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I r)s PASSOVER IN HISTORY Passover is a very ancient festi- val, celebrating the freedom won by the early Hebrew slaves from the Egyptian Pharoah. Historical records indicate, however, that an important feature in the Passover sacrifice of the firstlings of the flocks and herds, a thanksgiving offering to the Lord for His goodness to mankind. The departure of the Israelites from Egypt during the spring festi- val vested this earlier rite with a observance dates back even earlier new historical significance. The !o lhe misty dawn of history. Long name Pesah now assumed the before the Exodus, the pastoral meaning of 'passing over," of spar- tribes of Israel observed a festival ing and delivering. Tradition has of the shepherds, called \Iag Hapo- saft.. Moses pleaded with Pharoah in behalf of the Israelites: "Let us go, we pray thee, three days jour- ney in the wilderness, and sacriffce described it as "the sacriffce of the Lord's passover, for that He passed over the houses of the children of Israel, when He smote the Egyp- unto the Lord our God " (Exodus tians, and delivered our houses " 5:3). When they were refused, the (Exodus L2:27).So the ancient holi- Israelite families offered the Pas- day of Pesah was combined with chal sacrifice in their homes in the newer feast of Matzot or "un- Egypt. Its celebration in the early leavened bread" commemorating spring was associated with the the emancipation from slavery. The ary at |erusalem. The present Hag- gadah includes much of the pomp and ceremony of the temPle ritual' The destruction of the Temple in the year 70 led to the cessation of annual sacrifices and the replace- eating of Matzot was interpreted as ment of the altar by the home as a reminder of the hurried flight of the center of the proceedings. Dur- the Israelites from Egypt. "And ing the centuries of Roman oppres- they baked unleavened cakes of the sion, when the fews groaned under dough which they brought forth the crushing burden of the Caesars, out of Egypt, for it was not leav- the ancient Feast of Freedom was ened; because they were thrust out charged with rew vitality. Al- 6f Egypt, and could not tarry, though the Seder service recalled neither had they prepared for the picturesque rites at the Temple, themselves any victual " (Exodus the ritual nevertheless served to 12:39). stimulate the people with hope of new life and liberty. Celebrating it, the Jewish people declared prayer- fully: "This year we are slaves; next year rrray we be free." This dream of a world in which all men will be free and live in peace inspires the As the feast of Israel's independ- Seder ceremony. ence, the Passover was held dear in the hearts of the people. It gained new power when, under King Josi- ah (L62 B.C.E.), the Passover sacri- fices, like all other offerings, had to be brought to the national sanctu- THE SEDER SYMBOLS AND CUSTOMS At the beginning of the Seder everyone sits down to a beautifully set table, bedecked with flowers and candles, and at the head of which is a special platter. On the platter in specified order are: 1) Three matzot, in memory of 5) Haroset, a food made of ap- the unleavened bread which the ples, nuts, cinnamon and wine, Jews ate when they were freed mixed together to look like the from Egypt. mortar which the Hebrew slaves used in their servitude. 2) Bitter herbs, for the bitterness of slavery. 6) Parsley or uatercress, sugges- tive of the ancient customary hors d'ouevres. It is now used as a token of gratitude to God for the products of the earth. 3) The shank of a lamb, as reminder of the Paschal lamb. 7) L dish of salt water into which the parsley will be dipped. A cup of wi.ne is set at the place- setting of each celebrant. As in all 4) A roasted egg, symbolic of Jewish ceremonials of reioicing, the free-will festival offering which wine is used as a token of festivity. accompanied the sacriffce of the If desired, unfermented raisin wine Paschal lamb in the Temple. may be substituted. =.r Each participant in the service is expected to partake of four cuPs of meal. In connection with this, a sort of game of paying forfeits origi- l wine. This number was selected as nated. The head of the familY good- symbolic of the four divine prom- naturedly takes no note of the spir- ises of redemption made to Israel in iting away of the Aphi,komon, bY the Exodus 6:6-7. children, who return it onlY when An empty wine cuP in the center the master of the house redeems it of the tabla. This cup is filled as with a gift, so that the meal maY be part of the Seder ceremonY. It is concluded. known as Eliiah's cup. It sym- In ancient Palestine, the laborer bolizes the hope of man for the or slave ate his meals hurriedly, quick coming of God's kingdom squatting down upon the ground as upon earth. best he could. The free man, on the Early in the Seder service one of other hand, especially when there the three matzot on the ceremonial was a feast, reclined on cushions by platter is divided in half. The half the side of the table. So it is that in which is put away to be eaten at many homes at the Seder the leader the close of the meal is called is seated at the head of the table in Aphikomon, which is derived from an armchair provided with pillows the Greek, meaning after-meal or to symbolize the freedom achieved dessert. by the ancient Israelites on Pass- The Aphl,kon"Lon, hidden earlY in over. the Seder, is left to the end of the __-= THE ROLE OF CHILDREN The Seder service is marked with prominent part in the Sed,er service special concern for children. A is in consonance with the biblical striking contrast is offered between ordinance "And thou shalt tell thv the ceremonies of this service of son in that day" (Exodus 13:8). ' Passover Eve and the conduct of In order to maintain the interest the usual meal, so that the child is sure to ask for an explanation; thus of young children and to excite it gives the coveted opportunity to their imagination, the devotional Seder service is mingled with tell the story of Israel's deliverance bursts of good humor, serious ob- and to impress the lesson of faith in servations on Jewish life and com- God. The children question and the ments in a lighter vein, Iofty poetry father answers. and playful ditties. The assignment to the child of a 10 THE SEDER The Seder is the joyful family Seder means "order." The reai dinner and worship service which title then is "The Order (of service) is held in Jewish homes on Pass- for the Night of Passover," or some- over. It is a time when all members thing similar. The Seder consists of of the family gather together. a number of ceremonies of extreme There is always a guest or two at antiquity. Through these cere- the Seder, for this Festival of Free- monies and symbols, we are put in dom is a time of hospitality. In sympathy with the generation of many contemporary synagogues, a the Exodus; we are led to feel the community Seder for the entire trials of their embittered life of congregation is also conducted dur- bondage and the joy of their subse- ing the Passover week. quent triumph of freedom. .- - = THE HAGGADAH The Haggadah, which tells the did for me when I came forth out story, is a very ancient tert. The of Egypt " (Exodus 13:8). The word oldest portions are at least twenty- "tell" in Hebrew is haggad, and five hundred years o1d; and by the haggadah means "telling." This an- time of the Christian era, the text cient ritual, therefore, is simply the had already received much of its recounting of the Exodus to the as- present form. The whole service is sembled household in literal obedi- based upon one single Biblical in- ence to the biblical precept. The junction in connection with the ob- Haggadah, however, includes not servance of Passover: 'And thou only the order of ancient cere- shalt tell thy son in that day saying monial events and the story of the it is because of that which the Lord Exodus, but a running commentary of prayer, legend and exposition. 11 LIGHTING OF THE HOLIDAY CANDLES As a symbol of the uarnt, glou of happiness uhlch this festioal brings into the lewish home, a giil lights two holiday candles. Hold- ing her hands ooer the candles she recites the foll.oui,ing blessings: Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the universe, Who hast sanctiffed us by Thy commandments and commanded us to kindle the light of the holiday. Boruch otoh odonoy elo- hey-nu melech ho-o-lom osher I?F u'i:b$ ,?? ;rF|-( Tr? kid-sho-nu b'mits-vo-tov v'tsi- r0rTD? ,BPIP lryt| ,E?D,l vo-nu l'hod-lik ner shel yom tov. .fit, Eri' bqr .rl TIsr P'?la? Light is the symbol of the divine. As it is written, the Lord is my light and salvation. Light is the symbol of the divine in man. As it is written, the spirit of man is the light of the Lord. Light is the symbol of the divine law. As it is written, the Commandment is a lamp and the law is a light. Light is the symbol of Israel's mission. As it it written, I the Lord have set thee for a covenant of the people, for a light unto the nations. r3 THE ORDER OF THE PASSOVER SERVICE .NDE lut t'lcb ln'D .v1-?- THE SANCTIFICATION .1 fn.ll e cLEANSTNG rHE riaxbs- .DP']P.s .FD,: .4 EATING OF THE GREENS BREAKING OF THE MATZAH .'ItlD .5 .;rT[J .6 RECITATION OF THE SERVICE ALL WASH HANDS 14 .-tiiht .s EATING THE MATZAH TASTING THE BITTER HERB A REMINDER .'1.:!1y Itr?U.ro OF TEMPLE THE PASSOVER MEAL .?lDI , rr r .rr .:l'l!? .rz EATING THE AFIKOMEN THE GRACE AFTER MEAL .b!; .rs .;lI-lt .14 PRAISE THE LORD CLOSE THE SERVICE t5 Eaeryone at the table has a glass of ui,ne set before him. FILL THE FIRST CUP WITH WINE THE SANCTIFICATION .u-lP- .1 lf the festirsal i,s on Friday ni,ght, the followi,ng is added: And it was eaeni,ng and it uas morning, lR? 'il?l l.:!Y ,il?l The sixth day, the heavens, E?pry,1 rb)?t ,,vv;l Dit the earth, and all their hosts lt were finished. God finished Tfrt :DNf ts'7f 'l tr-lN;'11 I Tt? T: on the seventh day the work pi'rp nr;riN in)Nip - : '.,ryrJtrpit , which He had rnade, and He rested on the seventh day E,PI n!q/?l ,;tt?Y lrlrlf from all His work which He had made. And God blessed tq$ in;x!4':pn,'YrJtpil ., the seventh day and made it E}'nN Er;'l7N:l-]}] :;luy rr ,; ,inN iroti'' ,0,=r, holy, because on it He rested from all His work which He created and made (Gen. N'l?-]q}|, in:x?n')?n nlrf 1:31-2:3 ). :nltt yb Er;'rlN 16 Holding the wine cup aloft q,ll recite in unison the blessing oxer - oine. the )4i!.11 ll?-ll n-l? ,1?P Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the universe, Creator of the fruit of the vine. Boruch oroh odonoy hey-nu melech ho-o_lom eto_ I?n Wilb$ ,?? ;ffll_t ._lll? bo_ rey p'ree ho_go-fen. :I?tx ,lP !t-].i! ,E?ryit Praised art Thou, O Lord 1Ip u7)1; ,?? ;r0l_r !n? our God, Ruler of the uni_ 'bln ilp r[p ]ry11 ,E?ly4l verse, Who hast chosen us ,7ira!'bpn lrPD'l-'t1,Ey ,11V?'7?D 1:PAi'r1 from among all peoples. Thou hast sanctified and ex- ?? rh0nl ,rf]$a? il!?-lPl nin?l? nrub) ;r?i!t_t? 'll'il7N alted us with Thy command_ ments. In love Thou hast ,r44V? E'.I!tia(! il[t:D? given us days of joy and Ei''n$ NY? ErlDIt E'l[ seasons of gladness, even :D (aiTsl ,ilp n+u,l nlub) this Feast of unleavened ,l]n1-'ln , -: .;.I:I;t - 7DT ... niB?!,-1 --=-_. bread, a memorial of the de- ;vi1?, x'li?D (,;r?ilN? nrub) parture from Egypt. Thou il? '! .E?JTp nNrl'b 'DJ hast chosen us for Thy serv- bpa $|,T-P tflix:r D'lF? ice and made us sharers in 'lYiDI (n+Ul nlub) .E'Ay,? the blessings of Thy holy Qirlrl ;r?,IN? nluS) ryIR festivals. Praised art Thou, :rflbB$r lit ?lt ;rFFiP? O Lord, Who sanctiffed Is_ n:irb) :d,7.Pq ,l? ;rFN :ln? rael, and the festive seasons. :E'lDI,lJ bXlP:rt n?ua 17 -All recite together- Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the universe, Who hast given us life, kept us safely and brought us to this holy season. ''l'r.t? Boruch otoh odonoy elo- 1!p r:,pil! ,l? ;rDN hey-nu melech ho-o-lom sh'heh-chi-yo-nu v'ki-mq-nu 'tlytl;tl t? "3 ll n?P] ul[ilN? E?iy tl , T v'hi-gi-yo-nu lo-z'mohn ho-zeh. .;rlil ]47, !E- -= -- - r-- r-1 - 1- J- -- = t, €- 18 Here the celebrants drink the fast cup of wine. The first cere- monial uashing of the hands follows. CLEANSTNG rHE HANDS Ip'Jl .e The leader cleanses his hands, but he does not recite a blessing. EATING OF THE GREENS .E E.l! .3 This ceremoru,1 matks tha green that comes to life in the spring- time. some parsle{, lettuce or ioatercrass is distribut'eil to all piruruit who di,p it in salt rDater, and before partaking of it, sag in unison: Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the universe, Creator of the fruit of the earth. Boruch otoh odonoy elo- hey-nu melech ho-o-lom bo- 1!p w;!1,r ,:? i4lj In? rey p'ree ho-o-do-mo. :;rFl}!ir ''lP x'li! ,E?]y,? rg BREAKING oF THE MATZAH .YD? .+ The leader breaks the middre matzah, learsing one half on the seder-ilish; the other is hidden as the Aphi,kofr.on to be eaten at \atf the end' of the meal. The leader rifts up the matzah and, says: Behold, the matzah, the bread of affiiction our fathers ate whel they wer-e slaves in the Land of Egypt. r* ir r"*ind us of people everywhere are poor a"d hii.rgry. Let it cal to our minds_men_loday who -who are stiir ensraved ani without freedom. - M*/ all in need come and cerebrate passover with us. Mav God redeem us from all servitude and trouble. fV"*t rv"*;,^ahi, season may the whole house of Israel be free. And may all mankind enjoy liberty, justice and peace. THE RECITATION OF THE SERVICE .'T,IA .5 20 THE FOUR QUESTIONS (A child asks) Why is this night different from all other nights? 1) On all other nights weeat leavened or unleavened bread. Why on this night do we eat, only matzah, the unleavened bread? 2) On all other nights we eat all kinds of herbs, Why on this night do we eat especially maror, the bitter herb? 3 ) On all other nights we do not dip herbs even once. Why on this night do we dip twice, first the green into salt water and then the bitter herb into haroset? 4 ) On all other nights we may eat at the table either sittins up erect or reclining. Why on this night do we recline? Mo nish-to-noh ho-loi-loh ;ri,l n}l?_a ilFq,t ;rD ho-zeh mi-kol ho-loy-lot? tntb'b;r'bla She-b'chol ho-loy-lot o-nu u$ ntbr);ti;1, o och-leen cho-moytz u-motzoh, ;r?:?ir .;rTH fnry p!;N ho-loi-loh ho-zeh ku-lo motzoh. :;.IBD ]?D ;'I:III T- i She-b'chol ho-loy-lot o-nu och-leen sh'or y'ro-koi, ho-loi- ul$ nib;)d-)?+q, Q loh ho-zeh mo-ror. ;r?:?a niP'l? .rt{q, plpiN She-b'chol ho-loy-lot oyn o- :1i1? ;ri,l nu mot-bee-leen o-fee-loo po- ill$ I,!t 311)'l;'b;lra (3 om e-chot, ho-loi-loh hq-zeh .nrlN tryP th'Ps Ir?rlPa sh'toy f'oh-meem. '" .or;y? ,nq rF ;r???ir She-b'chol ho-loy-lot o-nu och-leen boyn yosh-veen u- 'rr5 nibrl;l')??ry @ voyn m'su-been, ho-loi-loh ho- .?'tPD I'll Plq'l' I'I Pl;rx zeh ku-lo-nu m'su-been. :l't?4 u?P ;ril r?:?a 2r (The leader replies to the child,:) I am glad you asked thesequestions, for the story of this night is iust what I wanted you to know. Indeed, this night is dif- ferent from all other nights, for on this night we celebrate a most important event in the history of man. On this night we celebrate the going forth of the Hebrew people from slavery into freedom. WHY do we eat only Matzah tonight? WHEN Pharaoh let our forefathers go from Egrct they were forced to flee in great haste. They had no time to bake their bread. They could not wait for the yeast to rise. So the sun beating down on the dough as they carried it along baked it into a fat un- leavened bread called Matzah. WHY do we eat bitter herbs tonight? BECAUSE our fathers were slaves in Egypt and their lives were made bitter. WHY do we dip the herbs twice tonight? WE dip the parsley into salt water because it reminds us of the green that comes to life in the springtime. We dip the bitter herbs into the sweet haroset as a sign of hope; our fathers were able to withstand the bitterness of slavery, because it was sweetened by the hope of freedom. WHY do we recline at the table? BECAUSE reclining at the table was a sign of a free man in olden times; and since our fathers were freed on this night, we recline at the table. \, i\ 22 Performing these rituals, we ourserves taste the bitterness , t'1y9ry and experience of the joy of freedom. Thus God makes Him- self known to us,again, in oui day, as the Author of history, assur_ ing us that the liberty to pursue happiness, to create beauty, to perform deeds of kindness-to ffnd fuifillment in life *r" ,h" .ijht, and privileges of all men-and that the task of achieving a society where these goals may be rearized is our speciar responsibirity. 21 (Now the leader ioined by all the company reci,tes:) wE celebrate tonight because we were slaves to pharaoh in Egy_pt, and the Lord our God delivered us with a mighty hand. Had not the_ Holy One redeemed our fathers from Egyft, we, our children and our children's children would have remiiired slaves. Therefore, even if we were all wise men, it would still be our d,utv from year to year to tell_the story of the deliverance from Egypi. In truth, the more we dwell upon the story of the Exodui-ti" deeper our understanding of the meaning of freedom and the stronger our determination to win it for ourselves and for others. ,EryD ilril)x :? ils'I?l .E??TAT ily'19? !pl,l E'l?It Nilr In? uili?,I x'3il x) lbu ,;.rlrfl vllEt ;ri7_ln l:I EoltYPa .T : ': : .,'llt_l.J r-r tlf'l --t?- t-l;'t llN ..-.i ,,ErJB7!D 'llr_lJl r-i--. F;.-.; ilrni:x-nx '- i., _ T ,Errtlf: ilh ,ErD?! ubl rb'p$l .E??TD? ;ty'lp? il?,7 F.: lpg? uo?y ;rlTn ,il'JlR,l-nry p:y'1tr rlp ,E':RI ilh ":l,I ,E?JTA nS'TE tpg? ;1+18,1'b?l .E?JTD 1S'T'I 24 <J\- A STORY is told of our ancient Rabbis, how they sat at a tabre once in B'nai Berak, and tarked ,hilqh a the Iiberation from il night about the wonders of Tgypt, ," ,i;;ii;"ir pupils had to break in on them, and remind t#,ri,'.4";;i;;;", gentlemen, it is time for morning prayer!" 25 (The leader recites:) Thus the story of the Exodus was told and retold from genera- tion to generation. Fathers would tell it to their children, thft they, in turn, might recount it to their children. But children are not all alike, as our Rabbis discovered many centuries ago. some are very curious and ask lots of questions; but others *rio *ry be just as curious are too young to know how to ask. some are eager to know all about the history, of their religion and they take i seriously; others care o_nlyfor-themselu", give no tholght to this serious "rf,ti'ere ar" fo.rr"kinds celebration. In all, the Rabbis said, of children, each one quite different, and each needs to be told the story in a different way. THE FOUR KINDS OF CHILDREN THE WISE CHILD: The wise child loves passover. He is .eaggr to celebrate the holiday and he asks his father, "\4/hat are the decrees, statutes and laws which the Lord our God has commanded concerning passover?" He must be told all that there is to know about the beautiful customs and observances of the festival. Then you must point out to him that they have meaning t6o as the be- loved symbols of a great arid noble ideal- the ideal of freedom for all men. 26 THE WICKED CHILD: The wicked child is scornful and irrev_ erant. He does not feel as though he is part of this whole celebration. Heisks his father in a mocking spirit ..What does the mean to you?" "To you.,,, he says, as :,"*i"," though he were an outsijer and had no part in it. He should be scolded and told, 'it is because of what God did to me when I went out of Egypt. To me; not to you! If you had been there , you would .rot h"rr" deserved to go forth." THE INNOCENT CHILD: The simple child is naive and innocent. He would like to know what passover is _all about, but he is shy and just doesn,t know how to asL about it. 3o h" ,"y, yergly, "What is this?" He should be told, a strong hand the Lord brought us "*lih from Egypt out of the horise of forth bondage." THE CHILD UNABLE TO INQUIRE: This child does not realize that some_ thing _unusual is going on. Therefore he must be introduced to the story and its celebration in simple and clear fashion. As the Torah explains, "this is because of what the Lord did for me when I went forth from Egypt." 27 THE STORY OF THE OPPRESSION (Each paragraph may be read by a different celebrant around the Seder Table.) It is well for all of us, whether young or old, to consider how God's help has been our strength and our support through ages 28 of trial and persecution, Ever since He called our father Abraham from the bondage of idolatry to His service of truth, He has been our protector. For not in one country alone, nor in one age have violent men risen up against us, but in every generation and in every land, tyrants have sought to destroy us; and the Holy One, i blessed be He, has delivered us from their hands. I The Torah recounts the early history of the Jewish people. I It describes how God commanded Abraham to leave his country and his father's house and to go to the land of Canaan where he would become the founder of "a great nation." Abraham obeyed God's command and journeyed to Canaan. There God blessed him and his family. His son was Isaac and his grandson was Jacob; and it was Jacob who went down to Egypt. Why did ]acob journey to Egypt? Because ]oseph his son had become prime minister to Pharaoh, king of Egypt. When a famine broke out in Canaan, Joseph asked his father and all his family to join him there. Then Joseph gave his father and his brethren a possession, as Pharaoh had commanded. And Israel dwelt in the land of Goshen; and they were fruitful and multiplied exceedingly. Joseph died, and all his brethren, and all that generation. Now there arose a new king over Egrut, who knew not ]oseph. And he said unto his people: "Behold, the people of the children of Israel are too marry and too mighty for us; come, let us deal wisely with them, lest they multiply, and it come to pass, that if there be a war, they join themselves unto our enemies and ffght against us." Therefore Pharaoh set over them taskmasters to affiict them with burdens. But the more the Egyptians affiicted them, the more the Israelites multiplied and the more they spread abroad. The Egyptians dealt ill with us, and affiicted us, and laid upon us cruel bondage. And we cried unto the Lord, the God of our fathers, and the Lord heard our voice and saw our trouble and our toil and our oppression. And the Lord brought us forth out of Egypt, with a mighty hand and with an outstretched arm and with great terror and with signs and with wonders. lb t- r-, r-. --- -. )q LET MY PEOPLE GO (The company ioin in singingtogether) When Israel was in Eg,,pt land Let my people go. Oppressed so hard they could not stand, Let my people go. Go down, Moses, Way down to Egypt land; Tell old Pharaoh Let my people got THE TEN PLAGUES (Flll the wine atp* The lead,er and, company then read, responsioely) LEADER: When Pharaoh deffed the commanduf God and re- fused to release the Israelites, he brought trouble upon himself and his people, for the Lord affiicted the Land of Egypt with plague. COMPANY: These plagues came upon the Egyptians because of their evil; yet we do not reioice over their downfall and defeat. LEADER: ]udaism teaches that all men are chfldren of God, even our enemies who would seek to destroy us. COMPANY: We can not be glad when any man needlessly suf- fers. So we mourn the loss of the Egyptians and e{press sorrow over their destruction. LEADER: At this point in the service we spill wine from our cups at the mention of each of the ten plagues. We cannot allow ourselves to drink a full measure, our own lives are diminished by the recollection of this catastrophe. We express remorse that the Egyptians had to suffer such terrible punishment. )0 (Each person spilk out a drop of wine from the cup at the mention of each of the plngues, a symbol of regret that the oic-tory had to be purchased through misfortune oisited upon Goills creatu,res, the Egyptians.) (All recite in unison) 1) Blood.2) Frogs.3) Gnats.4) Flies.5) Cat- tle disease. 6) Boils. 7) Hail. 8) Locusts. 9) Darkness. 10) Slaying of the First-Born. I) Dom. 2) Tz'for-doy-o. .Ep!! .yT']E3 .EtT :t 3) Keeneem. 4) O-rov. 5) De- ver. 6) Sh'cheen. 7) Bo-rod. 8) Ar-beh. 9) Cho-shech. .l'l? .rnq ..'t?T .fl'lY I0) Mo-kot B'cho-rot. :ni.]ll! nPD .:lry[ .;'t+''!s Rabbi Yehudnh a.s an aid to the memora of the order of these plnques ioined the fi,rst Hebreus letters of each plnque and formed the words: D',TZACH, ADASH, B',ACHAV :f'[N? w'1-\ ;l']-1 31 DAYENU (Music, page 58) (The company repeats the refrain "Dayenu" which is equiva- lent to "It would have satisffed us.") How many and wonderful are the favors which God has conferred upon us! Had He brought us out of Egypt and not fed us in the desert, DAYENU! Had He fed us with manna, and not ordained the Sabbath, DAYENU! Had He ordained the Sabbath, and not brought us to Mount Sinai, DAYENU! Had He brought us to Mount Sinai, and not given us the Torah, DAYENU! Had He given the Torah, and not led us into Israel, DAYENU! Had He led us into Israel, and not given us the Prophets, DAYENU! (all sing together) Do-do-ye-nu do-do-ye-nu, dodo-ye-nu :'lpT - '-r' ; do-ye-nu do-ye-nu l-lu ho-tzi, ho-tzi-o-nu, ho-tzi-o-nu mi-Mitz-ro-yim, ,E?JTD'! ll{'Ttr lb}r ho-tzi-o-nu mi-Mitz-ro-yim :1lt? Do-ye-nu: l-lu noton noton lonu noton lonu et ho-toroh et-hq-toroh noton lonu ,;'r'J]n,l'n$ T? IIt tbN Doyenu. (All read in unison) How grateful we must be unto the Lord for the many and wonderful favors which He bestowed upon us! He brought us out of Egypt, divided the Red Sea for us, fed us with manna, ordained )2 the Sabbath, brought us to Mount Sinai, gave us the Torah, Ied us into the Land of Israel, built us the Temple, sent us prophets of truth and made us a holy people to perfect the world under the kingdom of the Almighty, in truth and in righteousness. THE PASSOVER SYMBOLS l'11''ll1:l T ilSn .n0E -lT Should enemies again assail us, the remembrance of the exodus of our fathers from Egypt will never fail to inspire us with new courage. The symbols of this festival will help to strengthen our faith in God, who redeems the oppressed. Therefore, Rabban Gamaliel used to say: "Whoever does not well consider the mean- ing of these three s)rmbols: the Passover Sacriffce, the Matzah, and the Bitter Herb, has not truly celebrated this Festival." 33 The leader holds up the knnb bona and says: This reminds us how the Holy One, blessed be He,, passed over the houses of our forefathers in Egypt. As we read in the Bible: "And ye shall say, this is the Passover Sacrifice, offered to the Lord becaose He passed over the houses o{ the children of Israel in Egypt, smiting the Egyptians and sparing us"' The leader Points to the matzah' This reminds us how, in the haste of their departure from Egypt, our forefathers had to take along-unleavened dough' As *[,"ua in the Torah: "And with the dough which they had brorrght with them out of Egypt tlrey baked matzah, for the do,rgi was unleavened. For they had been rushed out of Egypt, a.rd"they could not linger. For they had not made any provisions for the road." The laader points to tho Bitter Herb' This reminds us how bitter the Egyptians made the lives -'At of our forefathers in Egypt. For we ."adi d they made their lives bitter with forceJ'Lbor, in mortar and bricks, and in all manner of work in the ffeld. And in all this they drove our fore- fathers ruthlessly." Forever altet, in every generation, every man must think of himself as having gote fotih from Egypt' For we read in the 'All this is Bible: "In that d"ay"thou shalt teach thy tor, saying because of what coa aia for me when I went forth from Egyp,.' it *", not only our forefathers that the Holy One, blessed be He, redeemed; us too, the living, He redeemed together with them"' Here tho uine-cup is raised. The compony ioin the leader and recite: It is our duty, therefore, to utter thanks _and prayer, to sing praise and adoralion, to Him who performed these wonders for i* frtn".s and for us. He led us out of slavery into freedom, out of sorrow into ioy, out of mourning into festiviry,.ol! of darkness into 1ight, out tf bondage into redemption. We shall sing Him a ne\M song, Halleluyah! The wine-cuP is sot down' 34 HALLEL-PSALMS OF PRAISE Psalm 113 LEADER: Hallelujah. Praise, O ye servants of the Lord, Praise the name of the Lord. COMPANY: Praised be the name of the Lord, From this time forth and forever. From the rising of the sun unto the going down thereof, The Lord's name is to be Praised. The Lord is high above all nations, His glory is above the heavens' Who is like unto the Lord our God That is enthroned on high, That looketh down low Upon heaven and uPon the earth? Who raiseth up the poor out of the dust, And lifteth up-the needy out of the dunghill; Thai He maY set him with Princes, Even with the princes of His people' Who maketh the barren wo*att to dwell in her house As a joyful mother of children. Hallelujah. Psalm 114 LEADER: When Israel came forth out of Egypt, The house of Jacob from a people of strange language; 35 COMPANY: Judah became His sanctuary' Israel His dominion' The sea saw it, and- fled; The ]ordan turned backward' " Th" mountains skiPPed like rams' The hills like Young sheeP' What aileth thee, O thou sea, that thou fleest? Thou Jordan, that thou turnest backward? Ye mountains, that Ye skiP like rams; Ye hills, like Young sheeP? Tremble, thou earth, at the presence of the Lord' At the presence of the God of Jacob; Who turned the rock into a pool of water' The flint into a fountain of waters' HALLELUYAH (Music, Page 59) (Alt sing together:) Halleluyah, HalleluYah, Sing ye servants of the Lord' feliUis goodness, glory and might' - Proclaim-His living word' Halleluyah' Ho-le-lu-yoh, ho-le-l u-Yoh Ho-le-lu-ov-deY A-do-noY .?? 'L?Y lb?a .;r?lblil (repeot) Ho-le-l u-yoh, ho-le-lu-Yoh, Ho-le'l u-yoh, ho-le-lu-Yqh, :;lrbb;1 Ho-le-l u-yoh, ho-le-lu-Yoh, Ho-le-lu-yoh. 36 lr_- l I I BLESSINGS (The wine-cltp is lifted and, the lea.der recites) Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, who redeemed us, and redeemed our fathers, from Egypt, and enabled us on this night to eat matzah and the bitter herb O Lord our God, and God of bur fathers, bring us ever forward in peace to other solemn days and festivals, ioyous in the building of ThX kingdom and happy in Thy service. May Th;, name be sanctiffed in fre midst of af ihe earth and all peoples be moved to worship Thee with one heart. ffi I tv BLESSING OVER THE WINE (The btessing for wine is recited in unison and all ilrAnk the second cuP of uine.) Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, Creator of the fruit of the vine. Boruch otoh odonoy elo- hey-nu melech ho-o-lom bo- I?n u'ill6 ,?? ;r4X 111? rey p'ree ho-go-fen. :HlI '-lP X'11! ,E?1y,1 37 ALL WASH HANDS .;]TN'l .6 (The compang recites the follnwingblessing as the hands are cleansed prior to the eating of the Passooer dbhe*) Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, Who hast sanctiffed us by Thy commandments and commanded us concern- ing the washing of the hands. EATING THE MATZAH .;.lTD NrliD .7 (The upper matzah is broken and distributed. The follawing two blessings a.re recited, in unison before eating,) 38 Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, Who bringest forth bread from the earth. Boruch otoh odonoy elo- 1Ip up!|,t ,:? ilfx '11''r? hey-nu melech ho-o-lom ho- mo-tzi le-chem min hq-q-retz. ?D Er;t? x'318il ,Ehyit :.l''1N;1 , rtr r Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, Who hast sanctiffed us by Thy commandments, and hast commanded us to eat Matzah. Boruch otah odonoy elo- 1!p u'fl$ ,?? ;TFrt'1rr? hey-nu melech ho-o-lom osher kid' sho-nu b'mitz-vo-tov ve- TfiTn? TP'IP rry$ ,E?D,l tzi-vo-nu ol o-chi-lot mo-tzoh. :;'t$! nbr:x bv Hst TASTING THE BITTER HERB .]1.1D .8 (Each person eats a sli,ce of horseradish dipped i,n haroseth after reciting:) 39 Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Universe, Who hast sanctiffed us by Thy commandments, and hast commanded us to eat the bitter herb. Boruch otoh odonoy elo_ hey-nu melech ho-o-lom qsher 1bp wp)1"r ,l' ;rg_r 1ti? kid' sho-nu b'mitz-vo-tov ve- ilP=iP .'lqr}{ ,E?iy,l tzi-vo-nu ol o-chi-lot mo-ror. :l]1? n?'t$ by r:IXl A REMINDER oF THE TEMPLE .:l-lll .9 (The bottom matzah on the ceremonial plnte is broken and ilistributed,. Horseradish, l.taroset, and this matzah are eaten together, after the leader expl,ains:) while the Temple yet stood, Hillel introduced a custom of his own into the seder ierviee: he would put together a piece of the Paschal offering, a piece of. matzah urrd u pi""" of the bitter herb, and eat the three together, in accordancJ with the verse in scripture: "They shall eat it upon unleavened bread and bitter herbs." 4a GOD OF MIGHT (Music, page 59) (All si:ng together) God of might, God of right Thee we give all glory; Thine all praise in these days As in ages hoary, When we hear, year by year, Freedom's wondrous story. rHE pASSovER MEAL .:l.lty n?U ,10 4l EATTNG THE APHIKOMON .JIDT .11 (At the conclusion of the meal, the chililren o.re gioen an oppor- tunity to find the Aphikornon. The leailer redeems it and distributes pieces of it to all present. (After partaking of the Aphikomon, it is custom,aty to eat nothing else.) THE GRACE AFTER MEAL .'1.1? .12 (Psalrn 726 can be recited, here) LEADER: Let us say grace. COMPANY: Let us praise Him of whose bounty we have par- taken, from this time forth and for ever more. LEADER: Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, Ruler of the Uni- verse, who sustainest the world with goodness, and with infinite mercy. Thou givest good unto every creature, for Thy mercy endureth forever. ever. COMPANY: Ttrough Thy great goodness, food has not failed us. May it never fail us at any time, for the sake of Thy . great name. 42 ALL READ IN UNISoN: o Lord, our God, sustain and protect us. Grant us strength to bear our burdens. Let us not become dependent upon men, but let us rather trust Thy hand, which is ever open and gracious, so that we may never be put to shame. LEADER: our God and God of our fathers, be Thou ever mindful of us, as Thou hast been of our fathers. Grant us grace, mercy, life and peace on this Feast of Unleavened Bread. COMPANY: Amen. LEADER: Remember us this day in kindness. COMPANY: Amen. LEADER: Visit us this day with blessing. COMPANY: Amen. LEADER: Preserve us this day for life. COMPANY: Amen. LEADER: O give thanks unto the Lord, for He is good, for His mercy endureth forever. COMPANY: Thou openest Thy hand and satisffest every living thing with favor. LEADER: Blessed is the man that trusteth in the Lord; the Lord shall be unto him for a help. COMPANY: The Lord will give strength unto His people; The Lord will bless His people with peace. ALL SAY: Amen. 41 (The cups are filled for the thi,rd time. All read in unison:) Praised art Thou, O Lord our God, King of the Universe, Creator of the fruit of the vine. Boruch otoh odonoy elo- 1!,p uflS ,?? ;r4tt'111? hey-nu melech ho-o-lom bo- rey p'ree ho-go-fen. .J?lI t']D N']i! , E?lyil (Drink the third cnp of wine.) w I ELIIAH THE PROPHET (The door is opened and the fourth and lnst cup of uine is filled. An ailditional cup, the Cup of Eliiah the Prophet, is set on the table. The company rises as if to greet htm. Elliah in leu:ish tradition is the long expec'ted messenger of the final redemption of mankind from all oppression.) -22