in ft^/erirt pam r,f TAR En-latiJ. In the ytsr 173 ' 1, l^ie earl r 31 2 of 1 T A RGUM. a TAR name piven to the Chsldce par3'^1lra^il! ^f 1 DunJ'jnald olitaincd a patent for cxtraCb"ii;;T ta"" fto^ pi'- the books ot the Old Teltament. They are called p^irj.'^' cnal by a nsw procefs 0*' liiftillation (fee Coal, patjc So-)- pijrafesor exp.ifuhns, becaufe they are r.llher comments and Great hopts were entertained of the value of this dlfco- explicationn than literal tranflationj of the text. They are ^ery, but we liave not heard that it has- anfwtred expec- writtem in the Chaldee tongue, which became familiar to the tation. Jews after the time of their captiv^ity in Bibylon, and wa« Tar, which is wdl knf>wn for its economical uTes, is. pro- more k-.own to them than the Hcbiew iifelf. fjo that perly an empyreumatic oil o(' turpentine, and hasbrcn much when the Hebrew text was read in the fynagogue, or in the -ufcd ad a medicine hoth internally ar.d externally (fee Phis.- temple, they generally added to it an explication in the jt\CY-/nJi'x.'^. Tai-watcr, or water impieonafed with the Chaldee tongue for the fervice of the people, who had but more folnble parts of tr.r, was formerly a popular remedy. a very imperfeft knowled.'c of the Hebrew tongue. It ii See PHARMArv, n'' 40c. prob.ihle, that eten from the time of E7ra cnftom be- this TiVRANTC), Tarektum. a l-a port town the ancient can, fince this learm-d fcriiie, rc.idin'; the law to th.e people of Italv, in the the Ttna de kin-idom of Naples, and in in the temple, explained it. with the other priefts that were Otiarto. It is a ftrong and popul-ius plaice, with an arch- with him, to make it uiiderftood by the people (Nehcm. >ii;> op's fet, and the title o- a principality. It is feat el on viii. 7 9).— a peninfulJi and is defended by a ftrong callle ; but the har- But thourh the cuilom of making thefe forts of cxpofi* Tjour is choaked up. E. Loni;. 17. N. Lat. 4c. 3 r. zi). tions the Clialdee lant^nnge be very ancient among the ill TAKAN TUL.A, a fpecies oF Arant a, fo called from Hebrews, yet have they no written psraphrafes or largiirai Taranto, the place where they are faid to abound. See before the era of Onkclosand Jonathan, who lived about th« ARANr.Aj.'prcifS 13. time (,f our Saviour. Jonathan is'placed about ^oy.ears be- TAR ASCON, an ancient, populous, and handfoire town fore Chrift, under the reign of Herod the Great. Oiikelns it ofyiance, in iht department of the Mouths of the Rhone, fomething more modern. The tar>um ot Onkclos is the and late province or Provei'ce, with a well-built caftle, fcst- mofl of all eileemed, and copies are to be found in which it «d on the river Rhone, oppofitp Beaucaire, with whic!i it is inferted verle for verfe with the Hebrew. It is fo fhort communicates bv a brid^^e of boats. Its corrmerce confifts and fo fimple, th.it it cannot be fufpef^ed of beinqr corrupted. in oil, b'.andv, ftarch, and llulTs that are much warn, one This paraphrall wrote only uporv the books of Mofcs aihl ; furt being of coarle filk. and the other ot the fame mr.tcrial his llyle approaches nearly to the purity of the Chaldee, a$ and wool. It is 10 milts north of Aries, and ^75 fouth by it is found in Daniel an.1 Ezra. This tarvjum is quoted ia call of Paris. E. Long, 4. 4-?. N. Lat.43. 46. the miina, but was not known cither to Eiifcbius, St Je- TARAZONA, a ilrong^ tov,-n of Spain, in the kingdom rome, or Or!;!en. of Arragon, and on the frontiers ot Old Callile, with a bi- The targum of Jonathan fon of Uziel is upon the greater Ihoo's fee. It is feated partly on a rock, and partly in a and lefer prophets. He is much more diffufe than Oukelos, fertile pl^in, on the river Chiles. It was taken from the and efpecially upon the Icirer prophets, where he takes great 'Moors in I 1 10. W. I,on:r. i. 26. N. Lat. 41. lO. liberties, and runs on in alle/ories. His tlyle is pure enough, TARCHON\NTHU.S, ilea base, in botany: A ^e- and approaches pretty near to the Chaldee of Gnkelos. It it mi8 of plants belo^iiing to the clsfs o^. fyngenrpa, and to thought that the Jewilh doclors who lived above 7C0 yeart the order of po/ygnmia t^ualls ; and in the natural fvllem after him made fonie additions to him. ranging under the 49th order, Compofltt. 'ihe receptacle 'Ihe tar.nim of Joftph the B!ind is upon the Hagiogra. is villous, and the pappus plumy : the calyx is monophyl- pha. This author is much more modern, and lifs efteemed lous, turbinated, and haU divided into feven fei^ments. There than thofe we have now mentioned. He has written upoa are only three fpeciv.s known ; the camphoralus, glaier, and the Pfalms, Job, the Piovcrbs, the Canticles, Ecclefiailes, ericotdes . Ruth, and Edher. Ilis llyle is a very corrupt Chaldee, TARE, is an alloTPtince for the out fide pncka^e that with a great mixture of woiils from foreign languages. contains fuch gpodj as cannot be unpacked without de- The targum of Jeruialem 13 only upon the Pentateuch j triment ; or for the papers, threads, bands, Sec. that in- nor is that entire or perfect. There are whole vcrfes want- clofe or bind any goods imported loofe or thaugh import- ; ing, others tranlpoled, otl-.ers mutilated ; which has made' ed in cades, chefts, &c. yet cannot be unpacked and wcigh- many of opinion that this is only a fragment of fom.e ancient «d neat. paraphrafe that is now loft. There is no targum upon 'Cart, or vETca. SceViriA. . Daniel, or upon the books of Ezra and Nehemi;;h. T.AROET, a kind of ihield or weapon of defence made Thefe targums are of grot ufe for the better underftand« ufe of by the ancients. ing not only of the Old 1 eftamcnt, on which they arc writ* TARGJON'IA, in botany; a ?-enus of plants belonsr. ten, but alfo of the New. As to the Old Teflament, they fng to the tlals of cryplo^tJmia, and natural order of t'/gf. ferve to vindicate the genuinenefs of the prefent Hebrew The calyx is bivalved, including a globular body. There text, by proving it to he the lame that was in ufe whetl is only one fpecies ( the kyfmphyHa, which is a native of thefe targums were made, contrary to the opinion of thofe Great Britain. Ilie hypophylla, or vetch tarprionia, has who think the Jews corrupted it alter our Saviour's time. leaves about a quarter of an inch loufr, of a hcart-lTiape, in- They help to explain many words and phrafcs in the He- Ttrted, and growing proftratc in a clump toi^ether: their brew original, and they hand down to us many of the an- upper tun ace is jireen, covered with whitiih papillx, and cient cuftoms of the Jews. And fome of them, with the their lower furface is black. The fructification grows at phrafeologies, idioms, and peculiar forms of fpeech, which the great end of the leaf 011 the lower Jide, and confiits of we find in them, do in many iiiftances help as much fof two concave valves or hemifphercs, of a reddilh black colour, the better illullration and better underftanding of the Ne«r indofmg a chocoUte-coloured globule, refembling the feed Teftameut as of the Old j tlie Jcrufalem Chaldee dialeft, iH of n of a yellow powder. The leaves in- tare or vetch, full which they are written, being the vulgar language of the creafe by fhooting out young offsets from their fides like Jews in our Saviour's time. They alfo very much fcrve the the polypus. This plant is found in the north of England, Chriftiaricaufe againit the Jews, by interpreting many of the aad near the Tarbet of Caotir* ixi Scotland. prophecies ol' the Mefiiah in tke Old Teftameat in the fame rr.anner' ; manner as the Chriftians do. TAR Many inftances are [3 13 The produced ] TAR priRcipal mountains, or rather chains of mountains, Tjrafy. le to this purpofe by Dr Prideaiix in his ConneQ. of tht Hijl. found in this part of Great Tartary, may be divided into ~"> ^ ,of the Old and Neiu Tejl. vol. iv. p. 777, &c. three clafles : thofe which run along; the northern bor- firft, Thefe targnms ate publifhed to the beft advanta,7e in the ders of it ; and though perhaps not always contiguous, or fecond edition of the great Hebrew Bible fet forth at Ba- of the fame denomination, go under the general name of fil by Buxtorfthe father, annr) 1610; for he has rectified Ulug Tiig, or Dag, that is, the Great Mountuin. Secondly, the Chaldee text, and reformed the vowel pointin;^s in it : thofe which make the fouthern bounds, and are called the targunis havin.T at firft been written without vowel Kkhug T'ig, or the LeJ'cr Mountain. The third great points, which were afterwaids added very erroneoufly by chain ig called Mount Allay, lying nearly in the middle, foxe Jews. between the Cafpian Sea and Eaftern Tartary, and ex- T.VRIF, a table or catalogue containing' the names of tending between the other two, in about the i iGth degree different forts of merchandize, with the duties to be paid as of longitude. fettled by authority amongft trading nations. The principal rivers of Weftem Tartary, befides the Dnie- TARPA (Spurius Mecius), a Latin critic in the time per, Don, and Wolga, are the Jaik or Yaik, and Yem, of Julius Caefar and Auguflus. He had his tribunal in the both delcending from the Ulug Tag, and falling into the temple of Apollo, where, with four affiftants, he paffcd fen- Cafpian Sea on the north fide : the river Hi or Khonghis, tence on the works of the poets. Cicero and Horace make which rifes out of the Kichug Taj, on the borders of Lit- honourable mention of this critic. tle Bukharia, and runs north-weft into the lake Palkafi, TARPAULIN, a piece of canvafs, well tarred over, to which is about forty miles long, and 30 broad, in latitude keep off the rain from any place. The term is alfo often 48°, longitude 97*', reckoniusr from the ide of Ferro on .' applied ii/a burlelque fenie to a perfon that has been all his this river the khan of the Eluths or Kalmucks ufually re- lite bred to the fca. Cdes : the river Irtilh, Irtis, or Erchls, which rifes in Mount TARPEL\N, in Roman antiquity, an appellation given Altay, and runs weftward, inclining to the north, between to a fteep rock in Rome ; whence, by the law of the two branches of it, into the lake Sayfan, Salfan, or Ifan, twelve tables, thofe guilty of certain crimes were precipi- called alio Honhotu-Nor, 90 miles long from weft to eaft, tated. It took its name from Tarpela, a veflal virgin, and 40 broad, in latitude 47° 30', lonaitude 104** ; from who was killed by the Sabines, as related under the article whence iffuing again, it pafies north-weft, throu rh part of Rome, n 24. Siberia, and falls into the Oby, which has its fource in the TARQUINM? Elder, king of Rome, fucceeded Ancus fame mountain, about one degree to the north of that of the Martius 615 B. C. See Rome, n'^ 35 40. Tav^'in the Proud, a tyrant and ufurper. See the ar- — Irtifh ; and feven or ti^ht degrees to the north-eaft rifes the Kem or Jenifea, which runs weftward tor tlie fpace of feven ticle Rome, n" 49 TARRAGON, 51, &c. — or eight degrees, and then turning northward enters Siberia, or dragon-wort. See Artemisia. The next river of note is the Sehnga, which rifes out of the TARROCK, in ornithology, a fpecies of Larus. lake Kofogol, Hutuktu or Khutuktu, which is 70 miles TARSHISH, or Tartessus, a town frequently men- long from fouth to north, and 20 broad, in latitude jz"", tioned by ancient authors, the Ctuatlon ef which it is difficult longitude I 18", not far from the lource of the Jenifea, and to afcei tain. See the opinions of Mr Bruce and Dr Doig taking a fweep fouthwatd, round by the eaft, falls north- on this fubjeft under the article Ophir. ward into the lake Baykal in Siberia, about 30 leagues TAR TAN, in fea language, a fmall coafting veffel navi- north- weft of the city Selint;hinfkoy, which ftands upon it. jjated in the Mediterranean fea, and having only one maft Into the Selinga runs the Orkon, coming from the fouth- and a bowlprit, the principal fail, which is extremely large, weft ; and into the Orkon the Tula, rifing eaftward in being extended by a lateen-yard. When tartans put up a Mount Kentey. On the fame mountain rifes alfo two other iquare fail, it is called a fail of fortune. rivers, ij/z. the Onon, called alfo by the Tartars Saghafian TARTAR, a hard folid fubftance which feparates froni Ula, 01 the Dragon river, and by the Ruffians Amur wine after complete fermentation, and adheres to the top which running- ncrth-eaftward, and then taklnj a large and fides of the caflcs. See the Index to Chemistry and fweep by the fouth, rolls along the bounds of Eaftern Tar- Pharmacy. tary, and falls Into the Eaftem Ocean. On its banks ftand TARTARY, a very large country af Afia, fituated two cities ; Nerchinflcoy or Nipchew, a frontier of the. Ruf- between 57° and 160° «f E. Long, reckoning from the fians, almoft due north of Pekin in China ; and Saghalian veil end of the ifle or Ferro, and between 37=' and 55° Ula, pofleffed by the Chinefe. Another large river is the ©f Lat. It is bounded on the north by Siberia, or that Keilon or Kerulon, which running north-eaft ward, falls in- •part of Afia which belongs to Ruffia on the welt by the ; to the lake Kulon or Dalay, which is 60 milts long from livers Don, Wolga, and Kama, which feparate it from foiuhweft to north-eaft, and 27 broad, in latitude 4S'' 3c', Rullia on the fouth by the Euxine and Cafpian Seas, ; longitude 135'^, and iffuin^ out again under the name of Karazm, the two Bukharias, China, and Korea ; and oa Ergona or .^r^un, joins the .Saghalian Ula, about 170 miles the eaft, by the Oriental or Tartarian ocean. It extends beyond Nerchinfkoy. To thefe let us add the river Kalka, from eaft to weft the fpace of 104 degrees in longitude, or from whence, though fmall, the Kalka-Moguls or Mongols 4 '45 geographical miles ; but its breadth is not proportion- take their name. It rifes in the mountains, feoarating Eaft- able, being not above 960 miles where broadeft, and where ern from Weftem Tartar)-, and, running eaftward, falls in- narroweft ^30. to tire lake Puir, and then into that of Kulon, before fpo- This vaft region is divided into two great parts ; the one ken of. called the Wefler/, the other the Eaflern Tartnry. In the middle of a dcfert, on the banks of the river Ir- Wellem Tartary, which is mnch more extenfive than tifh, is a remaikable piece of antiquity called Sedmy Pala- the Eaftem, containing 139 d.-grees of longitude out of TY, or the ftvtn palaces. 161, Is inhabited by a great number of nations, or tribes Above the Sedmy Palaty, towards the fource of the Ir- ef people, who are called Mungis or Mungah, by thcm- tilh, gro« sthe beft rhubarb in the world, without the leaft ielves ; and MoguU or Tartars, indifterently, by other na- culture. In the plain of this country alfo, about eight or tions. tin days journey from Tomfky in Siberia, arc found many Vol, XVIII. Part I. \\ r tomb* T rtary. TAR tonibt and biiryinT-places of ancient heroes, who [3 14 in all pro- ] TAR with fifh and .""owl. In particular, here are wild mules, hor- Tarr "~~~'^~~ bability fell in battle. Thefe tombs are calily diftinguillied fes, and dromedaries, wild boars, feveral kinds of deer, a fpe- "~~> by the mounds of earth and Hone railed over them. The cies of goats with yellow hair, Iquirrels, foxes an animal ; Tr.rtars fay, Tamerlane had many cngapjcincnts in this coun- c'llled hautehan, refembling an elk ; another calle-? chulon or try with the Kalmucks, whom he in vain endeavoured to chtl'tfon, that fecnis to be a lort of lynx ; and a creature conquer. Many pcrfous go from Tom/ky, and other parts, called lad-pfy as fmall as an ermine, oi v.hofe fl<ins the Chi- every fummer. to thefe uravts, which they Aig up, and lind nefe make mantles to keip out the col !. Among other amonq the ailies of the dead confiderable qua-.^titits of gold, birds of extraordinary beauty, bred in this country, there is filver, brafs, and fonn: pr(;cious (loncs, but particulaily hilts one called the Jlor.Lar, which is all over white except the of fwords ?.nd armour. They find alfo ornaments of fad- beak, wiiiii!=, and tail, which are of a very fine red. Not- dies and bi idles, and other trappings lor horfes and lomc- ; withftanding the foil in many parts o* I'aitary is fo luxuri- tirats of elephants. tliofc Whence it appears, that when ant, yet we does not produce a finijle wood of are told it any general or perfon of diftinClion was intcrnd, all his tall trees ot any kind whatever, excepting in fome tew places arms, his favourite liorfe and fervant, were buried with him towards the fiontie:3 ; all the wood that is found in the in the fame ^ave this cutlom prevails to this day among j heart of the country conf ftiiig ot ihrubs, which never exceed the Kalmucks and other Tartars, and feems to be of great the height of a pike, and even thele are rare. antiquity. It appears from the number of graves, that It is remarkable, that in all the vail dominions of Mon. many thoufands mull have fallen in thole places ; for the galia, there is not fo much as a linple houle to be feen. All people have continued to dii; for treafure many years, and the people, even the prince and high-prietl, live conftantly in itill iind it unexhauftcd. They are, indeed, fometimes in- tents,and remove their cattle from place to place as conve- terrupted, and robbed of all their booty, by parties of Kal- niency requires. Thefe people do not trouble themlelves mucks, who abhor dillurblng the alhts of the dead. Arm- with plout^hing or digging the ground in any fafhion, but ed men on horfeback, cad in brafs, of no mean deli^n and are content with the produce of their flocks, though the ^ wovkmanlhip, with the figures of deer caft in pure gold, foil is exceeding fine, and capable, by proper culture, of pro- have been dug out of thefe tombs. They once difcovered ducin/ grain ot feveral foits. an aiched vault, where they found the remains of a man, In the country of the Mongals the gtafs is very thick with his bow, lance, and other arms, lying on a filver table. and rank, and would with little labour make excellent hay. On touching the body, it fell to duft. The value of the This grafs is oiten fet on fire by the Mon ;als in the Iprin^ table and arms was very conhderable. For the manners and during high winds. At fuch times it burns moil furioufiy, caftoms of thefe Tartars, fee Kalmucks. running like wildfire, and fpreadin/ its flames to the di- Great quantities of a kind of ivory, called by the natives llance of perhaps 10 or zo miles, till its progrefs is inter- Alammomhorn, are found in this country and in Siberia, on rupted by fome river or barren hill. The rapidity of thofe the banks of the Oby. They are commonly found on the flames, their fmoke and crackling noife, cannot eafily be ibar.ks of rivers that have been wafhed by floods. Some of conceived by thofe who have not letn them. When any them arc very entire and frelh, like the bcft ivory in all le- perfon finds himfelf to the leeward of them, the only me- fpefts, CKcep'inT only the colour, which is of a yellowilh thod by which he can fave himfelf from their fury, is to hue. In Siberia they make fnuff boxes, combs, and divers kindle immediately the grafs where he Hands, and follow his iforts of turnery ware of them. Some have been found own fire. For this puipofe, every perfon is provided with wei rhing above lOo pounds Enghlh. flints, fteel, and tinder. The reafon why the Mony-als fet The nio'^ confiderable tribes in Weftern Tartavy, next to fire to the prals, is to procure early pafture to their cattle. the Kalmucks, are the Kalkas and Mungls, or Mongals, The alhes left upon the gound fink into the earth at the properly lo called. The country of the Kalkas extends melting of the fnow, an prove an excellent manure ; fo that '. eaftward, fr m mount Altay to the fource of the river Kal- the grafs in the fprinij rifes on the lands which have been ka, whence they derive their name, in the borders ot Eail- prepared in this manner as thick as a field ot wheat. Ca- ern TaUary, and 139th de,;ree of longitude. The territo- ravans, travellers with raerchandile, but efpecially armies, ries of the Mungls, or Mongalia, lie to the fouth of thofe never encamp upon this rank grafs ; and there are feveral of the Kalkas, between them and the great wall ot China, inllances of confiderable bodies of men being put in confu- to which empire both nations are fubjeft. Befides thefe fion, and even defeated, by tl»e anemy's fetting fire to the i tribe:., who Delay Lama, are idolaters of the religion of the grafs. I there are others, who pofFcfs that part of Weftern Tartary Eaftern Tartary, according to the limits ufually aili^iieii 1 called Turkeflan, the original country of the Turks and it hy hiftorians and geographers, Is bounded to the weft by Turkman?, fituatcd to the north of Great Bukharia and Weftern Tartary, or by that part poflTcfTed by the proper Karazm, between thofe countries and the dominions of the Mungls and Kalkas on the north by Siberia on the tall ; ; F.luths. Under Weftern Tartary alfo is comprehended by that part of the Oriental Ocean called the Tartarian Tibet, Thibet, or Tobbut, fubjeiit to the Delay Lama, or Sea and on the fouth by the fame lea, the kingdom of ; great high-prieft ot the Pagan i'artais and Chinefe. Korea, and the Yellow Sea, which feparates it (torn China. In all the vaft region of Weftern Tartary, there are It is fituated between the 137th and 160th degrees of lon- but few towns, moll ol the inhabitants living under tents, gitude, being about 9C0 miles long from fouth to north, eipecially in fummer, and moving from place to place with and near as many in breadth from well to eaft, yet but iheir flocks and herds. They generally encamp near fome thinly peopled. This large region is at piefent divided inta nver for the convenience of water. three great governments, fubjcA to the Chinefe, viz. all The air o* this country is temperate, wholefome, and plea- Shing-yang or Mu.'den, Kurin-ula, and Tfitfikar. fant, being equally removed from the extremes of heat and 'J he government of Shin-yang, containing all the ancient coH. As to the loll, though there are many mountains, Lyau tong or Q^antong, is bounded on the fouth by the lakes, and deferts in it, yet the banks of the rivers, and the great wall of China and the Yellow Sea; on the eaft, north, plams, fome or which are of great extent, are exceeding fer- and well, it is by a wooden palilade, feven or eight inclofed tile The mountains, woods, and deferts, abound with ve. feet hif;h, fitter to mark its bounds and keep out petty rob- nifon, game, and wild fowl ; and the rivers aud iakes both bers than to oppofe ait army. 2 The ; ' ary TAR [ 1'he lands of this province are for the gentral very fertile, 3^5 ] on ripping a TAR or two, you perceive an exceeding fine Tartsrr. ftitch ^ '~~' producing abundance of wheat, millet, roots, and cotton. thong, cut ou- of a very thin (kin. When the li.ers arc v~- '— They alfb afford pafture to preat numbers of (lieep and oxen, frozcn, their fledges are drawn by dogs traiaed up for the which are rarely feen in any of the provinces of China, purpofe, and hiohly valued. 'i'hey have indeed but little rice ; yet, to make amends, there Although the Manchew language is as much ufed at the is plenty of apples, pears, hazelnuts, filberds, and chefnuts, court of Pekin as the Chinefe, and all public acta are drawn even in the forefts. The eaitern part, which borders on the up in the one as well as the other ; yet it bcqan to decline, ancient country of the Manchews and kingdom of Korea, is and would probably have been loft, had not the Tartars ta- j ! full of dcferts and bogs. The principal cities of this go- ken great pains to preferve it, by tranilating Chinefe books, vernment are Shing-yang or Mugden, Fong- whang chincr, and compiling diftionaries, under the emperor's patrouaje. Indcn, Ichew, and Kingchew. This country was the oii- Their lan,:;uage is Angular in this refpeft.that the veib dif. ginal feat of the Tartar tribe of the Manchews, who have fers as o'^ten as the fubiianlive governed by it ; or, whith is been mafters of China above too years. the fame thing, to every different fubftantivc they ufe a The government of Kirinula-hotun is bounded weftward different verb ; as for iuftance, when they would fay, maie by the palifade of Lyau-tong ; on the eall, by the Eaftern a -verfe, a piSure, ajiuut ; for though the repetitio.T of the Ocean ; fouthward, by the kingdom of Korea ; and on the fame verb in difcourfe might be excufable, it is with them north by the great river Saghalian ; fo that it extends no unpardonable io writing, as making a monftrotu grating to fewer than 12 decrees, and almoft 20 degrees in longitude, their ears. being 750 miles in length and 600 in breadth. Another fingularity of their language is the copioufnefg This vaft country abounds in millet and oats, witli a fort of it; for inftance, beGdes name^ for each foedes of ani- of graiii unknown in Europe, called by the Chinefe wjy- mals, they have words to exprefs their feveral ages and qua- /m-m't, as being of a middle kind between wheat and rice. lities. Jud.igon is the geneial name for a dog ; but tayha It is wholelome, and much uftd ia thofe cold regions. f gnities a dog who has very long and thick hair both on There is but little wheat or rice here ; but whether that is his ears and tail ; and yolo, a dog with a long thick muzzle the fault of the foil or the inhabitants, we cannot afTtrt. and large ears, and hanging lips. tail, The horfe, as more The cold begins much fooner in thefe parts than at Paris, ferviceable to them, has 2c times more names than the doj; whole latitude is near 53 degrees. The forefts, which are almeft ever^' motion of him giving occahon to a different very thick and large the nearer you advance to the Eaftern name. Where they could get that aftoni.'hing multitude of Ocea.T, contribute nut a little to bring it on and keep it up. names and terms, is not eafy to determine. The banks of the rivers here, in fursmer, are enamelled This country is but thinly peopled, and contains only with a variety of flowers common in Europe, excepting the four cities, namely, Kitinula-hotun or Khotun, Pednc or yellow lilies, which are of a moft lively colour, in height Petuna, Ninguta, and Putay-uhhotun, which are very ill- and ftiape exactly refembling our white lilies, but are of a built, and encompafted with no better than mud walk. The much weaker But the plant which is moft efteemed, fcent. firtl ftands on the ri»er Songari, and is the ref:dence of the and draws a great number of herbalifts into thefe deferts, is Manchew general, who has all the priviletjes of a viceroy, Va- the gin-feng*, called by the Manchews orhota, that is, the and commands the mandarines as well as the troops Nin- • chief or queen of plants. It is highly valued for its virtues guta, which the family now leigning in China confideis as in curing feveral difcafes, and decays of ftrength proceed- all its ancient patrimony, is fituated on the Hurkapira, wliicli ing from exceffive labour ot body or mind. For this reafon runs northward into the Songari. Its name is corrpound- it has always been the principal riches of Eaftern Tartary ; ed of two Tartarian words which fignity feven chiefs, to what is found in the north of Korea being confumed in that exprefs the rife of the Manchew kingdom, which was firft kingdom. eftabliihed by feven brothers of the late emperor Kanghi's Formerly the Chinefe ufed to get into the gin-feng coun- greatgrandfather's father. try among themandarins and foldiers continually pafling The tribe of the Manchews, who inhabit a part of Eaft- but in 1700 the emperor Kap.g-hi, that his Manchews might ern Tartary, and are lords of all the other inhabitants there- reap this advantage, ordered ic.ooo ot his foldiers, encamp- of, are called by the Ruffians Bo^doy, and the emperor of ed without the great wall, to go and gather it, on condition China Bogiloy Khan ar.d /!mu!on Bo^tl'jy Kb in. that each ftiould give him two ounces of the beft, and take The third government ir.to which Eaftern Tartary is di- an equal weight of fine filver for the remainder : by which vided, is that of Tfufikar. It is 740 miles long and f^co means the emperor got in that year 20,oco pounds of it for broad and belongs partly to China and partly to Ruiha. ; lefs than one-fourth of the price it bears at Pekin. The The people are great hunters, dexterous archers, and pay root is the only part that is ufed medicinally. Its value is their tribute in fablc-lkins ; each family being aniffed two enhanced by its age, for the largeft and firmcft are the beft. or three, or more a-y«ar, according to the number of able This counti-y abounds alfo in fine fables, grey ermines, and perfons. black foxes This province is inhabited chiefly by three fort.s of Tar- One of the tribes of Tartars inhabiting this country ate tars, the Manchews, the Seloirs, and Tagiiri, o! whom the called the Yu-p'i Tartars, wliofe manner of life is fomewhat firft are mafters. The Taguri are a large robuft pecpL-, extraordinary. All the fummer they fpend in fifhing one : but not very numerous. They live in huutes or huts, and part of what they catch is hid up to make oil for their cultivate barley, oats, and millet. Their cattle arc piinci- lamps another ferves for their daily food ; and the reft, ; pallv liurfes, dromedaries, oxen, cows, and flieep. They which they dry in the fun, without falting, for they have make much ufe or their oxen to ride on. no f?.lt, is hid up for their winter's proviiions, whereof The Solons alfo arc a brave lobuft people. Their drcfa both men and cattle eat when the rivers are irozen. N'Jt- isa !ho-t jacket of wolves (kins, with a cr.p of the fame ; withilanding this diet, a great deal of ftiength and vigour and they have long cloaks made of fox or ti^jers (kins, to de- appears in moft of thefe poor people. Their raiment con- fend them againft the cold, efpecially of tire ni^ht. They ijfts of the Ikins of lifti, which, after diefiing and dyeing of hang their bows at their backs. Their women ride on horfe^ three or four colours, they (hape and few in lo delicate a back, drive the plough, hunt ftags and other game. Dianner, thst one would ima^jine they made ufe of Ulk, till, Befides the country towns or villages, there are three ci- Rr8 lies Tartary. TAR the province of TfitGkar, namely, Tfitfikar, Merglicn, ties in r 3»(5 1 Karafm i« TAR by three forts of people, T»riir at prefent inhabt\ed ^"~"v-~- and Sa jhalianiila-hotun. The (rarrilon of Tf:tfikar, the the Sarts, Turkmans, and Ufbeck Tartars. With regard '" capital, confills of Manchews; but the inhabitants are moft- to the firft of thefe, we are told, that they are the ancient ly Chincfe. Accordin;^ to tluir own account, thty are all inhabitants of the country, or (hole who were fettled there fhammanis, or conjurors, and invoke the dtvll witii :righttul before the Ufbecks becarr e mafters of it ; and that they cries. They give their dead two burials, firll leaving a hole fupport thcmitlvcs like the Turkmans by their cattle and where the relations daily brinv; victuals, at top of the grave, hufbandry. The Turkmans or urkomans came originally I which they convey to the mouth of the cieccafcd wiih a from Turkeftan or the parts of Tartary to the north ot Ka- fpoon, ?,ni leave drirk in fmall tin cups (landing round the rafm and Great Bukharia, towards the I ith century. 'I hey grave. This ceremony holds for feveral weeks, alter which divided into two parties; one of wh'ch went round the north they bury the body deeper in the ground. fide of the Cafpian Sea, and fettled in the wcftcrn parts of Several rivers in this country prodttce pearls, which, the Greater Armenia, from thence called Tw komania, or though much cried up by the Tartars, would be little va- thi country of the Turkomam. The fecond party turned fouth, lued by Europeans, on account of their defects in fliape and and retted about the banks of the liver Amu and the ftiores colour. of the Cafpian Sea, where they Hill pofTefs a great many The kingdoms or countries of Corea, Lyautong, and towns and villages, in the countries of Karafm and Allara- Nyu-che, forming a part of Katay, Kitay, or Cathay, and bad. by fome included under Eadern Tartary, are more properly The name of UJhecks, which the ruling tribe of the Tar- provinces of China, though they lie without the great wall. tars of Karafm and Great Bukharia bear at prefent, is de- UJbeck TjiRTARr. To the north and north-eaft of Perfia rived from one of their khans. The Ufbecks of Karafm lie the countries ot Karafm, and Great and Little Bukharia, are divided into feveral hords, and live tor the moft part by- • which being mollly lubjedt to and inhabited by tlie tribe of rapine; re'.embling in all refpefts thofe of Great Bukharia, Ufbeck Tartars, are commonly known by the general name excepting that they are much more rude and uncivilized. of UJbecL Tartary. I<ike the Turkmans, they dwell in winter in the towns and '1 he kingdom of Karafm was known to the ancient villages which are towards the middle of Karafm ; and in Greeks, as appears from Herodotus, Ptolemy, and other fummer the greater part of them encamp in the neighbour- authors o' that nation, by the name of Khorafm'ia. At pre- hood of the Amu, or in other places where they can meet fent it is bounded on the north by the country of Tui kef- with pafture for their cattle", always watching for lome con- tan, and the dominions ol the great khan of the Eluths or venient opportunity to rob and plunder. They never ceafe Kalmucks ; on the eaft, by Great Bukhaiia, from which it making incurfions upon the adjacent territories of Perfia or is feparated partly by the mountains of Irdar, and partly by Great Bukharia, and are to be reftrained by no treaties or the defcrts of Kaiak and Gaznah ; on the fouth, by the engagements whatfoever. Although they have fixed habi- provinces of Aftcrabad and KhorafTan, belongln;? to Iran tations, yet, in travelling from one place to another, they or Pcrfia at large, from which it is divided by the river carry with them all their effects of value, conformable tot Jihun or Amu, and fundry deferts of a vaft extent ; and on the way of living in ufe among their anccftors before they the well by the Calpian Sea. had fettled dwellings. It may be about 440 miles in length from fouth to north, i hefe Tartars, it is faid, never ride without their bows,, and 3C0 from weft to eaft; being fituated between the 39th arrows, and Iwords, it be in hawking or taking^ altbous^h and 4'5th degrees of north latitude, and the 7itt and 77th any other diver fion. i'bey have no arts or Iciences among degrees of eaft longitude. The country confills, for the them, neither do they till or fow. They are great devour- moft part, of vaft fandy plains, feme of which are barren ers of flefli, which they cut in fmall pieces, and eat greedily deferts, but others afford excellent pafture. 'i'hcre is i;ood by handfuls, efpecially horfe flefh. land the provinces, where vines grow, and wine in feveral o: i heir chief drink is four mare's milk, like that in ufe is made ; but water being fcarce, a great part of the coun- with the Nogays. Ihty eat their viiluals upon the ground, try turns; to no account. fitting with their legs double under them, which is tlitir Karafm owes all its fertility to three river* and a lake. pofture alio when they pray. The rivers are the Amu, Khefil, and Sir. The Amu, as it All thefe tribes have abundance of camels, horfes, and. is called by the Ufbecks and PeH'ians, is the Jihun of the fheep, both wild and tame. Their fhetp are extraordinary Arabs, and Ox as ot the ancient Greeks. It has its fource large, with great tails weighing 60 or Vo pounds. There in thofe high mountains which feparate Little Bukharia are many wild horfes in the country, which the Tartars fre- from the dominions of the Great Mogul ; and, after paffing quently with their hawks. kill Thefe birds are taught to through Great Bukharia and Karafm, divides into two feizc upon the head or neck of the beait ; which bei:ig tired branches, one of which falls into the Kliefd, and the other with toiling to get rid ot this cruel enemy, the hunter, who into the Cafpjan Sea, towards the borders of the province follows his game, comes up and kills him. Some travellers of Aftaribad. The Amu abounds with all forts of excel- tell us, that the inhabitants of this country have not the ufe lent f](h, and its banks are tire moft: charming in the world. of gold, iilver, or any other coin, but barter their'cattle for Along them nrows ihofe excellent melons and other fruits neccflaries. Others tell us, that iLcy have money, particui I'o much efteemed in Perfia, the Indies, and RufCa. larly a piece ot Iilver called tangu, the value near the fourth \ The river Khefil rifes in the mountains to the north-eaft. part ot a crown. It is round, and has on one fide the name of the province of Samarkant, and falls into the lake of Aral of the country, and on the other that of the khan, with the or Eagles, yo or 60 miles below its jundlion with a branch year of the hcgiia. There are alfo, it is faid, fmall piece* of the Amu. Its banks are exceeding fertile wherever they ot copper, of different fizes, which anfwer to our pence, halt- are cultivated. pence, and far things. The Sir or Daria rifes in the mountains to the eaft of As to the government of Karafm, the Ufbeck? being Little Bukharia, and after a long courie weftward, along mafters, commonly veftcd in divers princes of that tribe it is the borders of the Bukharias and Karafm, falls at laft into of the lame hnufc; of whom, notwithftanding, only one ha« the luke Aral the title of khan, with akind of fuperiority over the others* Thi« This khan has no TAR fort of dependence on him of Great [31 7 Buk 1 T A Greece, were little better than tigers S in war, and Fauns or Tariiry baria, or any other prince. Sylvans in fcience and art. li Buiharia, Bokhtria, Bokaria, Begaria, or Btharia, !s the " We may readily believe thofe who afTure us, that fome , ' naFT.e givtn to all that region or traft of land iyiiit; betwetn tribes of wanderinj^ Tartars had real /kill in applying herbs Karafm and the Great Kobi, or Sandy Defert, bordering and minerals to the purpofes of medicine, and pretended to on China. It is divided into the Great and Little Bukha- {kill in magic : but the general charafter of their nation ria. For an account of which, fee the article Bukharia. fcems to have been this; they were profcfTed hunters or The inhabitants of thefe different countries, which are nHiers, dwelling, on that account, in tortfts or near great known by the name of Tartary, have a tradition among thcm- rivers, under huts or rude tents, or in waggons drawn by felves that they are all fprung from one common flock, and their cattle from llatlon to ftalion ; they were dexterous ar- that they are of the moll remote antiquity. To this tradition chers, excellent horfemen, bold combatants, appearing oftctv. much credit is due ; for they are known to be the delcendants to flee in diforder ?or the fake of renewing their attack with of the ancient Scythians. But when M. BaiUy contends that advantage ; drinking the milk of marts, and eating the flefh the I'artars are tlie moll ancient of nations, and the civili- of colts ; and thus in many refpefts refembling the old A- zers of mankind, he writes without authority, and advances rabs, but in nothing more than in their love of intoxicating a paradox at which every mind m\i!l recoil. Amon^r the liquors, and in nothing lefs than in a tafte for poetry and Tartars there are no hiftorical monuments of antiquity and the improvement of their language." credit ; for all their writinsrs extant, even thofe in the Mo- Krim Tjiktary. See Crimea. gul dialeft, are long fubfequent to the time of Mohammed ; TASSEL, a fort of pendant ornamer.t at the corners of nor is it poffible, fays Sir William JoAes, to diltinguifh their a cufhion or the like. In build in,j, taffcls denote thofe traditions from thole of the Arabs, whole religious opinions pieces of board that lie under the ends of the mantlet trees. they have in general adopted. M. Bailly difplays indeed TASSO (Torquato), a jullly celebrated Italian poet» great learning and ingenuity in his attempt to derive civili- was born at Sorrento in the kingdom of Naples, in i ^4.4. zation from this fource ; but the greatelt learning and acute- He was the fon of Bernardo Taflb, the author of feveral in- nels, toj^ether v/ith the charms of a moil engaging ftyle, genious compofitions both in vcrfe and profe ; and of Portia- can hardly render tole:able a fyftem, which places an caith- de Roffi, a lady of an illullrious family of Naples. ly paradife, the gardens of Hej'perus, the iflands of the Ma- His father being obliged to accompany the prince of Sa- cares, the i;roves of Elytium, il not of Eden, the heaven of lerno to the emperor Charles V. upon a deputation from Indra, the Periftan or fairy land of the Perfian poets, with Naples to remoallrate againll erecting the inquifition there, its city of diamonds and its country of Shadcam, fo named committed the care of his fon, then three years old, to An- from Pleafure and Love, not in any climate which the com- geluzza, a man of great learning ; who, we arc told, at this mon fenfe of mankind conliders as the feat of delights, but tender age began to teach him grammar at four he was : beyond the mouth of the Oby, in the Frozen Sea, in a re- fent to the Jtfuit's collejje, and at feven was well acquaint- gion equalled only by that where the wild imagination of ed with Latin and Greek. At 12 years of ai^e he went- Dante led him to fix the worft of criminals in a Hate of pu- from Rome to Mantua, where his father had en'tred into nilhment after death, and of which he could not, he fays, the fervice of the duke Guglielmo Gonzago he had then : even think without fhivering. completed his knowledge of the Latin and Greek langua- Before the era of Mohammed the Tartars had no litera- ges ; he was well acquainted w4th rhetoric and poetr)-, and ture, i he magnificent Chengiz, whofe empire included an a matter of Arillotle's ethics ; he had olfo ftudied the pre- area of near find none of his own 80 fquare dejrees, could cepts of Mauritio Ca'.aneo with particular attention, and Mongals, authors inform us, able to wiite his as the beft ever after reverenced him as a lecond tather. difpatches ; and Timur or Tamerlane, a favage ot ftrong He was foon after fent to the univerfity of Padua ; and, natural parts, and paffionately fond of hearing hillories read in his i8th year, publKhtd his Riualdo, a poem written up- to him, could himfelt neither write nor read. It is true, that on the plan oi Homer's Odyfl'ey. This extended his repu- by fome Arabian writers mention is made of a fet ot Tartarian tation throuj:hout but greatly difpleafed his fa- all Italy ; charaders, faid to corfilt of 41 letters ; but from the defcrip- ther, who forefaw that it would feduce him from itudles of tion of thefe characters. Sir William Jones,' with much plau- more advantage. He went to Padua, to rcmonftrate againll fulpefts them to have been thofe ot Tibet. fibility, his apparent purpofe of giving himfelf up to philofophy and " From ancient monuments therefore (continues the learn- poetry, and made ufe of many very hanli expreffions, which ed prefident) we have no proof that the Tartars were them- Taffo heard with a patience and tranquillity that made the felves well inllructed, much lefs that they inllrufted the old gentleman ftill more angrj- : " Of what ufe is that phi- world ;nor have we any ilronger reafon to conclude from lofophy on which you value yourfelf fo much :" " It has their general manners and charafter, that they had made an enabled me (rephed Taffo) to endure the hailhnefs of your early proficiency in artsand fciences ; even of poetry, the reproofs." moll univetfal and moll natural of the tine arts, we find no He foon after went to Bologna, by the invitation of the genuine fpecimens afcribed to them, except fome horrible city and college but in a little time returned to Padua at ; war-fongs exprefTed in Perfian by Ah of Yezd, and poffibly the preffing inftances of Scipio Goozaga, who had been invented by him. Ai'ter the conqueft of Perlia by the Mon- elcfted prince of the academy that had been ellsbliihed in gals, their princes indeed encouraged learnini;, and even that city by the name of the JEtherei. He was incorpora- made allronomical obfervations at Samarkand as the Turks ; ted into this lociety, and took upon himfelf the- name of became polifhed by mixing with the Perfians and Arabs, Pentito. though their -very nature, as one of their own writers coi*- In this retreat he formed the defign of his 'jerufaUm Z>f- feffes, had before been like an incurable diflemper, and their livcred, invented the fable, dllpofed the parts,and determi- mindt clouded tuith ignorance: ti'H alio the Mancheu mo- ned to dedicate it to the houfe of Elle ; but whetlier to narchs of China have been patrons of the learned and in^'e- Alphonfo II. the lail duke of Ferrara, or his brotlier the nious, and the emperor Tien-Long is, if he be now livinj;, cardinal Luigi, to whom he had aheady dedicated his Ri- a fine Chinete poet. In all thefe inftances the Tartars have rialdo, he was yet Jn doubt. Being preffcd by bcth the reiemblcd the Romans, who, before ihey had fuodued brothers to refide with lhc« at FtriAia, he confented. The I dcke-
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