BREAST CANCER OCTOBER 2 0 2 4 THE POWER OF EARLY DETECTION AND THE ONGOING IMPACT ON WOMEN WWW.GLOBALWRITERSPROJECT.ORG Issue No: 1 Table of Contents THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF BREAST CANCER ON WOMEN AND THEIR FAMILIES CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION OF BREAST CANCER AS A GLOBAL ISSUE 3 AN INCREASINGLY WORSENING IMPACT OF BREAST CANCER ON WOMEN 4 11 13 ALECIA’S STORY: I AM A BREAST CANCER SURVIVOR 7 EARLY DETECTION: KEY TO BEATING BREAST CANCER 8 GWP PUBLICATION CONTRIBUTING WRITIERS ANNA HALL NICHOLE DARKWA EDITOR-IN-CHIEF RASIKA SITTAMPARAM EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR MELISSA MC- CARTHNY CONTENT DIRECTOR SHERIFATU ADAMU MUSAH WWW.GLOBALWRITERSPROJECT.ORG TENISHA DARRYLLARTEY Breast cancer stands as the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide, affecting millions of women each year. Despite advances in detection and treatment, the disease continues to claim lives, with projections estimating 3 million new cases annually by 2040—nearly double today’s figures. This ongoing rise underscores the urgent need for early detection, which has proven essential in improving survival rates and reducing the emotional and physical toll of breast cancer. Yet, disparities in access to early screening and treatment persist globally, making it crucial to address these challenges and advocate for equal healthcare opportunities. Introduction of Breast Cancer as a Global Issue 3 Issue No.01 "Breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally." Compelling Statement Breast cancer is not a new phenomenon. Its existence dates back thousands of years, with its earliest documentation found in the Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus from 3,000–2,500 BCE. Hippocrates’ descriptions of the stages of breast cancer represent some of the earliest hypotheses on the causes of the disease (Goldman, R. 2020). From the first radical mastectomy in 1882 to the introduction of radiation therapy in 1937 and the definition of the four major subtypes of breast cancer in 2013, the last two centuries have seen exponential growth in treatment, detection, and quality of life for those affected (Tiersten, A. 2020). Despite this progress, breast cancer has surpassed lung cancer as the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally. A study published in 2022 predicted that by 2040, population growth and aging would lead to 3 million new cases of breast cancer annually, with 1 million deaths. That’s a third of the cases and almost double the deaths reported globally in 2020 (Arnold, M. et al. 2022). The repercussions of these projections are far- reaching. Breast cancer impacts not just individuals but entire societies. A study exploring the intergenerational concerns regarding breast cancer deaths among women in sub-Saharan Africa highlights some of these broader impacts. With a projected half a million deaths caused by breast cancer, the study showed that many children would become orphans between 2020 and 2029. The consequences of this have significant implications for the educational, developmental, and nutritional needs of these children, as well as potentially increasing overall mortality rates (Galukande, M., Schuz, J., Anderson, B. 2021). This is particularly concerning as mothers are often the cornerstone of African families. At an individual level, breast cancer continues to disrupt women’s lives, with global stigma remaining prevalent. One study found that enacted stigma led to internalized stigma and a sense of shame (Zamanian, H. et al. 2022). Another study identified four key factors contributing to this stigma: breast surgery and postoperative time, negative psychological factors, the lack of social support, and cultural beliefs (Wu, J., Zeng, N., Wang, L. 2023). These factors influence a woman’s quality of life, rehabilitation, marriage, and healthcare needs. The effects are often more severe in cases involving mastectomies. Receiving a cancer diagnosis already brings a sense of dread, and stigma only compounds the emotional burden. The effects include depression, anxiety, fatigue, and body image issues. An Increasingly Worsening Impact of Breast Cancer on Women 4 Issue No.01 BY ANNA HALL The emotional and physical impacts of breast cancer on women fluctuate over time. Studies show that the most significant negative effects occur during diagnosis, treatment, and the immediate aftermath, but the passage of time often reduces these effects. One study notes that, “While 5- year survival rates for breast cancer exceed 90% in most high- income countries, this figure was 66% for 12 sub-Saharan African countries.” Estimates go as low as 12% in Uganda. Research following women five to ten years after treatment shows significantly lower overall negative affects from breast cancer. However, the likelihood of reaching the five- or ten-year survival mark varies significantly across the globe, revealing inequities in diagnosis, treatment, and education (Park, J. et al 2023). These disparities are attributed to late-stage presentation and inadequate access to high-quality care. 5 GWP PUBLICATIONS "WHILE 5-YEAR SURVIVAL RATES FOR BREAST CANCER EXCEED 90% IN MOST HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES, THIS FIGURE WAS 66% FOR 12 SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN COUNTRIES." 01 03 02 04 "In response to these inequities, the Global Breast Cancer Initiative was created to address disparities in breast cancer outcomes." 6 Issue No.01 On top of regional differences, there are disparities based on race. Although white women of European descent are more likely to be diagnosed with breast cancer, women of African descent are more likely to die from it (BCRF, 2023). This discrepancy is due to complex factors, including underrepresentation in clinical trials and unequal access to affordable healthcare. Women of color, particularly African American women, are more likely to be uninsured compared to their white counterparts. Additionally, women of African descent have been shown to have an increased risk of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a particularly aggressive form of the disease that often appears at a younger age compared to other subtypes. In response to these inequities, the Global Breast Cancer Initiative was created to address disparities in breast cancer outcomes. The organization has established three pillars— health promotion and early detection, timely diagnosis, and comprehensive breast cancer management—which they believe will help reduce breast cancer deaths in low- and middle-income countries (WHO, 2022). While significant progress has been made in breast cancer detection and treatment, the global burden of the disease continues to rise. The variations in survival rates, especially for women of African descent and those in low- and middle-income countries, highlight the need for ongoing efforts to improve access to early detection, treatment, and care. Addressing these challenges is critical not just for reducing breast cancer deaths but also for lessening the wider societal impacts that stem from this devastating disease. Alecia Robinson's journey as a breast cancer survivor is both inspiring and informative. Diagnosed with stage 1A invasive ductal carcinoma in April 2022, Alecia's experience highlights the importance of early detection and the emotional challenges faced during treatment. Key Points from Alecia's Story: Family History and Early Detection: 1. Alecia had a family history of breast cancer, which led her to undergo regular breast MRIs every six months. This proactive approach was crucial in detecting her cancer early [1]. 2. Diagnosis Process: After a routine MRI, Alecia received a call from her doctor indicating a concerning finding. This led to an ultrasound and subsequent biopsy, confirming her diagnosis of breast cancer just two days later [1]. Alecia's story serves as a reminder of the strength and resilience required to navigate a breast cancer diagnosis and the critical role of support systems in the journey to recovery. 7 GWP PUBLICATIONS Alecia’s Story: I Am a Breast Cancer Survivor Early Detection: Key to Beating Breast Cancer 8 Issue No.01 BY NICHOLE DARKWA October is Breast Cancer Awareness Month, emphasizing the importance of early detection, education, and access to screening. In Africa, breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer deaths among women. Delayed diagnosis is a significant issue, with 70% of cases diagnosed at advanced stages in Ghana, highlighting the need for early detection. According to the American Cancer Society, when breast cancer is detected early and is in the localized stage, the 5-year relative survival rate is 99%. Early detection includes performing monthly breast self- exams and scheduling regular clinical breast exams and mammograms. It is recommended to learn more about breast self-examination to increase the chances of early detection. On Mortality Rates: "STATISTICS REVEAL THAT EFFECTIVE SCREENING PROGRAMS CAN REDUCE BREAST CANCER MORTALITY BY ABOUT 20%." A breast self-exam is an early detection tool that involves a combination of physical and visual examinations of the breasts to check for signs and symptoms of breast cancer. The purpose of a breast self-exam is to become familiar with how your breasts normally look and feel. Any changes in your breasts discovered during a breast self- exam should be reported to your healthcare provider right away. For women still menstruating, a breast self-exam should be performed a few days after their period ends. For those who are post-menopausal, a breast self-exam should be performed on the same day of each month, such as the 1st or 15th. A mammogram is an X-ray that allows a qualified specialist to examine the breast tissue for suspicious areas. Women aged 40 and older should have mammograms every 1 to 2 years. Women younger than 40 who have risk factors for breast cancer should ask their healthcare professional whether mammograms are advisable and how often to have them. 9 GWP PUBLICATIONS Improved Survival Rates: In many African countries, early detection is critical. For instance, in Ghana, breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths, with studies showing that 70% of diagnosed cases are at an advanced stage. Early detection could significantly reduce these numbers and improve survival rates. Common Methods for Screening Benefits of Early Detection Impact of Awareness Campaigns Awareness campaigns have contributed significantly to early detection: 1. Increased screening rates 2. Improved education on risk factors and symptoms 3. Reduced stigma around breast cancer 4. Fundraising for research and support services Statistics reveal that effective screening programs can reduce breast cancer mortality by about 20%. Since 1990, breast cancer mortality rates have declined by 43% in the U.S. (American Cancer Society), and in 2020, an estimated 3.8 million breast cancer survivors were living in the U.S. (American Cancer Society). A study found that women who received regular mammograms had a 25% lower risk of breast cancer mortality (Journal of the National Cancer Institute). Success stories from various countries illustrate how increased awareness and access to screening have led to earlier diagnoses and better treatment. A pilot intervention in Sudan showed that community-based screening by trained volunteers led to increased detection rates of breast cancer, highlighting the potential for grassroots efforts to improve early diagnosis. Additionally, an initiative launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) in partnership with Roche aims to enhance access to breast and cervical cancer care in Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, and Zimbabwe. This program focuses on health promotion, screening, early diagnosis, and treatment over three years. By integrating early detection services into existing cervical cancer screening clinics, the initiative seeks to create a unified healthcare system that addresses the significant burden of these cancers among women in sub-Saharan Africa. 10 GWP PUBLICATIONS Socioeconomic Barriers: Many women in sub- Saharan Africa face challenges such as lack of access to healthcare facilities, financial constraints, and cultural stigma surrounding breast cancer. These barriers hinder timely diagnosis and treatment. Need for Education: Despite awareness campaigns, only 4.5% of older women in Ghana have undergone screenings, indicating a significant gap that needs addressing through continuous education and outreach efforts. Success Stories and Statistics Challenges and Barriers to Access THE PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPACT OF BREAST CANCER ON WOMEN AND THEIR FAMILIES 11 Issue No.01 BY TENISHA DARRYLLARTEY The role of a woman is pivotal and multifaceted within the home, which flourishes with essentials, encompassing responsibilities that nurture and support the family. Breast cancer affects both women and men, but the ratio is significantly skewed towards women. Approximately 99% of cases occur in women, while about 0.5-1% occur in men (Breast Cancer-WHO). Globally, breast cancer affects over 2.3 million people, with 685,000 annual deaths (American Cancer Society). In 2020, Ghana recorded 4,400 cases of breast cancer. The country saw over 4,000 women diagnosed with breast cancer annually, with almost half succumbing to the disease. Women in Ghana are diagnosed at advanced stages, with up to 70% having advanced- stage cancer upon diagnosis (Breast Cancer Statistics in Ghana, Wikipedia). 12 GWP PUBLICATION Routine screening and mammography are costly and inaccessible to many. Many women rely on traditional prayer groups or herbalists, delaying medical intervention. Breast cancer diagnosis and treatment have profound psychological effects on women and their loved ones. Understanding these impacts is crucial for providing comprehensive support. Mary, a mother of four, has been experiencing a lump in a specific area of her breast. She noticed that her breast size kept increasing, accompanied by scaling, redness, dimpling of the skin, and intense pain. Whenever she pressed her nipples, a discharge came out as though she were a lactating mother. Mary had ignored the pain for a long time, finding solace in painkillers. The reality dawned on her when she heard an announcement on the radio about breast cancer and its early symptoms. Mary took three days to decide whether to get screened or ignore the wake-up call. Ultimately, she took her confidant, Sandra, her first daughter, to the screening. "Ghanaian women ignore early signs due to cultural beliefs which hinders timely medical attention." MARY WAS DIAGNOSED WITH BREAST CANCER. Though a counseling session was held, hope remained for Mary. The words, “You are not alone, and we stand with you,” provided her with comfort. She was encouraged to focus on her recovery and accept support from loved ones. Additionally, she needed to follow her treatment plan, maintain a healthy diet, and ask questions to better understand her care. After the session, Mary shared her diagnosis report with her daughter, Sandra. The news was devastating, and Sandra, upon researching the implications, felt shattered. As the eldest daughter, she felt a strong sense of responsibility to support her family, grappling with her own emotional turmoil. Sandra experienced a whirlwind of feelings, including anger, sadness, and fear of developing cancer herself. These emotions began to affect her focus at school, leading her to distance herself from her peers during lunch breaks. Her once infectious smile faded, and her grades suffered due to the psychological trauma she was enduring. Meanwhile, Mary’s husband felt helpless in the face of her illness. Consumed by guilt, he questioned why he couldn’t prevent her condition. His anger often directed blame elsewhere, and as his hope for the family faded, he succumbed to depression, which strained his relationships with Mary and their children. The family’s dynamic shifted dramatically as they navigated this crisis. While toddlers remained blissfully unaware, the weight of Mary’s diagnosis created an emotional rift, highlighting the need for open communication and support among family members to cope with the challenges ahead. Families facing this chronic illness should seek support groups, counseling from medical professionals, and maintain open communication with both the patient and the healthcare team. Patients benefit from encouragement, such as: You are strong. Your body is resilient. Each day brings you closer to recovery. You will overcome this. Conclusion 13 Issue No.005 In conclusion, breast cancer remains a formidable health challenge for women worldwide, underscoring the critical importance of early detection and proactive healthcare. Early diagnosis not only enhances the likelihood of successful treatment but also improves overall quality of life and survival rates. While advancements in awareness, screening, and treatment continue to make strides, the ongoing impact of breast cancer on women’s physical, emotional, and social well-being cannot be overlooked. Empowering women with knowledge, accessible healthcare, and support networks is essential to mitigate this impact, reinforcing the need for collective efforts in research, education, and policy reform. Join Us Today! 18 Issue No.005 NEVER MISS AN ISSUE! Follow us on our socials: Instagram Facebook WhatsApp Community Tiktok VISIT US ONLINE Catch the freshest features Updated montlhy Read anytime, anywhere WWW.GLOBALWRITERSPROJECT.ORG