................................................................................................... 155 5.1.1 Market forecast .................................................................................................... 155 5.1.2 Regional market analysis .................................................................................... 158 5.1.3 Government incentives and investments ............................................................ 160 5.2 Value chain analysis ................................................................................................... 163 5.2.1 EV charging hardware vendors ........................................................................... 163 5.2.2 Software providers and charge point operators.................................................. 170 5.2.3 Automotive industry players ................................................................................ 175 5.2.4 Mergers and acquisitions .................................................................................... 177 EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Index v 5.3 Market trends .............................................................................................................. 181 5.3.1 The electric vehicle market continues to grow in spite of market uncertainty .... 181 5.3.2 The business case for connected charging stations continues to improve ....... 182 5.3.3 M&As drive consolidation in the EV charging landscape ................................... 183 5.3.4 Going public gives access to growth capital ...................................................... 184 5.3.5 Demand for public and destination charging to increase rapidly in Europe ...... 185 5.3.6 Open architectures alter the EV charging value chain ........................................ 185 5.3.7 A modular design improves the case for DC charging ....................................... 186 5.3.8 Car OEMs offer MSP services to lower barriers to EV adoption ......................... 186 5.3.9 Fast charging to move to more urban locations ................................................. 187 5.3.10 Heavy commercial vehicle charging emerges as a new segment ...................... 188 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................... 190 EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Index vi List of Figures List of Figures Figure 1.1: Public normal and fast charging points (EU22+3 2021) ............................................ 7 Figure 1.2: BEVs per public normal and fast charging points (EU22+3 in 2021) ........................ 8 Figure 1.3: Normal and fast charging points (North America 2021) ............................................. 9 Figure 1.4: Electric vehicles per normal and fast charging points (North America 2021) .......... 10 Figure 1.5: Registered electric vehicles and new registrations (EU22+3 2021) ........................ 13 Figure 1.6: Registered electric vehicles and sales (North America 2021) .................................. 15 Figure 2.1: Charging using alternating current (left) and direct current (right) .......................... 19 Figure 2.2: Charging modes ....................................................................................................... 20 Figure 2.3: Charging levels ......................................................................................................... 21 Figure 2.4: Examples of battery capacity for different car models ............................................. 22 Figure 2.5: Theoretical charging times for a 90-kWh battery ...................................................... 22 Figure 2.6: Connector standards by geographical region .......................................................... 23 Figure 2.7: Common features in cellular IoT gateways and routers ........................................... 27 Figure 2.8: Examples of routers used in EV charging applications ............................................ 28 Figure 2.9: Overview of a cluster configuration .......................................................................... 29 Figure 2.10: Example of a dashboard for management of charging operations ....................... 32 Figure 2.11: Example of RFID card and tag ................................................................................ 33 Figure 2.12: Examples of payment terminals for EV charging stations ...................................... 34 Figure 3.1: An Allego fast charging location ............................................................................... 38 Figure 3.2: Enel X’s Juicebox ...................................................................................................... 46 Figure 3.3: A Fastned charging location ..................................................................................... 47 Figure 3.4: An Ionity charging site .............................................................................................. 51 Figure 3.5: Jolt’s MerlinOne mobile charger and swap truck ..................................................... 53 Figure 3.6: Shell Recharge Solutions’ charger for businesses ................................................... 56 Figure 3.7: A Francis Energy charging station............................................................................ 63 Figure 3.8: Tesla’s Supercharger ................................................................................................ 65 Figure 3.9: Tesla’s Wall Connector ............................................................................................. 66 Figure 3.10: Charging station from Volta Charging .................................................................... 67 Figure 4.1: The Terra AC wallbox and Terra 360 from ABB ........................................................ 71 Figure 4.2: ADS-TEC Energy’s ChargePost and ChargeBox options and dispenser ................ 74 Figure 4.3: The Hypercharger HYC300 ....................................................................................... 77 Figure 4.4: The wallbox from Amina Charging ........................................................................... 78 Figure 4.5: The Raption 400 and Raption 150 Compact chargers ............................................. 84 Figure 4.6: Chargestorm Connected and Njord Go on a wall mount from CTEK ...................... 86 Figure 4.7: Easee’s wallbox charger ........................................................................................... 91 EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Index vii Figure 4.8: Ecotap’s Homebox and DC150/180 chargers .......................................................... 93 Figure 4.9: The Ensto One and Media chargers ......................................................................... 98 Figure 4.10: The INCH Pro from Etrel ....................................................................................... 101 Figure 4.11: Troniq Modular and BusinessLine Double from EVBox ....................................... 103 Figure 4.12: Juice Booster 3 with connector and adapters ...................................................... 111 Figure 4.13: KeContact P30 from KEBA ................................................................................... 113 Figure 4.14: Kempower Satellite and Station Charger.............................................................. 116 Figure 4.15: Unity22 and Unity360 from Kostad ....................................................................... 117 Figure 4.16: E-mobility Gateway and Amtron Compact from Mennekes ................................. 120 Figure 4.17: Siemens VersiCharge wallbox .............................................................................. 125 Figure 4.18: Teltonika’s TeltoCharge ........................................................................................ 127 Figure 4.19: The Tritium RT50 ................................................................................................... 129 Figure 4.20: Quasar 2 from Wallbox ......................................................................................... 132 Figure 4.21: Next and TurboDX from Webasto ......................................................................... 134 Figure 4.22: BTC Power’s Gen 4 and 350 kW Dispenser unit .................................................. 140 Figure 4.23: ChargePoint Home and Express .......................................................................... 142 Figure 4.24: Overview of SemaConnect’s offering ................................................................... 151 Figure 4.25: Additional hardware suppliers .............................................................................. 152 Figure 5.1: Installed base and shipments of charging points (Europe 2021–2026) ................. 156 Figure 5.2: Connected charging points by technology (Europe 2021–2026) .......................... 156 Figure 5.3: Installed base and shipments of charging points (North America 2021–2026) ..... 157 Figure 5.4: Connected charging points by technology (North America 2021–2026) ............... 158 Figure 5.5: Policies active in major electric vehicle countries in Europe (Q4-2022)................. 162 Figure 5.6: Installed base of charging points by vendor (Europe Q4-2022) ............................ 164 Figure 5.7: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (Europe Q4-2022).................... 167 Figure 5.8: Installed base of charging points by vendor (North America Q4-2022) ................. 168 Figure 5.9: Installed base of DC charging stations by vendor (North America Q4-2022) ........ 169 Figure 5.10: Connected charging points by software vendor (Europe Q4-2022) .................... 171 Figure 5.11: Connected charging points by software vendor (North America Q4-2022) ......... 173 Figure 5.12: Public charging networks (North America January 2022) .................................... 174 Figure 5.13: Public DC charging networks (North America January 2022) .............................. 175 Figure 5.14: M&As among companies active in EV charging (2017–2023) ............................. 178 Figure 5.15: lPOs and listings via SPAC mergers (2014–2022)................................................ 184 EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Summary 1 Executive Summary Executive Summary Electric vehicle (EV) charging refers to the process of charging a battery electric vehicle or plug- in hybrid electric vehicle from an external power source. The external power source is often a charging station, which is defined as equipment enabling a connection between the electric vehicle and the power grid. EV charging stations play a significant role in the discussions regarding the electrification of vehicle fleets. Electric vehicles and EV charging stations are often brought forward as a prerequisite in order to decrease the environmental impact of transportation. Berg Insight is of the opinion that the market for EV charging solutions is in a growth phase which will last for several years to come. Mega-challenges such as vehicle emissions and climate change continue to encourage investments in electric vehicles and EV charging infrastructure, contributing to a positive outlook for the market. The COVID-19 crisis and subsequent supply chain shortages and energy crisis in Europe have not caused a noticeable dip in the market. Berg Insight remains positive that the long-term growth will remain significant. The total number of dedicated charging points in Europe is forecasted to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 34 percent from 4.5 million in 2021 to 19.6 million by the end of 2026. In North America, Berg Insight estimates that the total number of dedicated charging points will increase from 1.4 million in 2021 to reach 6.1 million in 2026, growing at a CAGR of 34 percent. These numbers include both private and public charging points. Over the years, charging stations have evolved from being traditional non-connected hardware devices to smart devices using connectivity technologies like Wi-Fi and 2G/4G cellular. Charge point operators (CPOs) can remotely monitor and maintain charging stations, while EV drivers can locate chargers, monitor charging availability and manage payments. In 2021, the number of connected charging points in Europe is estimated to have reached 2.6 million units, corresponding to a penetration rate of 57 percent. In North America, the number of connected charging points is estimated to about 0.7 million, corresponding to a penetration rate of 52 percent. Most of the connected charging points in Europe and North America are either in public or semi-public applications. A group of established automotive and power electronics solution providers are among the leading EV charging station manufacturers in Europe. Some pure play charging station manufacturers are also developing into influential players. Examples of major hardware providers in the region include ABB, ABL, Alfen, Alpitronic, Circontrol, Compleo Charging Solutions, CTEK, DBT Group, Easee, Efacec, EVBox, Garo, IES Synergy, KEBA, Mennekes, Pod Point, Rolec EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Summary 2 Services, Schneider Electric, Wallbox and Zaptec. While some companies specialise in either AC or DC chargers, others offer both. A few players additionally offer software and services as part of end-to-end offerings. Several CPOs develop back-office platforms in-house, whereas some prefer third-party platforms from dedicated software providers. Examples of significant software providers in Europe are Virta, GreenFlux, Last Mile Solutions, Driivz, AMPECO and Fortum. In North America, there are a number of regional as well as international companies marketing EV chargers. ChargePoint is a leading player on the market and is a full-service provider offering hardware, software and CPO services. Other major regional hardware providers include BTC Power (E.ON), Blink Charging, ClipperCreek, Flo and SemaConnect (recently acquired by Blink Charging). Several of the prominent companies in North America can provide end-to-end offerings including hardware, software and CPO services. The most prominent dedicated software providers in North America are EV Connect (recently acquired by Schneider Electric) and Shell Recharge Solutions. Figure 1: Connected EV charging points in Europe and North America (2021–2026) Source: Berg Insight There are a large number of CPOs in Europe. A few of these players have charging operations as their core business, but many actors come from adjacent markets. Examples of companies that are more or less specialised CPOs include Allego, Fastned, Freshmile, InstaVolt and Ionity. 0 2,000,000 4,000,000 6,000,000 8,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 14,000,000 16,000,000 18,000,000 20,000,000 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 North America Europe EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Summary 3 Ionity was founded in 2017 by BMW Group, Ford Motor Company, Daimler and Volkswagen Group. Many of the CPOs in Europe are utility companies. Examples of utilities acting as CPOs include CEZ Group, EnBW, Enel X, ESB Group, Iberdrola Group, Innogy, Izivia, Mer (Statkraft) and Vattenfall. The French CPO Izivia is a subsidiary of the French utility EDF, while Enel X is a subsidiary of the Italian utility Enel. Enel X is furthermore a notable hardware provider in North America after acquiring eMotorWerks in 2017. Some CPOs in Europe have a background in the petroleum industry. Shell Recharge Solutions and BP Pulse are notable examples of petroleum companies entering EV charging. French TotalEnergies has a charging operation business as well. Moreover, BP Pulse, Shell Recharge Solutions and TotalEnergies all offer proprietary hardware. This is the case also for the utility Enel X. In North America, Electrify America and EVgo are two major pure play CPOs. Tesla is also a prominent player, operating its Supercharger and Destination Charging Networks in Europe and North America, albeit so far almost exclusively for Tesla drivers. The company has begun testing to allow third party vehicles to charge in certain Supercharger locations. EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Chapter 01 4 Chapter_ berginsight.com EV Charging in Europe and North America 01 EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Chapter 01 5 EV Charging in Europe and North America 1 EV Charging in Europe and North America Electric vehicle (EV) charging refers to the process of charging a battery electric vehicle (BEV) or plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) from an external power source. The external power source is often a charging station, which is defined as equipment enabling a connection between the electric vehicle and the power grid. Many charging stations have advanced features such as smart metering and network connectivity, while others can be more basic. Today, EV charging stations play a significant role in the discussions regarding the electrification of vehicle fleets. The first electric car was invented during the 19th century. Electric vehicles were a superior choice for many at the time as gasoline-powered cars were both loud and difficult to operate. The main disadvantage was the limited driving range. About one-third of the vehicles in major US cities were electric at the end of the century. In the 1920s, electric vehicles ceased to be commercially available. Cheaper oil and the ability to mass-produce vehicles paved the way for gasoline cars, and when Charles F. Kettering invented electric starting for petrol vehicles – the market for electric vehicles disappeared. Petrol and diesel cars dominated the market for the remainder of the 20th century. In 1997, the Japanese automotive OEM Toyota introduced the Toyota Prius – the first mass- produced hybrid electric car. Sales began in 2000 and the car was a commercial success. As a result, companies and automakers across the world started to turn more attention toward electric cars. One of these companies was Tesla, which introduced its first car – the Tesla Roadster – in 2006. The car was fully electric and had a range of more than 321 km (200 miles) per charge. The Tesla Roadster is considered by many to be the start of the electric vehicle era. Today, most of the automakers have an electric or partly electric car in the product portfolio and many more are in development. The installed base of BEVs in the world reached 11 million vehicles in 2021. Berg Insight has found that there were more than 5.9 million designated charging points in Europe and North America at the end of 2021. About 361,000 charging points in Europe were public, while some 131,000 were public in North America. Most of the charging points installed in both regions are private and installed in homes and workplace settings as well as other non- public applications. In Europe, the number of private charging points reached around 4.2 million in 2021, while the corresponding figure for North America was 1.3 million. In both Europe and North America, increasing the number of electric vehicles and EV charging stations is often brought forward as a prerequisite in order to be able to decrease the environmental impact of transportation. EV Charging Infrastructure in Europe and North America Berg Insight Chapter 01 6 The relationship between electric vehicles and charging infrastructure is often a topic of discussion. Range anxiety – the fear that an electric vehicle has too little range to reach its destination – is suggested to be one