gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 1 gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 2 khd;rp ifL gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay ; (2025 - 2026 Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk;) khd;rp ifL – d; gpw Nghl;b j; Njh;T kw;Wk; gs;sp ifL 1. TNPSC – Tet .... Material 2. 1Kjy; 12 tiuapyhd Gj;jfq;fspd; cs;gf;f tpdh tpilfs; 3. r%f mwptpay; - 1 – 10 tFg;G 4. mwptpay; 1 - 10 tFg;G 5. jkpo; 1 - 12 tFg;G 6. 10 – k; tFg;G r%fmwptpay; ifL 7. 8 - k; tFg;G r%f mwptpay; ifL 8. NMMS , TRUST, NTSE – ifL (fy;tp cjtpj;njhif) 9. SOCIAL SCIENCE 6 th , 7 th, 8 th , 9 th , 10 th -- BooK Back one mark Question Answer. 10 ) 1 -5 th , 6 th , 7 th, 8 th , 9 th , 10 th TAMIL, MATHS, SCIENCE, SOCIAL SCIENCE Book Inside Question & Answer Material. khd;rp ifL midj;J Nghl;bj; Njh;T fspYk; ntw;wp ngwk; Nehf;fpy;> 1 Kjy; 12 – k; tFg;G tiu> jkpo;> fzpjk>; mwptpay>; r%f mwptpay;> kw;Wk; midj;J ghl Gj;jfj;jpy; ,Ue;J thpf;F thp jahhpf;fg;gl;lit MFk;. v spikahf Njh;tpy; mjpf kjpg;ngz;fs; ngw;W ntw;wp ngWk; Nehf;fpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;lJ. khd;rp ifL 225 / 5 tsd; efh; (muR kUj;Jtkid gp d;Gwk;) Ntl;ltyk; jp.kiy khtl;lk; PIN – 606 754 Ph = 9080235851, 6374624036 gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 3 khd;rp ifL --- gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay; - (202 5 – 202 6 ) Gjpa ghlj; jpl;lk;) nghUslf;f k; t.vz; jiyg;G gf;fk; 1. xU kjpg;ngz ; fs;: tuyhW 7 Gtpapay; 20 Fbikapay; 26 n ghUspay ; 32 fhyf;NfhL 37 Gj;jf cs;gf;f xU kjpg;ngz; Njh;T tpdhf;fs ; ( Book Inside one mark ) 39 2. ,U kjpg;ngz;fs; Njh;T tpdh 43 tuyhW 44 Gtpapay; 53 Fbikapay; 60 nghUspay; 64 fhuzk; $Wf 69 NtWgLj;Jf 72 3. Kf;fpa fl;lha 2 kjpg;ngz; ( BOOK INSIDE ) Njh;T tpdhf;fs;: 78 4 5 kjpg;ngz;fs;: 5 kw;Wk; 8 kjpg;ngz;; Kf;fpa Njh;T tpdh 81 tuyhW 83 Gtpapay; 99 Fbikapay; 111 nghUspay; 118 5. 8 kjpg;ngz;fs;: 127 6. tiugl nghUslf;fk; 134 7 Part – I 5kjpg;ngz; Map ) cyf tiuglk; 137 8 Part – I I 5kjpg;ngz; ,e;jpah tiuglk; 145 9 8 kjpg;ngz; ,e;jpah tiuglk; 147 10 8 kjpg;ngz; jkpo; ehL ti uglk; 153 gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 4 gj;jhk; tFg;G: r%f mwptpay; tuyhW 5 kjpg;ngz; tiugq;fs; No tpguq;fs; Part - 1 tuyhW 5 kjpg;ngz; gf;fk; G. gf;fk; 1 tiu gl nghUslf;fk; 13 4 3 1 cyf tiuglk; - I 137 2 cyf tiuglk; - II 13 8 33 3 cyf tiuglk; - III 140 142 140 139 [ g;ghd; (g - 14 3 ) INuhg;gh (g - 1 39 ) Mrpah (g - 14 4 ) 108 85 Part II 5kjpg;ngz; ,e;jpa tiuglk; ,e;jpa Njrpa ,af;fk; 145 1857 - y; Kjy; ,e;jpa Rje;jpug;Nghh; 146 38 8 kjpg;ngz; 10 t h Gtpapay; - ,e;jpa tiuglq;fs; 1 ,e;jpah khepyq;fs; kw;Wk; A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fs; 1 47 141 2 ,e;jpah ,aw;if mikg;G 14 8 142 3 ,e;jpah MWfs; kw;Wk; Vhpfs; 149 148 4 ,e;jpah – caph;f;Nfhs fhg;gq;fs;> tdtpyq;F ruzhyaq;fs; 1 50 160 5 ,e;jpah – gy;Nehf;F Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;Fj; jpl;lk; 1 51 169 6 kiyfs; rpfuq;fs; 1 52 7 rkntspfs;> tisFlhf;fs;> gPlG+kpfs;jPTfs; 1 53 38 8 kz;> gaph;fs;> fhLfs;> JiwKfq;fs; 15 4 9 tsq;fs;> rhiyfs;> mizfs; 15 5 1 jkpo; ehL murpay; 15 6 2 jkpo; ehL - ,aw;if mikg;G 15 7 3 jkpo; ehL t dtpyq;F kw;Wk; gwitfs; ruzhyaq;fs; 15 8 225 ; 239 4 jkpo; ehL Kf;fpa MWfs; 15 9 242 5 jkpo; ehL - Kf;fpa njhopyq;fs; 1 60 242 gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 5 gj;jhk; tFg;G - r%f mwptpay; nghUslf;fk ; myF jiyg;G tuyhW gf;fk; ( BOOK ) 1 Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; ntbg;Gk; mjd; gpd; tpisTfSk; 2 ,U cyfg;Nghu;fSf;F ,ilapy; cyfk; 3 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu; 4 ,uz;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpe;ija cyfk; 5 19 Mk; E}w;whz;by; r%f> rka rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs; 6 Mq;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf jkpofj;jpy; epfo;e;j njhlf;ffhy fpsu;r;rpfs; 7 fhydpaj;Jf;F vjpuhd ,af;fq;fSk; Njrpaj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; 8 Njrpak;: fhe;jpa fhyfl;lk; 9 jkpo;ehl;by; tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;lk; 10 jkpo;ehl;by; r%f khw;wq;fs; Gtpapay; 1 ,e;jpah – miktplk;> epyj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;G 2 ,e;jpah – fhyepiy kw;Wk; ,aw;ifj; jhtuq;fs; 3 ,e;jpah- Ntshz;ik 4 ,e;jpah – tsq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyfq;fs; 5 ,e;jpah – kf;fs; njhif>Nghf;Ftuj;J> jfty; njhlu;G kw;Wk; tzpfk; 6 jkpo;ehL - ,aw;ifg; gpupTfs; 7 jkpo;ehL – khDlg; Gtpapay; Fbikapay; 1 ,e;jpa murpayikg;G 2 eLtz; muR 3 khepy muR 4 ,e;jpahtpd; ntspAwTf; nfhs;if 5 ,e;jpahtpd; ru;tNjr cwTfs; nghUspay; 1 nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; mjd; tsu;r;rp: Xu; mwpKfk; 2 cyfkakhjy; kw;Wk; tu;j;jfk; 3 czT ghJfhg;G kw;Wk; Cl;lr;rj;J 4 murhq;fKk; tupfSk; 5 jkpo;ehl;by; njhopy;Jiw njhFg;Gfs; gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 6 t.v jiyg;G tuyhW Gtpapay; Fbikapay; nghUspay; tpdhf;fs; 1 rhpahd tpil 63 48 44 33 188 2 Nfhbl;l,lk; 60 8 22 16 106 3 $w;W fhuzk; 25 6 8 2 41 4 nghUj;Jf 45 34 22 25 126 5 fhuzk;$Wf 11 11 6 NtWgLj;Jf 23 23 7 2 kjpg;ngz; 53 48 29 34 164 8 5. kjpg;ngz; 28 25 16 18 86 9 8. kjpg;ngz; ( Map ) nkhj;jk; 274 203 141 128 745 gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 7 khd;rp ifL gj;jhk; tFg;G - r%f mwptpay;. Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; (2025 - 2026 ) tuyhW xUkjpg;ngz; tpdh - tpilfs; myF -1 Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; ntbg;Gk;> mjd; gpd;tpisTfSk;. I rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;T nra;aTk;: 1.Kjy; cyfg;Nghupd; ,Wjpapy; epiy Fiye;J Nghd %d;W ngUk;; NguuRfs; a hit? tpil: m.n[ h ;kdp >M];jphpah - `q ;Nfhp ; > cJkhdpah ; 2.gj;njhd;gjhk; E}w;whz;L Kbtil A e;jUthapy; fpof;F Mrpahtpy; cjakhd typiktha;e;j ehL vJ? tpil: M. [g;ghd; 3. ― Vfh jp gj;jpak; Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpd; cr;rfl;lk;‖ vdf; $wpatu; ahu;? tpil: m.nydpd; 4.khu; d; Nghu; vjw;fhf epidT $wg;gLfpwJ? tpil: M.gJq;Ff; Fopg;Nghu ; K iw 5.gd;dhl;Lr; rq;fj;jpd ; Kjy; nghJr;nrayhsu; ve;j ehl;ilr; Nru;e;jtu;? tpil: m.g php l;ld; 6.gpd;yhe;ijj; jhf;fpajw;fhf gd;dhl;Lr; rq;f j;jpypUe;J ntspNaw;wg;gl;l ehL vJ? tpil: M.u ~;ah II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. ----------- Mk; Mz;by; [g;ghd; rPdhTld; tYf;fl;lhakhfg; Nghupl;lJ. tp il: 1894. 2.1913Mk; Mz;L Nk khjk; ifnaO j;jplg;gl;l - ---------- cld;gbifapd;gb my;Ngdpah vDk; Gjpa ehL cUthf;fg;gl;lJ tpil: yz;ld;. 3. ------- Mz;by; [g;ghd; ,q;fpyhe;Jld; el;gpid xg;ge;jk; nra;J nfhz;lJ. tpil: 1902 - k; Mz;L 4 .ghy;fdpy; ------ ehL gy;tif ,dkf;fisf; nfhz;bU e;jJ. tpil: khrpNlhdpah 5.lhndd;gu;f; Nghupy; ------ Ngupog;GfSf;F cs;shdJ. tpil: u~;ah 6.ghup]; mi kjp khehl;by; g p ujpepjpahfg; gq;Nfw;w gpuhd;]pd; gpujku; ------ Mthu;. tpil.fpsnkd;Nrh 7. -------- Mk; Mz;by; nyhf;fu;Ndh cld;gbf;if i fnaOj;jplg;gl;lJ. tpil: 1925 - k; Mz;L gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 8 III nghUj;Jf: 1. gpn u];l; - ypNlht ];f; cld;gbf;if - u~;ahTk; n[h;kdpAk; 2. [pq;Nfhaprk; - ,q;fpyhe;J 3. fkhy; ghl;rh - JUf;fp. 4. vk;ld; - nrd;id. 5. fz;zhb khspif - ntu;nra;y;];. VI r upahd $w;iwj; Nju;Tnra;aTk;: 1. 1.JUf;fpag; NguuR > ghy;fdpy ; JUf;fpauy;yhj gy ,d kf;fisf; n fhz; b Ue;jJ. 2.JUf;fp ikaehLfs; gf;fk; epd;W Nghupl; lJ 3 .R+ a]; fhy;thiaj; jhf;f JUf;fp Nkw;nfhz;l Ka w;rp Kwpabf;fg;gl;lJ. tpil: (<) 1.2.3 Mfpad rhp 2. $w;W: Mg;gpupf;fhtpy; FbNaw;wq;fis Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf INuhg;gp a ehLfs ; Nkw;nfhz;;l Kjw;fl;l Kaw;rp fs ; uj;jf;fsupahd Ng hu;fspy; Kbe;jd. fhuzk;: nrhe;jehl;L kf;fsplkpUe;J fLikahd vjpu;g;G ,Ue;jJ tpil : M. $w;W ru p> Md hy; fhuzk; $w;Wf;fhd tpsf;fk; my;y myF - 2 ,U cyfg;Nghu;fSf;F ,ilapy; cyfk ; I r upahd tpiliaj; Njh; T nra;aTk; : 1. ,j;jhyp ahUld; Nyl;lud; cld;gbf;ifiar; nra;J nfhz;lJ? tpil: ,.Nghg; 2. ahUila Mf;fpukpg;ghy; nkf;rpNfh ehfupfk; epiyFiye;J Nghapw;W? tpil: m.n`u;kd; Nfhu;l;]; 3. ngU ehl;il ahu; jq;fSila g Fjpfspy; xd;whf M f;fpf;nfhz;l du;? tpil: M.];ghdpau; 4. yj;jPd; mnkupf;fhTld; ̳ mz;il ehl;Lld; el;GwT‘ vDk; nfhs;ifiaf; filgpbj;j mnkupf;ff; Fba u Rj;jiytu; ahu;? tpil: m. gpuhq;f;spd; D &];nty ; l; 5.cyfj;jpd; ve;jg; gFj p lhyu; murpay; Vfh jp gj;jp aj;ij tpUk;gtpy;iy? tpil: M .yj;jPd; mnkupf;fh II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1.r%f [dehaf f; fl;rpia epWtpatu; ------ tpil : ngh;bdhd; l; yh];]y;y p 2.ehrpr fl;rpapd; gpur;rhuq;fSf;Fj; jiyikNaw;wtu ; --------- tpil : N[hrg; Nfhangy;]; 3.tpal;ehk; Njrpathjpfs; fl;rp ------ ,y; epWtg;gl;lJ. t pil : 1927 4.ehrpr n[h;kdpapd; ufrpaf; fhty;gil ------ --- vd miof;fg;gl;lJ tpil : nf]; l Ngh 5.njd;dhg;gpupf;f xd;wpak; ------ ----- Mk; Mz;;L Nk khjk; cUthdJ. tpil : 1910 gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 9 6.Mg;gphpf;f Njrpaf; fhq;fpu]; jiytuhd ney;rd; kz;Nlyh----------- Mz;Lfs; rpiwapy; milf;fg;gl;bUe;jhu; tpil: 27. 7.Nghau;fs; ---------- vd;Wk; miof;fg;gl;ldu;. tpil: Mg;gphpf;f Neh;fs;. III ngUj;Jf: 1.buhd;];thy; - jq;fk; 2.`p d;ld;gh;f; - n[h;kdp apd; FbauRj; jiyth; 3. %d;whk; nua;f; - `pl;yh;. 4 .khl;bNahl;b - ,j;jhyp. IV rupahd $w;iwj; Njh;T nra;f: 1 .i. Kjy; cyfg;Ng hupy; ,j ;jhypapd; Kjd;ikahd rthyhd gzp M];jpupah;fis njw;F Kid apy; epWj;jp itg;gjhFk;. ii ,j;jhypiaf; fhl;bYk; ePz;l f hyq;fop j;Nj n[u;kdp ghrprj;ijf; iff;nfhz;lJ iii mnkupf;fhtpy; kpfg;ngUk; gq;F r; re;ij tPo;r;rp 1929 Mk; Mz;L mf;Nlhgh; khjk; 24 Mk; ehspy; V w;gl;lJ iv. Mg;gphpf;f Njrpa fhq;fpurpd; kPjhdj; jil 1966,y; tpyf;fpf; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. t pil: ,. i.ii. Mfpait (rup) 2 .$w;W: 1884 — 85,y; eilngw;w ngu;ypd; fhydpa khehL fhydpahjpf;f rf;jpfs; Mg;gp f;fhitj; jq;fspd; nry;thf;F kz;lyq;fshfg; gpupj ;Jf; nfhs;syhk; vdj; jPu;khdpj;jJ. (rup) f huzk; : Mq;fpNyaUf;Fk;> Nghau;fSf ; Fk; njd;dhg;gpupf;fhtp;y; eilngw;w N ghu; ,j;jPu;khdj;jpw;F vjpu;g;ghdjhFk;(rup) t pil: m. $w;W> fhuzk; ,uz;LNk (rup) myF - 3 ,uhz;lhk; cyfg;Nghu;: I rupahd tpiliaj Njh;T nra;aTk; : 1.[g;ghd; ruziltjhf vg;NghJ Kiwg;gb ifnaO j;jpl;lJ? t pil: m. nrg;lk;gh; 2> 1945 2 gd;dhl;Lr; rq;fk; cUthf;fg;gLtjpy; Kd;Kaw;rp vLj;jtu; ahu;? t pil: ,. cl;Nuh tpy;rd;. 3.[g;ghdpaf; fg;gw;gil mnkupf;f fg;gw;gilahy; vq;Nf Nj h w;fbf;fg;gl;lJ? t pil: M. kpl;Nt Nghu; 4 mnkupf;fh jdJ Kjy; mZFz;il vq;Nf tPrpaJ? t pil: ,.`pNuh~pkh 5.`pl;yu; vtiu kpfTk; nfhLikg;gLj;jpdhu;? t pil: <. A+jh;fs; 6.n[u;kdpNahL kpA+dpr; cld;gbf;ifapy; ifnaO j;jp l;l gpupl;ld; gpujk h; ahu;? t pil: m. Nrk;gu;ypd; gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 10 7.vg;NghJ If;fpa ehLfs; rigapd; gl;la rhrdk; ifnaOj;jhdJ?; tpil: [{d; 26> 1945; II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. gil ePf;fk; nra;a g; gl; l --------- gFjpia `pl;yh; jhf;fpdhu;? tpil: iud;yhe;J. 2. ,j;jhyp > n[u;kdp > [g;ghd; Mfpatw;wpf;fpilN aahd xg;ge;jk; ----- vd miof;fg;gl;lJ. tpil: Nuhk; - ngh;ypd; - Nlhf;fpNah mr;R cld;gbf;iffs;. 3 .1940 ,y; uh[pdhkh nra;j gphp l;ld; gpujkh ; -------- Mthu;. tpil: Nrk;gh;ypd;. 4 -------- vd;gJ njhiytpypUe;Nj vjpupfspd; Nghu; tpkhdq;fisf; fz ;L gpbg;gjw;fhd xU fUtp tpil: Nulhh;. III nghUj;Jf : 1. gpspl;];fphpf; - kpd;dy; Ntfj ; jhf;Fjy; 2. uhay; fg;gw;gil - gp h pl;ld; 3. fld; Fj;jif - &];nty;l; 4. Nthy;fh - ]; lhyp d; fpNuL 5. f;thly;nfdhy; - rh y Nkhd; jPT. IV rupahd $w;iwj; Nju;T nra;f : 1. $w ;W: FbauRj;jiytu; &];nty;l; jdpj;jpUj;jy; nfhs;ifapypUe;J khw Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij cz h;e;jhu ;. fhuzk;: mtu; 1941,y; fld; Fj;jifj; jpl;lj;ij njhlq;fpdhu; t pil: m. $w;Wk; fhuzKk; (rup) myF - 4 , u z;lhk; cyfg;NghUf;Fg; gpe;ija cyfk; I rupahd tpiliaj; njup ;T nra;f : 1.ve;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;j mnkupf;ff; Fba u Rj;jiytu; nghJT ilikf; nfhs;if iaf; fl;Lf;Fs; mlf;f xU nfhs;if tiuit Kd;itj;jhu;? tpil: M. l;& nkd;. 2 rPdhtpy; kf;fs; murpay; fye;jha;T khehL vg;NghJ eilngw;wJ? tpil: <. nrg;lk;gh; 1944. 3 mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLk; mjd; INu h g;gpa Ner ehLfSk; Nrh;e;J Nrhtpaj; ehl;bd; Mf;f p ukpg;igj; jtpu;f;f Vw;gLj;jpa mikg;gpd; ngau ; --------- MFk; tpil: M. Ne l;Nlh. 4.ghy ];jPd tpLjiy ,af;fj;jpd; nraw;FO tpw;F 1969 ,y; jiytuhfg; gjtpNaw;wtu; ahu;? tpil: M. ahru; muhgj;. 5.t lf;F kw;Wk; njw;F tpa l;ehk; ve;j Mz;L xd;W Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ. tpil: M 1976. 6.ve;j Mz;L thu;rh xg;ge;jk; fiyf;fg;gl;lJ? tpil: <. 1991. gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 11 II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1. etPd rPdhtpd; je;ij vd;W miof;fg;gLgtu; -------- Mthu;. tpil: lhf;lh; rd; ahl; n rd;. 2.1918 ,y; ---- gy;fiy f; fo fj;jpy; khu;f;]paf; Nfhl;ghl;il mwpAk; mikg;G epWtg ; gl;lJ tpil: gPfpq;. 3. lhf;lu ; rd; ahl; nrd;dpd; kiwTf;F g; gpd;dh; Nfhkpd; lhq; fl;rpapd; jiytuhf ,Ue; jtu; ---------- Mthu;. tpil: ~pahq; - Nf - N~f ;. 4. m ikjpiaAk; ghJfhg;igAk; tpUk;gpa muGehLfSf;F jpwe;Nj ,Ue;j xg;ge;jk ; -------- MFk;. tpil: nrd;Nlh (m) ghf;jhj; cld;gbf;if 5.JUf;fpa muGg; Nguu ir Vw;gLj;Jk; Nehf;iff; nfhz;bUe;j xg ;ge;jk; ------ MFk;. tpil: ntu; r; nra ;y ;] ; 6.n[u;kdp Nel;Nlhtpy;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; -------- Mk; Mz;L ,ize;jJ. tpil: 1955 7.I Nu h g;g paf; FO kj;jpd; jiyikafk; -------- efupy; mike;Js;sJ. tpil: ];l;uh];gh;f;. 8.INuhg;gpa ,iz it cWjp nra;a 7 gpg;utup 1992 ,y; ifnaOj;jplg;gl;l xg;ge;jk; --------- MFk;. tpil: kh];l;bhp f; l; III nghUj;Jf: 1 lhf; lh; rd; ahl; n rd; - Nfh kpd ;lhq; 2. rpq;nkd; u P - njd; nf h h pah. 3. md;tu; rhjj ; - vfpg;J. 4. N`h rp kpd ; - tlf;F tpa l; ehk;. 5. epNfh bd; bak; - njw;F tpal;ehk; IV r upahd thf;fpak; / thf;fpaq;fisj; njupT nra;f: 1 I .fpof;F INuhg;ghtpy; 1948, y; Nrhtpaj;ehL epWtpa ,lJrhu p muRfis Nrhtpaj; ,uhZtk; tpLjiy nra;jJ. II .tlf;F ml;yhz;bf; gFjpapy; mik jpiaAk; ghJ fhg;igAk; cWjpnra;aNt Nel;Nlh cUthf;fgl;lJ. (rup) III rPl;Nlhtpd; cWg;G ehLfs; mg;gFjpapy; kf;fshl;rp gu T tij j; jLf;Fk; Nehf;NfhL nray;gl;lhu;fs;. (rup) tpil : M. i kw;Wk;II rup 2 .$w;W: mnkupf;fhtpd; khu;~y; jpl;lk; Nghupy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l INuhg;gpa ehLfspd; kWjPh;khd j;jpw;fhf Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ.(rup) fhuzk;: mnkupf;f ehL mj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; Nkw; F INuhg;gpa ehLfisj; jd; nry;thf;fp d; fPo; nfhz;Ltu epidj;jJ (rup) tpil: ,.$w;Wk; fhuzKk; rup .fhuzk; > $w;iw rupahf tpsf;F f p wJ. gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 12 myF – 5 19 – Mk; E}w;whz;by; r%f> rka rPu;jpUj;j ,af;fq;fs ; I r hpahd tpiliaj; Nju ;T nra;aTk;: 1.ve;j Mz;by; cld;fl;il VWjy; (rjp) xopf;fg;gl;lJ. tpil: M.1829 2.jahde;j ru];tjpahy; epWtg;ngw;w rkh[j;jpd; ngah; ahJ? tpil: m.Mupa rkh[k;. 3.ahUila gzpAk; ,af;fKk; > 1856Mk; Mz; ; L tpjit kWkz rPu;jpUj;jr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gLtj w;F topNfhyp aJ? tpil: m.<];tu; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfu;. 4 ‘ uh];l;‘ Nfhg;jhu; ahUila Kof;fk;? tpil: m.ghu;rp ,af;fk; 5.ehk;;;;;;;jhup ,af;f j;ij cUthf;fpatu; ahu;? tpil: M.ghgh uhk;rp q;. 6.tpjit k W kzr; rq;fj;ij Vw;gLj;;;;;;;;;;;jpatu; ahu;? tpil: m. kfh Njt; Nfhtpe;j uhdNl 7.‘ rj;ahu;j; j gpufh~;‘ vDk; E}ypd; Mrpupau; ahu;? tpil: m.jahde;j ru];tjp. II Nfhbl;l ,l q; fis epug;Gf: 1. --------- rkur Ntj rd;khh;f;f rq;fj;ij epWtpdhu;. tpil: uhkypq;f mbfs;(m)ts;syhh;. 2.GNd ru;t[dpf; rghit epWtpatu; -------- tpil: k fh Njt Nfhtpe;j uhdNl. 3.Fyhk;fphp E}iy vO jpatu; -------- tpil: N[hjp ghGNy 4.,uhkfpU~;zh kp~d; ------------ My; epW tg;gl;lJ. tpil: Rthkp tpNtfhde;ju ; 5. ----- mfhyp ,af;fj;jpd; Kd;Ndhbahd mikg;ghFk;. tpil: rpq; rgh 6. ̳ xU igrh j; jkpod;‘ gj;jpupf;ifia j; Jtf;fpatu; ------- Mthu ;;; ; tpil: mNahj;jp jhrh; (1907) y; III nghUj;Jf: 1. xU igrh jkpod; - gj;jph pf;if 2. jpUt U l; gh - [PtfhUz;ag; ghly;fs;. 3. ghgh jahs;jh] ; - epu q;f h p ,af;fk;. 4. <];th ; re;jpu tpj;ahrhfh; - tpjit kWkz rPh;jpUj;jr; rl;lk;. 5. NjNte;jpu ehj ; - Mjp gpuk;krkh[k; IV r upahd $w;iwj; Nju ;e;njLf;fTk;: 1. i ,uh[h uhk;Nk hfd; uha; xU flTs; Nfh l; gh l;il Nghjpj;jhu;. ii mth; cUt topghl;il Mjhpj;jhh;. iii r%f j; jPik fisf; fz;ldk; nra;tij vjph; j;J mtu; rpw;NwL f is ntspapl;lhu;. gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 13 iv ,uh[h uhk ; Nkhfd; ; uha; ftu;du; tpy;ypak; ngz;bq;fhy; Mjupf;f g;gl;lhu; tp il:<. I > III Mf pad rup. 2. I gpuh u; j;jid rkh[k; lhf;lu; M j;khuhk; ghz;Luq;fhy; epWtg;ngw;w J (rup) ii. ,e;j rkh[k; midj;Jr; rhjpapdUk; gq;Nfw;Fk; rkge;jpfisAk; rhjpf;fyg;Gj; jpUkzq;fisAk; Cf;Ftpj;jJ (rup ) iii .N[hjpghG+Ny Mz;fspd; Nkk;ghl;bw;fhfg;;;;;;;;; gzpahw;wp dhu; (jtW) iv gpuhu;j;jid rkh[k; gQ;rhigg; gpwg;gplkhff; nfhz;lJ. (jtW) tp il: ,.I >II Mfpad rup. 3.i .,ukhfpU ~;zh kp~d; fy;tp > cly;eyk;> Nghplu;fspd; NghJ epthuzg;gzp n ra;jy; Nghd;w r %fg;gzpfspy; nrayh f;fj ;J ld; tpi jit fSf;fhd tpLjpfisAk; jpwe;jhu; f huzk; : N[hjpgh G+Ny Foe;ijj; jpUkzj;ij vjp u;j;jhu;> tpjit kWkzj;ij Mjupj;jhu; tp il: M.$w;Wrup fhuzk; $w;Wf;Fg; nghUj;j khdjhf cs;sJ. myF – 6 Mq ;fpNya Ml;rpf;F vjpuhf jkpofj;jpy; epfo;e;j njhlf;ffhy fpsu;r;rpfs; I rupahd tpiliaj; Nju;T nra;aTk;: 1.fpof;fpe;jpa fk; n gdpapd; ehLg p bf;Fk; Miria Vj pu;j;J epd;w Kjy; ghis af;fhuh; ahu;? tpil: M. G+ypj;Njth;. 2.r e;jh rhfpg;gpd; %d;W Kftu;fNshL k; neUq;fpa el;gpid Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;ltu; ahu ; ? tpil: ,. G+ yp j;Njth;. 3.rptR g;ukzpadhu; vq;F J}f;fpyplg;gl;lhu;? tpil: M.ehfyhGuk; 4. jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp Nguwpf;if ( Rje;jpug; gpufl dj;ij ) ntsp ap l;ltu; ahu;? tpil: m. kUJ r Nfhjuu; fs;. 5.NtY}u; Gul;rp vg;NghJ ntbj;jJ? tpil: ,. 1806[{iy 10 6.NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapy; Gjpa ,uhZt tpjpKiwfis mwpKfg;gLj;jf; fhuzkhapUe;j jiyik jsgjp ahu;? tpil: ,. rh; [hd; fpu h l f;. 7.NtY}u; Gul;rpf;Fg; gpd; jpg;G Ry;jhdpd; kfd;fs; vq;F mDg;gg;gl;lhu;fs;? gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 14 tpil: m.fy;fj;jh. II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1.ghisaf;fhuu; Kiw jkpofj;jpy; ------- vd;gtuhy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. tpil: tp];t ehj e haf;fh;. 2.NtYehr; rpahUk; mtuJ kfSk; vl;lhz;Lfshf ------- ghJfhg;gpy; ,Ue;jdu;. tpil: Nfhghy ehaf;fh;. 3.fl;lnghk;kd; ruzilaf; NfhUk; jftiyj; njhptpf;f ghndu;nkd; ------- vd; ; gtiu mDg;gpitj;jhu;. tpil: ,uhkypq;f dhh;. 4.fl;lnghk;kd; --------- vd;w ,lj;jpy; J}f;f p yplg;gl;lhu;. tpil: faj;jhW. 5. kUJ rNfhjuu;fspd; Gul;rp gpupl;b ~; Fwpg;Gfspy ; ---- tifg;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. tpil: ,uz;lhk; ghisaf;fhuh; Nghh;. 6 --------- vd;gtu; Gul;rpf;fhuh; fshy; NtY}u; Nfhl;ilapd; Gjpa R y;jhdhf mwptpf;fg;gl;lhu;. tpil: /gNj f; i`jh; III nghUj;Jf: 1.jPu;j;jfphp - xlhepiy. 2.Nfhghy ehaf;fh ; ; - jpz;Lf;fy; 3.ghndh; nkd; - ,uhkypq;fdhu;. 4.RNgjhh ; N~f; Mjk; - NtY}h ; Gul;rp. IV $w;iwj; Njh;T nra;f: 1.i. ghisaf;fhuu; Kiw fhfjP Pag; Nguu rpd; eilKiwapy; ,Ue; ; jJ. II ehdh rhfpg;gpd; ,wg;gpw;F gpd; G+ypj;Njtu; new;fl;Lk; nr t iy 1764 , y; kPz;Lk ; ifg;gw;wpdhu;. iii .fk;ngdp epu;thfj;jpw;F jfty; mspf;fhky; ghisaf;fhuu;fNshL Ngr;Rthu;j;ijapy; i `ju; m yp kw;Wk; g pnuQ;Rf;fhuu;fspd; cjtpia Kad;whu;. f huzk;;;;;;;;; : kuhj;jpau;fNshL Vw;fdNt njhlu; Nghu;fspy; vdpDk; fhuzk;> $w;iwr; rupahf tpsf;ftpy;iy. myF - 7 fhydpaj;Jf;F vjpuhd ,af;fq;fSk;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; Njrpaj;jpd; Nj h w;wKk;. I r upahd tpiliaj; Nju;T nra;aTk; : 1.1818 Mk; Mz;L fpof;F t q;fhsj;jpy; `h[p ~up ; a Jy;yh fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; vjidj; njhl q;fpdhu;? tpil: M. /guhrp ,af;fk;. 2. ‘ epyk; flTSf;Fr; nrhe;jk;‘ vd;W mwptpj;jJld; epyj;jpd; kPJ tupt p jpg;gNjh thlif tR+ypg;gNjh ,iwr; rl;lj;jpw;F vjpuhdJ vd;W $wpatu; ahu;? tpil: ,. L L kpahd; 3.epue;juf; FbapUg;gpd; fPo; [ kPd;fis cUth f ;Fk; jpl;lj;jpd;gb jq;fs; nrhe;j epyj;ij tpl;L tpul;lg;gl;ltu;fs; ahu;? tpil: m. rhe;jyh; fs;. 4 .fPo;f;fz;Nghhp y; jPtpu Njrpathjp ahu;? tpil: ,. gpgpd; re;jpughy ;. 5. tq;fg;gpuptpid ve;j ehspy; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.? tpil: <. 1905 m f;Nlhgh ; 16. 6.Nrhl;lh ehf;G+h; Fj;jifr; rl;lk; ve;j g; gpd;dzpapy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ. tpil: ,.Kz;lh fpsu;r;rp. 7.1916 Mk; Mz;L Vg;u ypy; jd;dhl;rp ,af;fj;ij Kjypy; njhlq;fpatu; ahu;? tpil: <. jpyfh; 8.ePy; ju;gd; ehlfk ; %ykhf ,z;bNfh gapupLk ; tpt r hapfspd; ,d;dy;fs; Fwpj;J Mq;fpNyaupd ; ftdj;Jf;F nfhz;L nrd;wtu; ahu;? tpil: m. jPd ge;J kpj;uh. II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1.kd;duhl;rpf;Fk; epyRthd;jhuu;fSf;Fk; vjpuhd -------- ,af;fk; 1827 Mk; Mz;L thf;fpy; njhlq; f g;gl;lJ. tpil: t`hgp. 2.Nrhl;lhehf;G+u; gFjp apy; ele;j kpfg; ngu pa goq;Fb apdu; fps u;r;rp ------- tpil: Nfhy; fpsh; r;rp. 3. Nrhl;lh ehf;G+u; rl;lk; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l Mz;L -------- ( tpil: 1908) 4 cNk~ ; re;jp u ghd u ; [p ,e;jpa Njrpa fq;fpu]pd; jiytuhfj; Nju ;e ;njLf;fg;gl;l Mz;L ------- ( tpil: 1885. ) III nghUj;Jf: 1.t`hgp fpsh;r;rp - bL kPh; 2.Kz;lh fpsh;r;rp - uhQ;rp 3.Ngfk; `];uj; k` hy; - yf;Ndh 4. ehdhrhfpg; - Ng~;th ,uz;lhk; gh [puht; gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 16 IV r upahd $w;iwj; Nju;T nra;aTk;: 1. I .kPh; [hguplk; ,Ue;J 2 NfhbNa 25 yl;r &ghia thq;fpa fpof;F ,e;jpa fk; n gdp mjid gpupl;ldpy; njhopw;Gul;rp Nkk;gl KjyP L nra; ; jJ II 1831 - 1832 Mk; Mz;L muR mjpfhupfs; kw;Wk; fld;nfhLg;NghUf;F vjpuhd fpsu; r;rpiaf; Nfhy; kf;fs; xUq;fpize;jdu; III. 1855 Mk; M z;by; rhe;jyu; fpsu;r;rpf;F rp j;J> fZ Mfpa ,uz;L rhe;jyu; rNfhjuu;fs; jiyik Vw;wd h; IV. 1879Mk; Mz;by; rhe;jyu;fs; trk; ,Ue; j gFjp fis xoq;FKiwg;gLj;j xU rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ. tpil: m. I II kw; Wk; III rupahdit. 2 .I .fhydp a Ml;rp gw;wpa nghUshjhu tpku; ;rdj;ijr; nra;jJ Mu k;gfhy ,e;jp a Njrpathjp fspd; kpf Kf;fpa khd gq;fspg;Gfspy; xd;whFk;. II ,e;jpahtpy; tWik mjp fh pf;f rka uPjpapyhd Ruz;lNy kpf Kjd;ik ahd fhuzk; vd;W Muk;gfhy fhq;fpu];;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; jiytu;fs; njhptpj;jdu;. III. Rauh [;[pak; my;yJ jd;dhl;rpia vl;LtN j kpjNjrpathj fhq;fpu]; jiy t u;fspd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspy; xd;whf ,Ue;jJ IV .t q;fhsj;jpd; Mjpf;fj;ij Fiwg;gijAk; Njrp athj ,af;fj;ij tYt pof;fr; nra;tijAk; Fwpf;Nfhsff; nfhz;L tq;fg; gpuptpid ele;jJ. tp il. M. I >II > kw;Wk ; ; IV > rh pahdit. 3 .$w;W : ,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; Kjd;Kiwahf fhydp Ml; rpapd; fPo; muR tdq;fspd; kPJ N eub jdpAupikiaf; NfhupaJ. f huzk;: ,z;bNfh tptrhak; nra;AkhW tptrhap f is epu;g;ge;jpf;f njhopy; nra;Nthu; kpul;ly; kw;Wk; td;Kiwia ifahz;ldu;. tpil: m. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uz;LNk rup Mdhy; fhuzk; $w;Wf;fhd rup ahd tpsf;fk; ,y;iy 4 $w;W : gphpl; b~; muR 1857 Mk; Mz;bd; ngUk; Gul;rpia ,Uk;Gf;fuk; nfhz;L mlf;fpaJ. f huzk; : ikag;gLj;jg;gl;l epu;thfk; ,y;yhjjhy; fpsu;r;rp Njhy;tp fz;lJ. (rup t pil: ,. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,uhz;LNk rup mj;Jld; fhuzk; $w;iwf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fkhFk; myF - 8 Njrpak;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; fhe;jpa fh yfl;lk;: I rupahd tpiliaj; Njh;T nra;aTk;: 1. mkpu;jru]py; nusyl; rl;lk; vj p h;g;Gg; Nghu h l;lq;fspd; NghJ ifJ nra;ag;gl;ltu; ahu;? tpil: M. lhf;lh; ir/GjPd; fpr; Y. 2.,e;jpa Njrpa fh q;fpu rpd; ve;j mku;tpy; xj;Jioahik ,af ; fj;Jf;F mDkjp toq;fg;gl;l J? tpil: ,. fy;f j;jh 3.tpLjiy ehshf fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; ve;j ehs; mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ? tpil: m.1930 [dth p. 26. 4.KjyhtJ tdq;fs; rl;lk; ve;j Mz;by; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ? gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 17 tpil: ,.1865. 5.1933 [dtup; 8 ve;j ehshf mDrhpf;fg;gl;lJ.? tpil: m.Nfhtpy; EioT ehs;. 6.khfhz jd;dhl;rpia mwpKfk; nra;j rl;lk; vJ?. tpil: <. ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; -1935. II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1.fhe;jpa bfspd; murpay; FU -------- Mthu;. tpil: Nfhghy fpU~;z NfhfNy. 2.fpyhgj; ,af;fj;Jf;F -------- ---- jiyik Vw;whu;. t pil: fhe;jpabfs; 3. 1919 Mk; Mz;bd; ,e;jpa muRr; rl;lk; khfhzq;fspy; ---------- mwpKfk; nra;jJ. tpil: ,ul;il Ml;rp Kiw. 4. tlNkw; ;F vy;iy khfhz j;jpy ; rl;lkWg;G ,af;fj;ij jiyikNaw;W elj;jpatu; ------- tpil: fhd; mg;Jy; f ghh; fhd;. 5.rpWghd;ikapd u; kw;Wk ; xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpdUf;F jdp j; njhFjpfis toq;Fk; ------- I uhk;Nr nkf;nlhdhy;L mwptpj;jhu;. tpil: tFg;Gthhp xJf;fPl;il. 6. ---------- vd;gtu; nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fj;jpd;NghJ fhq;fpu]; thndhypia jpiukiwth f nray;gLj;jpdhu;. tpil: c~h Nkj;jh. III nghUj;Jf: 1 .nusy l; rl;lk; - fUg;Gr; rl;lk;. 2. xj;Jioahik ,af;fk; - gl;lq;fisj; jpUk ; ; g xg;g il j;jy; 3.1919Mk; Mz;b d; ,e;jpa muR rl;lk ; - ,ul;il Ml;rp 4.,e;jpa nghJTil ik fl;rp - M.N .uha;. 5. 16 Mf];l;1946 - Neub eltbf;if ehs; IV r upahd $w;iwj; Nju;T nra;aTk;: 1. I .,e;jpa nghJTilik fl;rp 1920 Mk; Mz;L jh~;fz;by; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. II.M .rpq;fhuNtyu; fhd;G+u; rjpj;jpl;l tof;fpy; tprhuizf;F cl;gL j;jg;gl;lhu; III .n[agpufh~; ehuha z ;> Mr;rhu;a eNue;jpu Njt;> k p D krhdp MfpNahu; jiyikapy; fhq;fpu]; nghJTilik fl;rp cUthdJ. IV nts;isaNd ntspN aW Nghul;lj ;jpy; nghJTilik thjpfs; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy tpil: <. I .II .kw;Wk; III rupahdJ. 2 $w;W: fhq;fpu]; KjyhtJ tl;lNkir khehl;by; fy e;Jnfhz;lJ. f huzk;: fhq;fpu]; ,uz;lhtJ tl;l Nkir khe h l;b y; fye;Jnfhs;s fhe;jp ,u ; tpd; xg;ge;jk; toptif nra;jJ tp il. ,. $w;W jtwhdJ Mdhy; fhuzk; rupahdJ. 3 .$w;W: fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruitf s ; 1939 Mk; Mz;L gjtp tpyfpd. f huzk; : f h q;fpu]; mikr;ruitfis MNyhrpf;fhky; ,e;jpahtpd; fhydp Mjpf;f muR Nghupy; gq;Nfw;wJ. tp il: <. $w;W kw;Wk; fhuzk; ,u z;Lk; rupahdJ kw;Wk; fhuzk; $w;Wf;fhd rupahd tpsf;fk; MF k;. gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 18 myF - 9 jkpo;ehl;by; tpLjiyg; Nghu h l;lk; I rupahd tpili a j; Nju;T nra;aTk; : 1.nrd;id kf h[d rigapd; Kjy; jiytu; ahu;? tpil: M. p u q;ifah. 2.,e;jpa Njrpa f hq;fpurpd; %d;whtJ khehL/ mku;T vq;Nf eilngw;wJ ? t pil: <.Mapu k; tpsf;F. 3. ‖ mj p etPd trjpfSld; $ba uapypy; mbikf shf ,Ug;gij tpl Rje;jpuj;Jld ; $ba khl;L tz;bNa rpwe;jJ‖ vdf; $wpahtu; ahu;? tpil: m.md;dpngrd;l; 4.fPo;f;f hz;gtu;fSs; Rauh[;[p athjp ahu;? tpil: m. S rj;jpa %u;j;jp 5.nrd;idf;fUNfAs;s cja t dj;j py; rj;ahfpuf Kfhik mikj;jtu; ahu;? tpil: <.T gpufhrk; 6.,e;jp vjpu;g;G khehL vq;Nf elj;jg;ngw;wJ ? tpil: ,.Nryk;. II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;G f: 1.nrd;id cau; ePjpkd;wj;jpy; gzpaku;j;jg;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpa ePjpgjp ----------- Mthu;. tpil: T. Kj;Jrhkp. 2. ---------- v Dk; ufrpa mikg;ig ePyfz;l gpuk;k r; rhup njhlq;fpdhu;. tpil: khj u; rq;fk;. 3 nrd;idapy; KjyhtJ fhq;fpu]; mikr;ruitia mikj;jtu;. -------- tpil: uh[h[p 4 ---------- K];yPk; yPf;fpd; nrd;idf; fpisia cUthf;fpatuhthu;. tpil: ahFg; `rd;. 5 1932 [dtup 26,y; ----------- Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;ilap y ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; c r;rp a py;; Njrpaf ; nfhbia Vw;wpdhu;. tpil: gh~;ak;. III nghUj;Jf: 1.nrd;id thrpfs; rq;fk; - rpj;jputij Mizak; 2.<. nt .uh - itf ; fk; tPuu;. 3 .S.N Nrhikah [{ Y - ePy; rpiyia mfw; Wjy; 4. Ntjhuz;a k; - cg;G rj;jpahfpufk;. 5.jhsKj;J - ,e;jp vjph;g;Gg; Nghuhl;lk;. IV r upahd $w;iwj; Nju;T nra;aTk; : 1.I. nrd;idthrpfs; rq;fk; 1852 ,y; epWtg;gl;lJ. II .jkpopy; ntspte;j Njrpag; gUt ,johd RNjrkpj;jpud; 1891 , y; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. III .Fbikg;gzpj; Nju;Tfs; ,e;jp ahtpy; kl;LNk elj;jg; ; g lNtz;Lnkd nrd;id kfh[d rig NfhupaJ. IV. V.S rPdpthrdhu ; xU jPtpu Njrpathjpahthu; gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 19 tpil: m. I kw;Wk; II. Mfpait rup. 2.I .xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy; ngupahu; gq;Nfw;ftpy;iy. II .K];ypk; yPf;ifr; Nru;e;j ah $g; `rDld; ,uh[h[p neUf;fkhfg; gzpahw;wpdhu; III .xj;Jioahik ,af;fj;jpy; njhopyhsu;fs; fye;J nfhs;stpy;iy IV .jkpo;ehl;by; fs;Sf; filfSf;F Kd;ghf kwpay; nra;ag;gltpy;iy. t pil: ,.II kl;Lk; rup. myF - 10 jkpo;ehl;by; r %f khw;wq;fs ; I r upahd tpiliaj; Nju;T nra;aTk; : 1. 1709 - , y; juq;fk;ghbapy; ----------- xU K Oikahd mr;rfj;ij epWt p dhu;. tpil. ,. rPfd; ghy;F. 2.1893 ,y; Mjp jpuhtpl k f h[d rigia --------- epWtpdhu;. tpil : m.,ul;ilkiy rPdp thrd;. 3. ,e;jpahtpd; ed;F x Oq ;fikf; fg;gl;l njhopw;rq;fk; ----- ,y; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. tpil : m.1918. 4. muR mjpfhupfisj; Nju;T nra;a ---- - ePjpf; fl;rpahy; epW t g;ngw;wJ. tp il : m.gzpahsh; Njh;T thhpak; 5.nrd;id khfhz j;jpy > ; xLf;fg;gl;l tFg;gpypUe;J Kjd; Kiwahfr; rl; lNkyitf; F Njh;e;njLf;fg;gl;ltu;. tpil : m.vk;.rp. uh[h. II Nfhbl;l ,lq;fis epug;Gf: 1.Kjd; Kjyhf mr;Nrwpa INuhg;gpa nkhop my;yhj nkhop ----- MFk;. tpil: jkpo;. 2.Gdpj [hu;[; Nfhl;ilf; fy;Y}upia cUthf;fpa tu; ------------ Mtu ; tpil: F.W .vy;yp];. 3. ---------- jkpo; nkhopap a y; J}a;ik thjj;jpd; j e;ijnadf; fUjg;gLfpwhu;. tpil: kiwkiy mbfs;. 4.Nju;jy; murpaypy; ngz;fs;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ; gq;Nfw;gij Kjypy; mq;fPf upj;jJ -------- MFk;. tpil: ePjpf;fl ;rp. 5.R+ upa ehu h az rh];jpup vDk; ngau; ------ vd khw;wk; ngw;wJ. tpil: gh pjpkhw; fiyQu;. 6. ---------- jkpo;; ,irf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLj;jhu;. tpil: gpufhrk ; 7.,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; n gz; rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu; --------- Mthu;. tpil:Kj;Jyl;Rkp mk;ikahh; III n ghUj;Jf: 1.jpuhtpl u; ,y;yk ; - eNlrdhh ;. 2.njhopyhsd; - rpq;fhuNtyh; 3.jdpj; jk po; ,af;fk; - kiwkiy abfs;. 4.[P tpa rhpj R Uf;fk ; ; - ,ul;ilkiy rP Dthrd;. gj;jhk; tFg;G r%f mwptpay;. khd;rp ifL Page 20 IV rupahd IV > $w;iwj;Nju;T nra;;;;;;;;;aTk;: I njhlf;ffhy jkpo; ,yf ;fpa E}y;fsp y; xd;whd jpUf;Fws; 1812 ,y; ntspaplg;gl;lJ II .gidNahiyfspy; vOjg;ngw;w gy;NtW jkpo; ,yf;fz ,yf;fpa ifnaOj;Jg; gpujpfis kiwkiyabfs; Nrfupj;Jj; njhFj;jhu;. III .,u h gh; l; fhy;Lnty; jpuhtpl nkhopfSf;Fk; rk];fpUjj;jpw;Fk; ,ilapy; ,y;y hj xg;Gik > jpuhtpl nkhopfS f;fpilNa neUf;fkhf epyTtij ep& gpj ;jhu ; jkpop d; njhd;iikiaAk; ep& gpj;jhu;. IV jpU.tp.fy;ahzRe;juk; njhopy; rq;f ,af;fj;jpd; njhlf; f fhy Kd;Ndhbahf ,Ue;jhu;. tp il: M. I .III .Mfpad rup. 2). $w;W: nrd;id khfhzj;jpy; 1920 Kjy; 1937 tiu ePjpf;fl;rp njhlu;e;J Ml;rpa p y; ,Ue;jJ. f huzk ;: ,f;fhyfl;lj;jpy; ,ul;ilahl;rpf;F vjpuhf fhq;fpu]; fl;rp rl;lkd;wj;ijg; Gwf;fzpj;jJ. tpil:m.fhuzk;> $w;W Mfpa it rup Gtpapay; myF - 1 ,e;jpah – miktplk;> ep yj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;G. I rupahd t p iliaj; Nju ;T nra;f: 1.,e;jpahtpd; tlf;F njw;F guty;. tpil: ,.3214fp.kP. 2.gPfhupd; Jauk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; MW. tpil: ,.Nfhrp. 3.%d;W gf;fk; e Puhy; R+og;gl;l gFjp -------- vd miof;fg;g LfpwJ. tpil: , .jPg f w;gk;. 4.ghf; ePh; r;re ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; ;;;;;;;;jp kw;;Wk; kd;dhu; tisFlh ------- I ,e;jpahtplkpUe;J gpupf;fpwJ. tpil: ,.,yq;if. 5.njd;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;dpe;jpahtpd; kpf caukhd rpfuk; ----------- tpil: , .Mid Kb. 6.gioa tz;ly;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;; gbTfshy; cUthd rkntsp -------- tpil: ,.ghq;f h ; 7.goNtw; fhL Vup ------------ khepyq;fSf;fpilNa mike;Js;sJ. tpil: <.jkpo;ehL kw;Wk; Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;. II nghU j;Jf: 1. r hq;Ngh - g p uk;kGj;jpuh 2. aKid - fq;if Mw;wpd; Jiz MW 3. Gjpa tz;ly; gbTfs; - fhjh; 4. fhl;tpd; M];bd; ( k 2) - ,e;jpahtpd; cau;e;j rpfuk;. 5. Nrho kz;lyf;flw;fiu - njd;fpof;F flw;fiu r; rkntsp.

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