To access digital resources including: blog posts videos online appendices and to purchase copies of this book in: hardback paperback ebook editions Go to: https://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/194 Open Book Publishers is a non-profit independent initiative. We rely on sales and donations to continue publishing high-quality academic works. I n the same series YEATS ANNUALS Nos. 1, 2 Edited by Richard J. Finneran YEATS ANNUALS Nos. 3-8, 10-11, 13 Edited by Warwick Gould YEATS AND WOMEN: YEATS ANNUAL No. 9: A Special Number Edited by Deirdre Toomey THAT ACCUSING EYE: YEATS AND HIS IRISH READERS YEATS ANNUAL No. 12: A Special Number Edited by Warwick Gould and Edna Longley YEATS AND THE NINETIES YEATS ANNUAL No. 14: A Special Number Edited by Warwick Gould YEATS’S COLLABORATIONS YEATS ANNUAL No. 15: A Special Number Edited by Wayne K. Chapman and Warwick Gould POEMS AND CONTEXTS YEATS ANNUAL No. 16: A Special Number Edited by Warwick Gould INFLUENCE AND CONFLUENCE: YEATS ANNUAL No. 17: A Special Number Edited by Warwick Gould YEATS ANNUAL No. 18 Frontispiece : Derry Jeffares beside the Edmund Dulac memorial stone to W. B. Yeats. Roquebrune Cemetery, France, 1986. Private Collection. THE LIVING STREAM ESSAYS IN MEMORY OF A. NORMAN JEFFARES YEATS ANNUAL No. 18 A Special Issue Edited by Warwick Gould http://www.openbookpublishers.com © 2013 Gould, et al. (contributors retain copyright of their work). The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence. This licence allows you to share, copy, distribute and transmit the text; to adapt the text and to make commercial use of the text. The work must be attributed to the respective authors (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Details of allowances and restrictions are available at: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/ Please see List of Illustrations for copyright relating to individual images. As with all Open Book Publishers titles, digital material and resources associated with this volume are available from our website at: http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/194/ ISBN Hardback: 978-1-909254-36-7 ISBN Paperback: 978-1-909254-35-0 ISBN Digital (PDF): 978-1-909254-37-4 ISBN Digital ebook (epub): 978-1-909254-38-1 ISBN Digital ebook (mobi): 978-1-909254-39-8 Series ISSN: 0278-7687 DOI: 10.11647/OBP.0028 Cover image: Thomas Sturge Moore’s cover for The Tower (1928), Private Collection, London. The Yeats Annual fleuron (cover and half-title) is based upon Thomas Sturge Moore’s rose design, as used in his illustrations for H. P. R. Finberg’s translation of Count de Villiers de L’Isle Adam’s Axel with Yeats’s preface (London: Jarrolds Publishers Ltd., 1925), and elsewhere on cover designs for Yeats’s books, most notably Per Amica Silentia Lunae (1917), courtesy of the late Riette Sturge Moore. All paper used by Open Book Publishers is SFI (Sustainable Forestry Initiative), and PEFC (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification Schemes) Certified. Printed in the United Kingdom and United States by Lightning Source for Open Book Publishers IN MEMORIAM A. Norman Jeffares 11 August 1920-1 June 2005 Contents List of Illustrations x Abbreviations xii Editorial Board xix Notes on the Contributors xx Editor’s Introduction xxv Acknowledgements and Editorial Information xxx ESSAYS IN MEMORY OF A NORMAN JEFFARES Professor Alexander Norman Jeffares 11 August 1920-1 June 2005 CHRISTOPHER RUSH 3 From the Window of the House SEAMUS HEANEY 11 Lips and Ships, Peers and Tears: Lacrimae Rerum and Tragic Joy: WARWICK GOULD 15 Yeats and the Colours of Poetry TERENCE BROWN 57 Yeats’s Shakespeare: ‘There is a Good Deal of my Father in it’ DENIS DONOGHUE 69 What Raftery Built JOSEPH M. HASSETT 97 A Portrait of George Yeats ANN SADDLEMYER 107 vii Contents viii The Tower : Yeats’s Anti-Modernist Monument RONALD SCHUCHARD 121 Vacillation: Between What and What? HELEN VENDLER 151 W. B. Yeats and the Creative Process: The Example of ‘Her Triumph’ PHILLIP L. MARCUS 169 The Cold Heaven DEIRDRE TOOMEY 191 Question Me Again: Reflections of W. B. Yeats and Seamus Heaney NEIL CORCORAN 215 A Select Checklist of the Writings of Alexander Norman Jeffares (1920-2005) COLIN SMYTHE 239 ‘MASTERING WHAT IS MOST ABSTRACT’: A FORUM ON A VISION A Vision (1925): A Review Essay NEIL MANN 265 Yeats and the New Physics MATTHEW M. DeFORREST 297 REVIEWS ‘A Law Indifferent to Blame or Praise’: W. B. Yeats, The Tower (1928): Manuscript Materials, edited by Richard J. Finneran, with Jared Curtis and Ann Saddlemyer WAYNE K. CHAPMAN 315 Denis Donoghue , On Eloquence SANDRA CLARK 325 Nicholas Grene, Yeats’s Poetic Codes JOSEPH M. HASSETT 327 W. B. Yeats, The King of the Great Clock Tower and A Full Moon in March: Manuscript Materials, edited by Richard Allen Cave NICHOLAS GRENE 331 Helen Vendler, Our Secret Discipline: Yeats and Lyric Form DENIS DONOGHUE 335 Ronald Schuchard, The Last Minstrels: Yeats and the Revival of the Bardic Arts MATTHEW CAMPBELL 345 Fiorenzo Fantaccini, W. B. Yeats e la cultura italiana K. P. S. JOCHUM 351 Margaret Mills Harper, Wisdom of Two: The Spiritual and Literary Collaboration of George and W. B. Yeats DENIS DONOGHUE 359 PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED 365 YEATS ANNUAL 18 ix List of Illustrations Cover Image: Thomas Sturge Moore’s cover for The Tower (1928), Private Collection, London. The Yeats Annual fleuron (cover and half-title) is based upon Thomas Sturge Moore’s rose design, as used in his illustrations for H. P. R. Finberg’s translation of Count de Villiers de L’Isle Adam’s Axel with Yeats’s preface (London: Jarrolds Publishers Ltd., 1925), and elsewhere on cover designs for Yeats’s books, most notably that for Per Amica Silentia Lunae (1917), courtesy of the late Riette Sturge Moore. Frontispiece: Derry Jeffares beside the Edmund Dulac memorial stone to W. B. Yeats, Roquebrune Cemetery, France, 1986. Private Collection. Plates 1. Between pp. 25-26, Yeats’s holograph revision to ‘The Sorrow of Love’ tipped in to Lady Gregory’s copy of Poems (1895) and misdat- ed, probably by her, in the Robert W. Woodruff Collection, Emory University, Atlanta, GA. 2. Between pp. 25-26, Yeats’s holograph revision in another of Lady Gregory’s copies of Poems , that of 1904, also now in the Woodruff Collection at Emory and altered in 1924 as marked in pencil. This slip is pasted onto a torn-off printed slip bearing a part of line 10, almost certainly from an uncorrected proof of Early Poems and Stories (1925). 3. Between pp. 25-26, top board of Lady Gregory’s white and gold copy of Poems (1904) now in the Robert W. Woodruff Collection, Emory. 4 Between pp. 25-26, close-up of the tipped-in revisions in Plates 1 and 2. 5. Facing p. 40, W. B. Y. listening to Homer’, undated (c. 1887), by Jack B. Yeats, pasted into a copy of The Wind Among the Reeds (1900), in the Woodruff Collection, Emory. 6. Facing p. 45, Yeats’s holograph revisions in the setting copy of ‘The Adoration of the Magi’ for Early Poems and Stories (1925). Berg Collection, New York Public Library. 7. Facing p. 105, Thoor Ballylee, cottage in ruin, river and bridge, a pen and ink drawing by A. Norman Jeffares, 17 x 22.5 cm, private collec- tion. This drawing was the basis of a chapter tailpiece vignette in W. B. Yeats: Man and Poet (London: Routledge, 1949) 8. Facing p. 108, ‘Mrs W. B. Yeats’, by Edmund Dulac, exhibited at the Leicester Galleries, London, June 1920, in the possession of the Yeats family, photograph by Nicola Gordon Bowe. All Dulac images © x Marcia Geraldine Anderson, courtesy Hodder and Stoughton Ltd. 9. Between pp. 108-09, Robert Gregory’s design of the ‘Charging Unicorn’ first used on the title-page of Discoveries (1907). Private Collection. 10. Between pp. 108-09, Gustave Moreau, ‘Les Licornes’ (c. 1885), an unfinished oil on canvas in the Musée Gustave Moreau, Paris, and based on the 15 th century tapestries then recently acquired by the Musée de Cluny, Paris (see Plate 12). Photographer unknown. 11. Between pp. 108-09, ‘Monoceros de Astris’ by Thomas Sturge Moore, title-page of Reveries Over Childhood and Youth (1915). Private Collection. 12 Between pp. 108-09, Bookplate for George Yeats by Thomas Sturge Moore, showing a round tower struck by lightning, releasing a white unicorn, Senate House Library, University of London. 13. Between pp. 110-11, Red tapestry, ‘La dame à la licorne’, 15 th century, Musée de Cluny, Paris. Photographer unknown, Public Domain. 14. Between pp. 110-11, ‘Deer and Unicorn’ wood-cut from The Book of Lambspring , as reproduced in A. E. Waite’s The Hermetic Museum, Restored and Enlarged (London, James Elliott & Co., 1893). 15. Facing p. 117, Edmund Dulac’s pastel caricature of Yeats, 1915, Abbey Theatre, Dublin, photographer unknown. 16. Facing p. 130, Edmund Dulac’s ‘The Good Chiron Taught His Pupils How to Play upon the Harp’ in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s Tanglewood Tales (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1918). Private Collection. 17. Between pp. 139-40, Edmund Dulac’s woodcut of a unicorn in A Vision (1925). Private Collection, London. It also appeared on the title-page of Stories of Michael Robartes and his Friends (1932), and in Last Poems and Two Plays (1939). Copies in Private Collection. 18. Between pp. 139-40, Charles Ricketts’s endpapers for the 1920s Macmillan Collected Edition of the Works of W. B. Yeats. Private Collection. 19. Between pp. 139-40, Thomas Sturge Moore’s ‘Candle in Waves’ sigil on the title-page of Michael Robartes and the Dancer (1920). This emblem of ‘the soul in the midst of the waters of the flesh or of time’ also appeared in Seven Poems and a Fragment (1922) and October Blast (1927). Private Collection. 20. Between pp. 139-40, Yeats’s bookplate, by Thomas Sturge Moore, showing the candle in waves motif above Sturge Moore’s gates, his visual pun on the origins of Yeats’s name in the Middle English and northern and north-midland dialectal word ‘yeat’ or ‘yate’ meaning ‘gate’, Senate House Library, University of London. 21. Facing p. 197, the biggest rookery in Europe at Buckenham Carr Woods, near Norwich, courtesy Jane Rusbridge, ©Natalie Miller. 22-24. Facing p. 242, three faces of Derry Jeffares, Unknown contemporary press photographers. Images courtesy of Colin Smythe Ltd. All rights reserved. YEATS ANNUAL 18 xi Abbreviations Au Autobiographies (London: Macmillan, 1955). AVA A Vision: An Explanation of Life Founded upon the Writings of Giraldus and upon certain Doctrines attributed to Kusta Ben Luka (London: privately printed for subscribers only by T. Werner Laurie, Ltd., 1925). See also CVA. AVB A Vision (London: Macmillan, 1962). Berg Books and Manuscripts, The Berg Collection, New York Public Library (Astor, Lenox and Tilden Foundations). BIV1, 2 A Book of Irish Verse (London: Methuen, 1895; 1900). BL Add. MS Additional Manuscript, The British Library, London (fol- lowed by number). BL Macmillan Later papers from the Macmillan Archive, British Library, London. Bodley Bodleian Library, Oxford. Bradford Curtis B. Bradford, Yeats at Work (Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois University Press, 1965). Brotherton Manuscript, The Brotherton Collection, Brotherton Library, University of Leeds. CH W. B. Yeats: The Critical Heritage , ed. A. Norman Jeffares (London: Henley; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1977). CL1, 2, 3, 4 The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats: Volume I, 1865-1895 , ed. John Kelly and Eric Domville; Volume II, 1896-1900 , ed. Warwick Gould, John Kelly and Deirdre Toomey ; Volume III , 1901-1904 , and Volume IV, 1905-1907 , eds. John Kelly and Ronald Schuchard (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1986, 1997, 1994, 2005). CL InteLex The Collected Letters of W. B. Yeats , gen. ed. John Kelly (Oxford: Oxford University Press (InteLex Electronic Edition)) 2002. Letters cited by Accession number. CM W. B. Yeats: A Census of the Manuscripts , by Conrad A. Bal- liet, with the assistance of Christine Mawhinney (New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1990). xii YEATS ANNUAL 18 xiii CVA A Critical Edition of Yeats’s A Vision (1925) , ed. by George Mills Harper and Walter Kelly Hood (London: Macmil- lan, 1978). CW1 The Poems: Second Edition (New York: Scribner, 1997), ed. by Richard J. Finneran and replacing The Poems: Revised (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1989; Lon- don: Macmillan, 1989), PR , which replaced The Poems: A New Edition (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1983; London: Macmillan London Ltd., 1984), PNE, as the first volume of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats (for- merly The Collected Edition of the Works of W. B. Yeats ). CW2 The Plays , eds. David R. Clark and Rosalind E. Clark (New York: Scribner, 2001), vol. II of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CW3 Autobiographies , eds. William H. O’Donnell and Douglas N. Archibald, assisted by J. Fraser Cocks III and Gretchen Schwenker (New York: Scribner, 1999), vol. III of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CW5 Later Essays , ed. William H. O’Donnell, with assistance from Elizabeth Bergmann Loizeaux (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1994), vol. V of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CW6 Prefaces and Introductions: Uncollected Prefaces and Introduc- tions by Yeats to Works by other Authors and to Anthologies edited by Yeats , ed. William H. O’Donnell (London: Macmillan, 1988), vol. VI of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CW7 Letters to the New Island eds. George Bornstein and Hugh Witemeyer (London: Macmillan, 1989), vol. VII of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CW8 The Irish Dramatic Movement , eds. Mary FitzGerald and Richard J. Finneran (New York: Scribner, 2003), vol. VIII of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CW9 Early Articles and Reviews s : Uncollected Articles and Reviews Written between 1886 and 1900 , eds. John P. Frayne and Madeleine Marchaterre (New York: Scribner, 2004), vol. IX of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CW10 Later Articles and Reviews: Uncollected Articles, Reviews, and Radio Broadcasts written after 1900 , ed. Colton John- son (New York: Scribner, 2000), vol. X of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats. CW12 John Sherman AND Dhoya , ed. Richard J. Finneran (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991), vol. XII of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CW13 A Vision: The Original 1925 Version, ed. Catherine E. Paul and Margaret Mills Harper (New York: Scribner 2008), vol. XIII of The Collected Works of W. B. Yeats CWVP1-8 The Collected Works in Verse and Prose of William Butler Yeats (Stratford-on-Avon: The Shakespeare Head Press, 1908, 8 vols.). DC Druid Craft: The Writing of The Shadowy Waters , Manu- scripts of W. B. Yeats , transcribed, edited and with a commentary by Michael J. Sidnell, George P. Mayhew and David R. Clark (Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1971). Diaries Lady Gregory’s Diaries 1892-1902 , ed. James Pethica (Ger- rards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1996). E&I Essays and Introductions (London and New York: Macmil- lan, 1961). Emory Books and Manuscripts in the Robert W. Woodruff Library, Emory University, Atlanta. Ex Explorations , sel. Mrs W. B. Yeats (London: Macmillan, 1962; New York: Macmillan, 1963). FFTIP Fairy and Folk Tales of the Irish Peasantry . Edited and selected by W. B. Yeats (London: Walter Scott, Ltd., 1888). G-YL The Gonne-Yeats Letters 1893-1938: Always Your Friend , ed. Anna MacBride White and A. Norman Jeffares (Lon- don: Hutchinson, 1992). Harvard Manuscript, Houghton Library, Harvard University. HRHRC Books and Manuscripts, Harry Ransom Humanities Research Center, University of Texas at Austin. I&R W. B. Yeats: Interviews and Recollections , ed. E. H. Mikhail (London: Macmillan, 1977), 2 vols. IFT Irish Fairy Tales edited with an introduction by W. B. Yeats (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1892). J W. B. Yeats: A Classified Bibliography of Criticism , second edition, revised and enlarged, by K. P. S. Jochum (Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1990). Item nos. or page no. preceded by ‘p.’. JBYL Letters to his Son W. B. Yeats and Others 1869-1922, by J. B. Yeats, edited with a Memoir by Joseph Hone and a Pref- ace by Oliver Elton (London: Faber and Faber, 1944). Kansas Manuscripts in the Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas, Lawrence. L The Letters of W. B. Yeats , ed. Allan Wade (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1954; New York: Macmillan, 1955). LBP Letters from Bedford Park: A Selection from the Correspon- dence (1890-1901) of John Butler Yeats , ed. with an Abbreviations xiv introduction and notes by William M. Murphy (Dublin: The Cuala Press, 1972). LDW Letters on Poetry from W. B. Yeats to Dorothy Wellesley , intro- duction by Kathleen Raine (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1964). Life 1 W. B. Yeats: A Life, I: The Apprentice Mage , by R. F. Foster (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). Life 2 W. B. Yeats: A Life, II: The Arch-Poet , by R. F. Foster (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003). Lilly Manuscript in the Lilly Library, Indiana University, Bloomington. LJQ The Letters of John Quinn to W. B. Yeats , ed. Alan B. Him- ber, with the assistance of George Mills Harper (Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1983). LMR ‘Ah, Sweet Dancer’: W. B. Yeats, Margot Ruddock, A Corre- spondence , ed. Roger McHugh (London and New York: Macmillan, 1970). LNI Letters to the New Island: A New Edition (CEW 7) , ed. George Bornstein and Hugh Whitemeyer (London: Macmillan, 1989). LRB The Correspondence of Robert Bridges and W. B. Yeats , ed. Richard J. Finneran (London: Macmillan, 1977; Toronto: Macmillan of Canada, 1978). LTWBY1, 2 Letters to W. B. Yeats , ed. Richard J. Finneran, George Mills Harper and William M. Murphy, with the assistance of Alan B. Himber (London: Macmillan; New York: Columbia University Press, 1977), 2 vols. MBY Manuscript in the Collection of Michael Butler Yeats. McGarry James P. McGarry, Places Names in the Writings of W. B. Yeats , edited with additional material by Edward Malins and a Preface by Kathleen Raine (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe Ltd., 1976). Mem Memoirs: Autobiography-First Draft: Journal , transcribed and edited by Denis Donoghue (London: Macmillan, 1972; New York: Macmillan, 1973). Myth Mythologies (London and New York: Macmillan, 1959). Myth 2005 Mythologies , ed. by Warwick Gould and Deirdre Toomey (Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). MYV1, 2 The Making of Yeats’s ‘A Vision’: A Study of the Automatic Script , by George Mills Harper (London: Macmillan; Carbondale and Edwardsville, IL: Southern Illinois Uni- versity Press, 1987), 2 vols. NLI Manuscripts in the National Library of Ireland, Dublin. NLS Manuscripts in the National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh. NYPL Manuscripts in the New York Public Library. YEATS ANNUAL 18 xv Abbreviations xvi Norwood Manuscripts, Norwood Historical Society, Day House, Norwood, MA. OBMV The Oxford Book of Modern Verse 1895-1935, chosen by W. B. Yeats (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936). Princeton Manuscript in the Scribner Archive, Firestone Library, Princeton University. Quinn Cat. Complete Catalogue of the Library of John Quinn sold by auc- tion in five parts [with printed prices] (New York: The Anderson Galleries, 1924), 2 vols. SB The Speckled Bird by William Butler Yeats: an Autobiograph- ical Novel With Variant Versions: New Edition, incorporating recently discovered manuscripts , edited and annotated by William H. O’Donnell (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003). SQ A Servant of the Queen: Reminiscences , by Maud Gonne MacBride, eds. A. Norman Jeffares and Anna MacBride White (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe, 1994). SS The Senate Speeches of W. B. Yeats , ed. Donald R. Pearce (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1960; London: Faber and Faber, 1961). TB Theatre Business: The Correspondence of the First Abbey The- atre Directors: William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory and J. M. Synge , ed. Ann Saddlemyer (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smythe; University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State Univer- sity Press, 1982). TSMC W. B. Yeats and T. Sturge Moore: Their Correspondence, 1901-1937 , ed. Ursula Bridge (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul; New York: Oxford University Press, 1953). UP1 Uncollected Prose by W. B. Yeats , Vol. I, ed. John P. Frayne (London: Macmillan; New York: Columbia University Press, 1970). UP2 Uncollected Prose by W. B. Yeats , Vol. 2, ed. John P. Frayne and Colton Johnson (London: Macmillan, 1975; New York: Columbia University Press, 1976). VBWI Visions and Beliefs in the West of Ireland collected and arranged by Lady Gregory: With two Essays and Notes by W. B. Yeats with a foreword by Elizabeth Coxhead (Ger- rards Cross: Colin Smythe Ltd.; New York: Oxford University Press, 1970). VP The Variorum Edition of the Poems of W. B. Yeats , ed. Peter Allt and Russell K. Alspach (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1957). Cited from the corrected third printing of 1966. YEATS ANNUAL 18 xvii xvii VPl The Variorum Edition of the Plays of W. B. Yeats , ed. Russell K. Alspach, assisted by Catherine C. Alspach (London and New York: Macmillan, 1966). Cited from the correct- ed second printing of 1966. VSR The Secret Rose, Stories by W. B. Yeats: A Variorum Edition , ed. Warwick Gould, Phillip L. Marcus and Michael J. Sidnell (London: Macmillan, 1992). Second ed., revised and enlarged. Wade Allan Wade, A Bibliography of the Writings of W. B. Yeats , third ed., revised by Russell K. Alspach (London: Rupert Hart-Davis, 1968). Item nos. and/or page nos. preceded by ‘p.’. WWB1, 2, 3 The Works of William Blake Poetic, Symbolic, and Critical , edited with lithographs of the illustrated ‘Prophetic Books’, and a memoir and interpretation by Edwin John Ellis and William Butler Yeats, 3 vols. (London: Bernard Quaritch, 1893). YA Yeats Annual (London: Macmillan, 1982-) cited by no. YAACTS Yeats: An Annual of Critical and Textual Studies , ed. Richard J. Finneran (publishers vary, 1983-99) cited by no. YGYL W. B. Yeats and George Yeats: The Letters, ed. Ann Saddle- myer (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). YL Edward O’Shea, A Descriptive Catalog of W. B. Yeats’s Library (New York and London: Garland Publishing, 1985). YO Yeats and the Occult , ed. George Mills Harper (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada; Niagara Falls, New York: Maclean- Hunter Press, 1975). YP Yeats’s Poems , ed. and annotated by A. Norman Jeffares, with an appendix by Warwick Gould (London: Macmil- lan, 1989). Cited from the second, revised edition of 1991. YT Yeats and the Theatre , ed. Robert O’Driscoll and Lorna Reynolds (Toronto: Macmillan of Canada; Niagara Falls, New York: Maclean-Hunter Press, 1975). YVP1, 2, 3 , 4 Yeats’s Vision Papers (London: Macmillan, 1992; Palgrave 2001), George Mills Harper (general editor) assisted by Mary Jane Harper, vol. I: The Automatic Script: 5 Novem- ber 1917-18 June 1918, eds. Steve L. Adams, Barbara J. Frieling and Sandra L. Sprayberry ; vol. II: The Automatic Script: 25 June 1918-29 March 1920, eds. Steve L. Adams, Barbara J. Frieling and Sandra L. Sprayberry ; vol. III: Sleep and Dream Notebooks, Vision Notebooks 1 and 2, Card File , eds. Robert Anthony Martinich and Margaret Mills Harper; vol. IV: ‘The Discoveries of Michael Robartes’ Ver-