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After more than three decades of paleoecological research, the potential role of climatic and anthropogenic drivers on Easter Island's ecological and cultural change is still under discussion. This eBook aims to provide a synthetic view of the topic using evidence from different research fields such as paleoecology, archaeology, history and molecular phylogenetics. A holistic approach is provided to combine the results of these research fields into a comprehensive framework able to account for most of the available multidisciplinary evidence.This eBook is dedicated to the memory of John R. Flenley, the pioneer of paleoecological study of Easter Island, who passed away on June 22, 2018.