Machine Translated by Google No .: SEMOD-EL74 / 57-161 / 2022 FEASIBILITY STUDY FOR "Procurement of Tracked Armored Vehicles and Tracked Armored Vehicles " (PBOV and POV) May 2022 1 Machine Translated by Google Contents 1. Tracked Armored Vehicle and Tracked Armored Vehicle ........................................ .................................................. .................................................. .......... 5 1.1. Introduction ................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ............................ 5 1.2. Current status................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ................. 7 1.3. Current status - loss of competences ............................................. .................................................. .................................................. ................................... 20 1.4. Link to other modernization projects ............................................. .................................................. .................................................. ...................... 22 1.5. Potential variants of the project solution .............................................. .................................................. .................................................. ...................... 26 1.6. Operational use of tracked combat armored vehicles ............................................ .................................................. ........................................... 36 1.7. Basic tactical and technical requirements for tracked combat armored vehicles ........................................ .................................................. ....................... 39 1.8. Comparison of cannon variants ............................................... .................................................. .................................................. ......................................... 44 1.9. Comparison of 30 and 35 mm calibers ............................................ .................................................. .................................................. ..................................... 52 1.10. Active Protection System (APS) - Hard Kill ............................................ .................................................. ...................................... 54 1.11. Overview of the required numbers of Tracked Armored Vehicles and Tracked Armored Vehicles ....................................... ................................. 55 2. Method, criteria, procedure and procurement plan ........................................... .................................................. .................................................. .................................. 57 2.1. Method of procuring tracked armored vehicles ............................................ .................................................. ........................................... 57 2.2. Procurement criteria ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..59 2.3. Time progress of project implementation .............................................. .................................................. .................................................. ................................. 60 2.4. PBOV and POV procurement plan ............................................. .................................................. .................................................. ........................................... 62 Machine Translated by Google 3. Evaluation ............................................... .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..................... 63 3.1. Introduction ................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. .......................... 63 3.2. Methodology for evaluating received bids .............................................. .................................................. .................................................. .................. 63 3.3. Vehicle testing methodology ............................................... .................................................. .................................................. ........................................ 65 3.4. Technical part ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ............ 67 3.5. Financial part ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ............. 78 3.6. Logistics part ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ............ 83 3.7. Involvement of the Slovak defense industry .............................................. .................................................. .................................................. ............... 91 3.8. Legal part ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ............... 100 3.9. Summary of the evaluation ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .......................................... 101 4. Financial and economic analysis ............................................ .................................................. .................................................. ........................................... 104 4.1. Project cost estimates ............................................. .................................................. .................................................. ....................... 104 4.2. Partial conclusion ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ......... 109 5. Risk analysis and sensitivity analysis ........................................... .................................................. .................................................. ........................................... 110 5.1. Risk analysis ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ............. 110 5.1.1. Risk - "Rising prices of basic materials" .......................................... .................................................. .................................................. ................. 110 5.1.2. Risk - "Inflation rate" ............................................ .................................................. .................................................. ................................................. 111 3 Machine Translated by Google 5.1.3. Risk - "Life cycle costs" .......................................... .................................................. .................................................. ................................ 114 5.1.4. Risk - "Share of involvement of the Slovak defense industry" ......................................... .................................................. ......................................... 114 5.1.5. Risk register ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ............. 115 5.1.6. Conclusion of the risk analysis ............................................... .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ..... 115 5.2. Sensitivity analysis ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ....... 117 5.2.1. Evaluation of bids without taking into account the estimated life cycle costs of 20 years ....................................... ........................................... 117 5.2.2. Evaluation of offers without taking into account the cost of spare parts kits ......................................... .................................................. ................ 117 5.2.3. Conclusion of the sensitivity analysis ............................................... .................................................. .................................................. ................................................ 118 6. Conclusion of the study ........................................... .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ....................... 119 List of abbreviations ................................................ .................................................. .................................................. .................................................. ....................... 125 4 Machine Translated by Google 1. Tracked armored vehicle and Tracked armored vehicle 1.1. Introduction Ongoing changes in the security environment of the Slovak Republic (hereinafter "SR") related to the change of security threats to which be able to respond, together with scientific and technical development in the military, the ongoing process of globalization with its information and economic consequences, requirements for higher technical readiness of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (hereinafter referred to as the “Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic”), in contrast with the real state of armaments and technology of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (missing technology and shortcomings in the technological level, obsolescence), are a clear reason for the implementation of major armaments projects. The presented study describes the data for the procurement of Tracked Armored Vehicles and Tracked Armored Vehicles (hereinafter referred to as "PBOV") and P POV ’), which can be used in all envisaged combat activities and will be an appropriate means of combat in a wide range of spectrum of conflicts and deployment in the resolution of events, extraordinary events and non-military threats in the territory of the Slovak Republic. 1.1.1. Political-strategic framework The political-strategic framework for the long-term development of the state defense guarantee with an emphasis on the development of the Slovak Armed Forces is the Slovak Defense Strategy (2021). That sets a goal in the field of construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic, which is to increase their capacity and capabilities in accordance with the plans so as to ensure compliance all their tasks. The main task of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic is to defend the Slovak Republic and fulfill its international obligations. The construction and development of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic will, among other things also focus on the modernization, replacement and introduction of new, modern and technically advanced armaments and technology. At the same time for sufficient supplies material and ammunition in accordance with NATO standards, where the priority is to provide armaments, equipment and materials of the heavy mechanized brigade which is a priority of NATO's capability objectives for the Slovak Republic. It is stated in accordance with the program statement of the Government of the Slovak Republic, which it sets as a priority 5 Machine Translated by Google building the capabilities to which the Slovak Republic has signed up within NATO. This is achievable through the implementation of related modernization projects and intensifying training. The Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic are currently armed with tracked combat vehicles of the BVP-1, BVP-2 and BVP-M type and tracked armored vehicles for support tasks, which do not meet the quality requirements for a heavy mechanized brigade are at the end of their technical life and are being reduced operability in the period when the demands on the readiness of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic are growing. For these reasons, it is necessary to procure these types of vehicles to be implemented as soon as possible. Procurement of PBOV and POV is the most important step towards fulfilling the commitment to build a heavy mechanized brigade. PBOV and POV are among the main armament of the units of the Allied armies and will be a decisive combat element of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic to ensure the defense of the state for the fulfillment of tasks arising from international obligations. The Defense Strategy of the Slovak Republic clearly sets the goal for the support of the defense industry of the Slovak Republic, which is to increase its share in ensuring state defense and international cooperation. The effective involvement of the Slovak defense industry will support the development of defense capabilities of the state, the security and availability of supplies at war and in times of war, as well as the stability and long-term sustainability of the environment, will be strengthened. vehicle cycle. Such an approach means for the Slovak Republic a return on funds spent in the form of increased income from tax payments, the creation of new jobs, the transfer of new technologies and know-how not only in the field of metallurgy and the possibility of export opportunities, especially in the light of current world market events. 6 Machine Translated by Google 1.2. Current status The subject of procurement are PBOV and POV, which will form the primary - key armament of the basic unit of the ground component (mechanized battalion) with effective weapons to destroy armored targets and manpower. The technique in question will be used in accordance with the mission ground forces, whose main task is to ensure the defense of the territory of the Slovak Republic, to prepare and provide interoperable forces and capabilities for the participation of the Slovak Republic in international crisis management operations (UN, NATO, and EU), as well as to ensure the fulfillment of tasks and emergency management and non-military threats. The armament for the ground component must ensure the requirement of sustainability of units in a high degree of combat readiness at five basic principles: 1. interoperability, 2. mobility, 3. firepower, 4. mine resistance, 5. ballistic resistance. The procured equipment is intended for the replacement of PBOV and POV currently introduced in the armament of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (hereinafter referred to as "PS OS SR"), which the five basic principles of sustainability are only partially met. They ensure the interoperability of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic by gradual changes communication and information systems in the main types of technology, taking into account the effectiveness of this procedure. The mobility of key technology is compromise reduced in connection with at least partial modernization of selected types of technology and integration of new systems. Firepower is insufficient, not by the performance of mounted weapons, but by the absence of fire control systems, stabilization of mounted weapons and insufficient 7 Machine Translated by Google parameters of observation and aiming instruments. Ballistic and mine resistance does not meet the required parameters in accordance with the document Capability Codes and Capability Statements (CC&CS) SH / SDP / SDF / CFR / DPF / 19-003782, which is "NATO agreed ”document intended exclusively for NATO defense planning purposes. The introduced PBOV and POV are in the following modifications: Modifications that will be changed in the first phase of the PBOV and POV project: - BVP-1 (Infantry fighting vehicle - 1), - BVP-2 (Infantry fighting vehicle - 2), - BPsV SVATAVA - BPsV-ISTAR (Combat reconnaissance vehicle) - VPV (Liberation Tracked Vehicle). Modifications that will be changed in the second phase of the PBOV and POV project: - OT-90 (Armored personnel carrier), - SVO (Self-propelled explosive deminer), - MU-90 (Mine Stacker). Modification not currently used in armaments and will be added in the second stage of the PBOV and POV project: - 120 mm ShM vz. 85 Prám / S (Self-propelled mortar). Basic description with selected tactical and technical data of the above-mentioned modifications of the currently implemented PBOV and POV and in the relevant The current situation described in comparison with the requirements is given in the following paragraphs: 8 Machine Translated by Google 1.2.1. BVP-2 (Infantry fighting vehicle - 2) In accordance with the strategic planning documents in the first phase of procurement of new PBOVs and POVs, it is planned to change the technology at the mechanized battalion currently armed with a majority of infantry fighting vehicle - 2 (hereinafter "BVP-2") (Figure 1) BVP-2 was established in 1981 after an analysis of the problems arising during the deployment of BVP-1 in the mountainous parts during the activities of the USSR troops in Afghanistan. Under these conditions, it proved to be an inefficient cannon 2A28, which had a relatively large effect on the armored object up to a distance 1500 m, but proved ineffective at greater distances, where it seemed much more effective deployment of an automatic cannon, although smaller caliber, but with a much more effective range and the effect of more ammunition in the target. BVP-2 was equipped with a 30 mm automatic cannon with the possibility of firing against armored and fragmentation ammunition. Ballistic protection remained at approximately the level of BVP-1. Tower set was equipped with a more powerful PTRK for anti-tank guided missiles (PTRS) 9M111 (Bassoon) and 9M113 (Bankruptcy), able to eliminate armored targets at a distance of 2,000, resp. 4,000 meters. At present, in accordance with the basic principles stated in the introduction state, this key technique does not provide the basic requirements and uses only active optoelectronics (a significant unmasking element) and the resulting lower capability realization of combat activities in night conditions, they make this technique an easy target on the contemporary battlefield. Mine and ballistic resistance technology is on the basic parameters and its additional increase means a partial loss of mobility and does not essentially address the maintenance of the basic principles resp. achievement of competences in accordance with CC&CS. In the area of ergonomics and crew comfort, the air conditioning for summer is absent and heating for the winter, the minimized space limits the work of the crew with complete equipment (carrying modular system, backpack), as well as deployment and disembarkation of the equipment itself, not to mention the lack of storage space for carried equipment, armaments and supplies, which has an impact on independent fulfillment of the unit's tasks - required for 3 days of combat. At the same time, attempts to modernize and achieve the required parameters are leading only partial successes due to limited technical parameters and possibilities of modernized technology. 9 Machine Translated by Google Picture no. 1 BVP-2 (infantry fighting vehicle 2) 1.2.2. BVP-1 (Infantry fighting vehicle - 1) Tracked combat armored vehicle BVP-1 (Figure 2), one of the first for its destination in the world. It is designed for combat with enemy tanks and combat armored vehicles, to support their own tank troops by direct fire and leading infantry capable of landing at the site of combat deployment. The vehicle is equipped with a 73 mm cannon with a smooth bore mainly capable of firing reactive missiles with a cumulative warhead for destruction armor objectives. On the tower set is an integrated launcher for firing anti-tank guided missiles (hereinafter "PTRS") 9M14M, capable of destroying tank technology at a distance of up to 3000 m. On the sides and in the back there are shooting ranges for protection BVP-1 against manpower by direct firing from small arms paratroopers carried in the vehicle. The BVP-1 armor protection provides protection against the crew 10 Machine Translated by Google effect of piercing ammunition to a caliber of 7.62 mm at a distance of min. 100 m on the front armor against the effects of penetrating ammunition up to caliber 23 mm at a distance of min. 500 m. The vehicle is equipped with protection against weapons of mass destruction, fire-fighting equipment and ventilation system. The main positive characteristic of BVP-1 is high mobility in the field, the ability to overcome water obstacles by swimming and a very low silhouette. At present, in accordance with the basic principles set out in the state introduction, this key technique does not meet the requirements interoperability. The integrated basic means of communication is the R-123 RUS radio, operating on only one frequency, without the possibility connections in stealth mode, without the possibility of data transmission and integration of the command and control system (hereinafter "C2"). Despite the mobility technology is at a high level, the firepower does not meet the requirements of modern technology. The range of the main weapon 1300 m at optimal conditions, effective range only 800m, in conditions of reduced visibility only 500 m, the absence of stabilization of weapons in two planes, the absence fire control system. Picture no. 2 BVP-1 (Infantry fighting vehicle 1) 11 Machine Translated by Google 1.2.3. BPsV SVATAVA - BPsV-ISTAR (Combat reconnaissance vehicle) The combat reconnaissance vehicle (hereinafter "BPsV") was designed to conduct reconnaissance or combat activities in the rear of the enemy. BPsV (Image no. 3) was built on the chassis BVP-1. As part of the special equipment specific to the main activity, a night observation unit was integrated on the BVP-1 commander commander NNP-21 with integrated laser rangefinder DAK-2 and radar PSNR-5, radar searcher MRP-4. He was a part of it also a TNA-3 navigation device and a means of anti-chemical research. Picture no. 3 BPsV (Combat Reconnaissance Vehicle) 12 Machine Translated by Google In Slovakia, the modernization of this BPsV to the BPsV-ISTAR version was carried out (Figure 4), while the entire tower was replaced. set (original from BVP-1) for tower set TURRA-30. The entire equipment of the vehicle was also significantly changed. Picture no. 4 BPsV-I (ISTAR combat reconnaissance vehicle) 13 Machine Translated by Google 1.2.4. VPV (Liberation Tracked Vehicle / Tracked Release Vehicle) The rescue tracked vehicle (hereinafter referred to as "VPV") was primarily intended for the release of sunken BVP class equipment in difficult terrain and its repair in field conditions. VPV (Picture No. 5) is equipped with a hydraulically operated crane with a capacity of 6.5 tons, a powerful winch with a direct pull of 125 kN, a welding unit and a number of jigs for disassembly and assembly of the main groups of BVP-1/2 in field conditions. Picture no. 5 VPV (Liberation Tracked Vehicle) 14 Machine Translated by Google 1.2.5. DTP-90 technical assistance workshop A special amphibious tracked armored vehicle based on the OT-90 armored personnel carrier. The technical assistance workshop (Figure 6) is equipped with tools, fixtures, equipment, selected spare parts and operating materials to perform care and repairs techniques T-72, BVP and OT in field conditions. It is mainly used to search for damaged equipment day and night, for technical survey, towing of damaged equipment, to eliminate its operational faults, for welding and flame cutting and for lifting loads. Picture no. 6 DTP-90 (Technical Assistance Workshop) 15 Machine Translated by Google 1.2.6. OT-90 (Armored personnel carrier) This and subsequent modifications will be subject to change in the second stage of the PBOV and POV project. Following the reduction of conventional armaments in Europe, it was necessary to eliminate a larger amount of BVP-1, which resulted in armored personnel carriers - 90 (hereinafter "OT") (Figure 7). It was accepted decision to save a quality chassis with unique characteristics, especially in the field of mobility and equipment, namely to integrate into the chassis BVP-1 tower set with armament less than 20 mm. At that time, the OT-64 was liquidated, with a tower set with a 14.5 mm machine gun appeared to be ideal for mounting on the BVP-1 chassis. Picture no. 7 OT-90 (Armored personnel carrier) 16 Machine Translated by Google 1.2.7. SVO (Self-propelled explosive deminer) A unique demining means used to create a passage in the minefield. The self-propelled explosive deminer (hereinafter "SVO") has integrated 24 throwers - launching mandrels for a missile with a warhead containing about 25 kg of explosives. SVO throwers (Picture No. 8) are specifically rotated by each other, which allows the system to fire these missiles into the minefield at a distance in a matter of seconds 250 - 430 m, while after the impact and explosion of ammunition, all mines placed in the field are destroyed mechanically or by a pressure wave activities. This creates a belt with a minimum width of 5 m and a minimum length of 100 m in this field, which allows a safe passage of technology. The main one the advantage of this demining is the speed and reliability of implementation. The vehicle is built on the basis of BVP-1 with adequate characteristics mobility and equipment. It was developed and manufactured in Slovakia. Picture no. 8 SVO (Self-propelled explosive deminer) 17 Machine Translated by Google 1.2.8. MU-90 (Mine Stacker) Another of a series of special applications implemented on the BVP-1 chassis is the mine stacker - 90 (hereinafter "MU-90"). MU-90 (Figure 9) is designed for surface laying of mines. The mines are manually lowered to the terrain by the crew along a mechanical slide located in the back of the open door. Vo 110 anti-tank universal mines (PT-Mi-U) or bakelite anti-tank mines (PT-Mi-Ba-III) are available inside the vehicle. Big part The standard equipment of the BVP-1 is dismantled due to the need to integrate large tanks. The MU-90's center of gravity changed significantly vehicles and is therefore not seaworthy. Picture no. 9 MU-90 (Mine Stacker) 18 Machine Translated by Google 1.2.9. 120 mm ShM vz. 85 Prám / S (Self-propelled mortar) 120 mm self-propelled mortar vz. 85 Prám / S (hereinafter only 120 mm „ShM“) is the result of development work in the Slovak Republic. The development was realized in the 90s, the BVP-1 chassis was used as a basis. Due to some technical requirements and the need to maintain the ability to swim was the final version of the 120 mm ShM (Figure 10) realized on the extended chassis of the original BVP-1 platform, with one added castor on each side. A unique weapon system was developed and integrated to utilize the standard 120 mm mine used in Warsaw Pact countries. The maximum range was about 8000 ms with a cadence of 18 - 20 shots per minute (charging ammunition automatically charging). The crew consisted of 4 people. A total of 80 mines were carried in the vehicle. Mobility was at the level of other BVP vehicles. At present, this type of technology of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic is not included in the armament. Several pieces are stored at VTSÚ Záhorie using them as an engineer model in order to modernize and increase the efficiency of the use of individual integrated systems. Picture no. 10 120mm ShM vz. 85 Prám / S (Self-propelled mortar) 19 Machine Translated by Google 1.3. Current status - loss of competencies As part of the creation of the Military Strategy of the Slovak Republic, possible scenarios of the use of the Slovak Armed Forces in the expected security and operational environment were analyzed. These scenarios assume that until the arrival of NATO forces, the Slovak Republic will ensure that the defense is maintained on the main operational direction by its own forces. The combat potential of the PS OS SR must therefore be sufficient to stop the enemy on the designated line, stabilize the situation until the arrival of the VJTF / NRF and thus created the conditions for a joint NATO operation to restore the territorial integrity of the Slovak Republic within the framework of NATO's collective defense. At these admissions parameters, it is assumed that in the main operational direction, the PS OS SR will perform ground operations in an area about 90 km wide and at a depth of about 60 to 100 km (about 5400 to 9000 km2 ). Current numbers of key technology of mechanized brigades and their current state operational capabilities do not fully ensure the fulfillment of operational tasks, either in one line of defense or with the strengthening of defense in depth operating space. In accordance with the five basic principles of the ground component, defined in the introduction to state 1.2., It is possible to define required competencies of newly built mechanized units, taking into account: - generational change of key technology (necessary in view of advances in technology in this area), - experience from actual conflicts or conflicts in the near past (increasing resilience, deployment tactics, strengthening KIS resources), - the effectiveness of the deployment of technology (focusing on qualitative parameters compared to the quantitative principle used in the past), - ensuring conditions of operation in the coalition environment (compatibility of weapons systems with NATO - at least ammunition compatibility, communication, balance of combat potential of units in the calculation), - the ability to act against a potential adversary (defined as the way in which the state is defended by NATO and EU membership), 20 Machine Translated by Google - building technological superiority over a potential adversary as a prerequisite for an effective armed forces, - creating conditions for the deployment of technology with minimization of restrictions (day / night time, reduced visibility, length of deployment without logistics support, place of deployment - climate zones). Based on these input postulates, in accordance with the reference document Capability Codes and Capability Statements (SH / SDP / SDF / CFR / DPF / 19-003782), the document Model structure of the ground forces in relation to the specification of the need for vehicle platforms with a target state in 2035, which contains a detailed target layout of the main weapon systems on the platforms PBOV and BOV 8x8 in individual mechanized brigades of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic in accordance with the war model1 . Relationship between individual mechanized brigades and the fulfillment of Allied obligations is evoked directly by the name of the brigades. Alternative platform solutions in the document are proposed due to the operational efficiency of the unit, which will operate independently of the mechanized companies during the battalion maneuver. Unsecurity changes in current technology will result in a gradual loss of competence of three battalions in the 1st Mechanized Brigade, but also overall failure to provide the required capabilities of the planned heavy mechanized brigade. Failure to change the support technology will be significantly reduced support capabilities such as fire support, engineer capabilities, C2 system capabilities and logistical capabilities. 1 War model no. ŠbSP-US1-61-23 / 2021-V99. 21 Machine Translated by Google 1.4. Links to other modernization projects The PBOV and POV project is linked to other modernization projects, not only in the short term but also in the long term. Possible non - implementation Procurement of PBOVs and POVs will cause severe restrictions or complete loss of some capabilities related to this type of chassis platform. Specifically, the following modernization projects of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic are directly affected, mainly in connection with the construction of tmmb: - 8x8 armored combat vehicles, - replacement of tank technology, - heavy engineering technology, - release engineering technique, - engineering technology and EOD. 1.4.1. Project "8x8 Armored Combat Vehicles" One of the most affected projects is the "8x8 Armored Vehicles" project. Although the 8x8 chassis platform does not reach such capabilities obstacles, such as crawler platform vehicles, would currently be the most likely alternative. The restrictions do not only apply to the terrain, but also to the limiting load capacity, which does not allow to achieve the level of ballistic and mine protection to the same extent as for tracked vehicles. As part of the expected reduction of acquisition costs by approximately 50% per vehicle, part of the tracked combat vehicles will be replaced 8x8 platform. Such compensation is only possible to a limited extent and only for vehicles where tactical and operational use allows it. The project of procurement of PBOV and POV originally also included the procurement of tracked medical vehicles, but on the basis of a reassessment of the requirements of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic 22 Machine Translated by Google it was decided to procure medical vehicles only on the 8x8 platform. This change means significant financial savings, as acquisition costs for ambulances on tracked vehicles can be a professional estimate higher by 2.27 mil. € / 1 pc, as on the chassis 8x8 armored vehicles, which means a total estimated difference of approximately 34 mil. € for 15 vehicles of the 1st Mechanized Brigade. From the point of view of the economic aspect of the project, in the following stages of the procurement of further vehicle modifications in the BOV 8x8 project, they will be replaced certain modifications of PBOV and POV included in the composition of the 1st Mechanized Brigade, which is to be armed with tracked combat vehicles in the following modifications: - command posts, - ammunition as logistical support for tracked combat vehicles, - self-propelled mortar for combat support companies, - air defense (hereinafter "PVO") for tmb units, - electronic warfare. We consider it an unsuitable alternative to replace tracked combat vehicles in basic, reconnaissance, antimaterial team modifications. rifles or for the grenade launcher combat vehicles 8x8. With such a decision, the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic would not meet NATO's requirements to create a difficult one mechanized brigade and at the same time it would be possible to fulfill the tasks of the 1st Mechanized Brigade of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic only with restrictions. It would be the same against the CC&CS recommendations on a single platform of major forces in a heavy mechanized brigade in the cooperative action of tank and mechanized units, and that is the crawler platform, especially in relation to mobility. 23 Machine Translated by Google 1.4.2. Tank technology change project Another project that can be significantly affected is the project "Change of tank technology". Due to the current state of tank technology in the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic and the years of introduction of the current tanks into use (1987 - 1989), it can be stated that all tanks used in the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic have exceeded and extended service life. The project requirement (hereinafter referred to as “PnP”) “Tank Technology Change” states that the required tank technology change is to meet the requirements of the Bi-CS Capability Codes & Statements document of 22 January 2020 (INF-H-bDE, ARM-H-BN) for deployment within the adopted Capability Objectives 2017. At the same time, it is stated that the required tank technology will be used in accordance with the mission of the PS Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic, whose main task is to ensure the defense of the territory of the Slovak Republic, to prepare and provide interoperable forces and capabilities for the participation of the Slovak Republic in operations international crisis management (NATO, EU, UN). PnP is designed for a tracked armored combat vehicle with a min. 120mm tank cannon. Due to the condition of roads and bridges on roads I. and II. class in the Slovak Republic, the purchase of main battle tanks must be based on their maximum weight (the main battle tanks of the "western type", which are currently on offer, range in weight limits from 50 to 70 tons). From that From the point of view, the most rational choice seems to be the use of the same tracked chassis platform common to tracked armored combat vehicles and tanks. The chassis platform of a tracked armored combat vehicle with a fitted turret weapon system with a 120 mm cannon represents adequate replacement for the main battle tank and meets the requirements of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic. Also from the perspective of simplification of logistics and the resulting In order to save considerable expenditure, this option seems to be the most economical alternative. Beginning of the implementation of the project "Change of tank technology" is scheduled for 2026. The remaining time period provides a sufficient opportunity to analyze and develop such an intention. 24 Machine Translated by Google 1.4.3. Projects "Heavy engineering technology", "Relaxation engineering technology" and "Engineering technology and EOD" Within the modernization of the Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic, the second stage of procurement includes a POV self-propelled mortar, a mine thrower, an explosive deminer, road decommissioning vehicle and armored rescue vehicle, which should be addressed in the projects "Heavy engineering equipment", "Release engineering equipment" and "Engineering equipment and EOD". In the case of engineering technology in the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic, 80% of the technology is in unsatisfactory operating conditions condition. Since 2010, deliveries of materials for Explosive Ordnance Disposal (hereinafter referred to as “EOD”) and 50% of special material and EOD have not been made. technology is over the life cycle. Failure to implement the PBOV and POV project may result in a reduction in engineering and EOD competencies. 25 Machine Translated by Google 1.5. Potential variants of the project solution The following options were taken into account in the variant solution of the project: - 1st option of maintaining the current state, ie maintaining the operational capability of current BVP vehicles at the 2nd Mechanized Brigade, - 2. variant modernization of current BVP, - 3. option to purchase a chassis platform other than a replacement, - 4th option purchase of new PBOV and POV. 1.5.1. Option 1 - maintaining the current state The key technique of mechanized battalions on the BVP-2 platform is after the end of technical life in terms of internal normative acts (service life of armaments, materials and equipment in the armed forces determined on the basis of "Professional Instructions No. 8/2018 on service life movable property of the state). In accordance with this document, the service life of the category of combat vehicles (combat armored personnel carriers) is set at 20 years while maintaining a minimum residual value of 25%. At present, the average age of BVP-2 vehicles is 32.4 years. This key technique does not provide the required ability to perform fire tasks with reduced visibility, or only to a limited extent (up to 500 ms using active means of night vision). The key technology is not deployable in an international environment, it does not have the means to secure NATO certified classified, does not have a fire control system and provides the crew with only basic mine and ballistic protection. Absent air conditioning and independent heating significantly limit the comfort of the crew when performing tasks in difficult climatic conditions. Ammunition used in BVP-2 is not compatible in performing tasks in cooperation with Alliance partner units. 26 Machine Translated by Google To prolong the technical life of the vehicles, it is necessary to perform comprehensive repairs up to the scope of the overhaul. Based on already done complex repairs of equipment on the platform BVP-2 in the years 2021 and 2022 was the average price of a comprehensive repair of a combat tracked vehicle on level 356 235.40 Eur / pc, which is about 32 mil. Euros for all vehicles in the armament of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (90 pieces). The duration of one repair is 6 to 9 months depending on its demands, the capacity of the repair shop is approximately 15 combat tracked vehicles in one year. These costs represent an extension only technical service life of selected vehicle subsystems which will allow the equipment to be kept in working order but do not contain modernization. Both military and non-military repairs depend on the supply of spare parts ("ND"), which in most cases are Russian production. I delivery is at the level of 9-12 months in accordance with the valid contract and may be significantly limited in the future. Due to problematic procurement spare parts, the average annual cost of providing technical repairs on the BVP-2 platform is more than 1 mil. €. Total costs for maintenance and repairs of key equipment on the BVP-2 platform for the period 2017 - 2021 for three battalions (data from IIS SAP module PM) were € 6,704,497. Of this amount, € 1,973,459 was spent on military repairs and on non-military repairs 4.731.038 €. It can be clearly stated that the technology on the BVP-2 platform has a life cycle at its end and maintenance is no longer a question of on the prevention, but only the elimination of the consequences of the failure of individual groups and subgroups of technology. The difficulty of troubleshooting will increase not only in economic and personnel terms, but also due to the general lack of new ND, as refurbished ND does not provide sufficient quality parameters. At the same time, the loss of professionally qualified staff due to retirement needs to be taken into account. Maintaining the combat capability of such armed ground components is highly uneconomical, but especially from a military point of view very inefficient. 27 Machine Translated by Google 1.5.2. Option 2 - modernization of current BVP Implementation of the modernization of BVP-2 and BVP-1 is possible only with certain limitations and compromise solutions of the five basic principles ground component defined in the introduction to state 1.2 .. All these restrictions, resp. compromise solutions do not allow the requirements to be met NATO set out in the CC&CS document. The spatial conditions and the design of the body of the mentioned platforms do not allow the level to be increased mine protection to level 3a / 3b according to STANAG 4569. Such an adjustment would limit the space for the crew to such an extent that conditions for seating a crew with an average body height in standard equipment would be contrary to hygienic standards. Technical the implementation of the external armor does not allow the attachment of additional armor and thus increase the level of ballistic protection. Increase ballistic protection to level 5 and increasing mine protection to level 3a / 3b according to STANAG 4569 would cause an overload of the chassis platforms with forced change of powertrain (engine, transmission) and subsequently related chassis parts (knowledge gained empirically in the implementation of a modernization project called "JACKAL" in 2014). The current version of the TURRA 30 tower set integrated on chassis platform BPsV with GTS 30 cannon does not allow shooting ammunition of NATO caliber (30 x 173 mm). In terms of platform load and the use of ammunition would be the possibility of replacing the existing turret set with a remote-controlled turret system (eg TURRA 30) with a cannon Bushmaster II MK44, or with GTS-30 / N cannon. However, such a version is in conflict with the requirements of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic for PBOV, which prefer crew tower. The BVP-2 turret set is currently equipped with a 2A42 cannon and to enable the firing of the above ammunition would be necessary reconstruct the minimum cradle parts for the GTS-30 / N cannon. At the same time, both variants of BVP must be provided with resources as part of the modernization to the NATO-certified Classified Link, the Harris C2 control and command system, by passive optoelectronic means, as and an adequate fire control system. 28 Machine Translated by Google 1.5.3. Option 3 - purchase of a different chassis platform as a replacement At the time of writing this feasibility study, the procurement process for the purchase of BOV 8x8 is taking place in parallel with the PBOV and POV project. Subject of the above procurement process is intended for the replacement of vehicles in the armament of the 2nd Mechanized Brigade, whose key technology is to be built on a wheeled chassis platform. If the purchase of PBOV and POV vehicles is not carried out and the provision of the required competencies should be replaced by the purchase of vehicles on wheeled chassis, so there would be a significant saving of funds, but thus rearmed units would fulfill the required capabilities only compromising in relation to the five basic principles of the ground component defined in the introduction to the State 1.2. and the reference document Capability Codes and Capability Statements (SH / SDP / SDF / CFR / DPF / 19-003782) to cooperating tank units. The need to revise the international obligations of the Slovak Republic as an alliance would probably also arise partner. To ensure the defense of the state and fulfill the international obligations of the Slovak Republic, the most suitable variant is a combat armored vehicle on a track chassis. The required equipment, or a unit armed with such equipment, must comply with the recommendations of the reference document Capability Codes and Capability Statements (SH / SDP / SDF / CFR / DPF / 19-003782) for Heavy Mechanized Mechanized Battalion (INF-H-BN). Tieto units are the basis for the creation of a mechanized brigade of heavy type, ie to meet the objectives of competencies, respectively. international obligations SR. The INF-H-BN must be able to perform a mobile, very intense and determined maneuver while protecting forces. It means carrying out high-paced tactical activities, carrying out decisive and shock activities and carrying out rapid maneuvers in the field, under with enemy fire, to defeat the enemy, for which he should have available heavy combat armored vehicles (Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicles - AIFV), which provide significant firepower, manpower protection and battlefield mobility. Because INF-H-BN units often or usually performing a maneuver in cooperation with tank units (see the organization of a heavy mechanized brigade of capability targets) is a necessity 29 Machine Translated by Google that the mobility in the field (throughput) INF-H-BN - ie its main armament, is the same / similar as in the case of tank units. For this reason, to use for INF-H-BN combat armored vehicle with a chassis other than a crawler, it is at least inappropriate, only from the military tactical impossible. 1.5.4. Option 4 - purchase of PBOV and POV At present, the international defense industry provides a number of tracked armored vehicles, but in terms of a specified scope countries to which a request for government tenders has been sent (the so-called Request for Government Proposal "RfGP"), the selection was limited to two vehicles ASCOD and CV90, which are already in use by some foreign armies and two so far in the world unloaded LYNX and BORSUK vehicles. 1.5.4.1. List of manufacturers The following list is an overview of selected manufacturers of tracked armored vehicles and is focused on European countries Economic Area (EEA), Canada, the United States of America, the United Kingdom and Switzerland. The information below has been drawn from documents received from manufacturers and at the same time from publicly available sources. 1.5.4.1.1. Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH (Germany) - LYNX vehicle LYNX (Picture No. 11) is an infantry fighting vehicle from the German company Rheinmetall Landsysteme, which was developed as cheaper and an easier alternative to PUMA vehicles. The LYNX is available in two versions, the LYNX KF31 (introduced in 2016) for six members swarm, and LYNX KF41 (introduced in 2018) for 8 swarm members. LYNX is designed as a modular with the possibility of mounting the purpose of the body according to the type of operation in which it is to operate. The basis is the chassis part with six wheels with torsion bars and swing arms 30 Machine Translated by Google from the Australian company Supashock. In the right front part there is a diesel engine (power depending on the version), on the left the driver's seat, behind it place of commander and shooter-operator. Their position can be selectable in the body or tower, as the LYNX can be equipped with an unmanned (remote controlled) or crew tower. It is possible to optionally mount a tower in the tower, either 35 mm fully stabilized, externally driven Wotan automatic cannon, or 30 mm MK30-2 / ABM cannon. To the left of the cannon is a coupled (coaxial) 7.62 mm machine gun RMG 7.62. On the ceiling turrets can accommodate a remote-controlled weapons station with a 12.7 mm M2HB machine gun. Modules may be located on the sides of the tower with Spike anti-tank guided missiles (Spike LR / LR2), anti-aircraft guided missiles, or unmanned aerial vehicles. Commander and the shooter-operator can operate in "hunter-killer" mode (the commander passes the target to the operator for destruction). Modular ballistic protection is from level 5 and mine protection is offered from level 4a / 3b according to STANAG 4569 with the possibility of increasing the levels of both protections. In 2022 Rheinmetall announced the possibility of fitting a tower with a 120 mm cannon. Picture no. 11 LYNX KF41 - Rheinmetall Landsysteme GmbH 31 Machine Translated by Google 1.5.4.1.2. General Dynamics European Land Systems Santa Bárbara Sistemas (Kingdom of Spain) - ASCOD vehicle ASCOD (Austrian-Spanish Cooperative Development) (Figure 12) is a type series of infantry fighting vehicles of the American group General Dynamics European Land Systems (GDELS). The vehicle was developed as a joint Austrian-Spanish project in the late 1980s. Serial supplies vehicles have been running since 1998 to the present. ASCOD was introduced into the armament of the Spanish army under the name Pizarro and into the Austrian armed forces under the name Ulan. The layout of the vehicle is standard in the given category. The chassis is constructed with seven carriages wheels with torsion bars and swingarms. In the left front there is a place for the driver, on the right there is a diesel engine, commander and shooter operator are located in the tower (except version 35 t) and the rear space is adapted for eight swarm members. The tower is double, electromechanically controlled with a full circle, located in the middle of the body. The ELBIT MT30 turret is mounted with a 30 mm automatic cannon Bushmaster II Mk44 S. The secondary armament consists of a 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun. Electrically operated anti - tank launcher guided missiles for two missiles Spike LR / LR2 is integrated on the right side of the tower. The ASCOD 35 t version is armed with an unmanned tower from of BAE Systems. The commander and the shooter-operator can operate in "hunter-killer" mode (the commander passes the target to the operator for destruction). ASCOD provides level 5 ballistic protection and basic level 4a / 4b mine protection according to STANAG 4569 with patented floating floor and the possibility of increasing both levels of protection. The ASCOD vehicle portfolio also includes the LT 105 with a 105 mm cannon turret. 32 Machine Translated by Google Picture no. 12 ASCOD - GDELS Santa Bárbara Sistemas 1.5.4.1.3. BAE Systems Hägglunds AB (Kingdom of Sweden) - vehicle CV90 CV 90 (Combat Vehicle 90) (Figure No. 13) is a type series of Swedish tracked combat vehicles, which developed in the second half of the 80s FMC, Hägglunds and Bofors. CV90 is currently in place in seven countries (Denmark, Estonia, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland), in different versions (9035DK, 9035NL, 9030FIN, 9030N, 9040C and 9030CH) according to the end user of the country with cannons caliber 30, 35 and 40 mm. The chassis platform has evolved from the first designation Mk 0 to the currently offered version Mk IV. Arrangement vehicles is the same as for the above vehicles. The chassis is constructed with seven wheels with torsion bars and swingarms. 33 Machine Translated by Google shoulders. In the left front there is a place for the driver, on the right is a diesel engine, the commander and shooter operator are located in the tower and the back space is adapted for eight swarm members. The two-seater tower is mounted with an automatic cannon NGIS 30 mm Bushmaster II Mk44 S or NGIS 35 mm Bushmaster III cannon with the same mounting and the same ammunition storage space. It consists of secondary armaments 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun. The tower is integrated electrically controlled launcher anti-tank guided missiles for two Spike LR / LR2 missiles. The commander and the shooter-operator can operate in "hunter-killer" mode (the commander passes the target to the operator for destruction). CV90 provides ballistic protection level 5 and basic protection against mines level 4a / 4b according to STANAG 4569 with the possibility of increasing both levels protection. Hägglunds offers a version of the CV90120 with a 120 mm cannon turret. Picture no. 13 CV9030 - BAE Systems Hägglunds AB 34 Machine Translated by Google 1.5.4.1.4. Polish Armaments Group - PGZ (Republic of Poland) - vehicle BORSUK The BORSUK infantry fighting vehicle (Picture No.14) is a development platform of Huta Stalowa Wola SA (HSW), a member of the Polish PGZ Group (Polish Armory Group). Currently, the vehicle is not introduced in any army in the world. The chassis is designed with six carriages wheels. In the left front part there is a place for the driver, on the right there is a diesel engine, the commander and the shooter operator are located in the body of the vehicle and the back space is adapted for six swarm members. The ZSSW-30 unmanned turret is mounted with an NGIS 30 mm automatic cannon Bushmaster II Mk44 S. The secondary armament consists of a 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun. The tower has an integrated electrically operated launcher anti-tank guided missile equipment for two Spike LR / LR2 missiles. The commander and the shooter-operator may operate in "hunter-killer" mode passes the target to the operator for destruction). The degree of ballistic protection and mine protection is not known for the BORSUK vehicle. Picture no. 14 BORSUK - Polish Armaments Group (PGZ) 35 Machine Translated by Google 1.6. Operational use of tracked armored combat vehicles Heavy-duty mechanized units are subject to the Capability Codes and Capability Reference Document Statements (SH / SDP / SDF / CFR / DPF / 19-003782) suitable especially in open terrain for the following tactical tasks: - the main force in the attack when penetrating the enemy's defensive positions, - the main force in defense in repelling the attack of heavy enemy forces, - overcoming obstacles when in line with engineer units, in particular breaking through barriers and creating passages for other cooperating units, - breaking through the walls of buildings through its main armament, to support infantry (swarms) deployed from vehicles in order to penetrate these buildings, - persecuting power and the power to develop success, - combat research, - counterattack in defense, - backup tasks, - fixing and blocking tasks, - stabilization activities linked in particular to tasks requiring mobility in high-risk areas, - tasks to support the activities of larger groupings. 36 Machine Translated by Google Tracked armored combat vehicle, as the main combat vehicle of mechanized units, is operationally predestined for crew transport and leadership combat activity primarily from the mounted weapons of the vehicle and the second mounted part of the crew within the operational group. The vehicle's organic armament enables the continuous conduct of combat operations in the full range of expected situations on the battlefield. Given the level ballistic protection and the nature of the armament is ideal for use in offensive as well as defensive operations of high intensity. The vehicle will capable of operating even under the conditions of use of weapons of mass destruction, while ensuring the protection of the crew inside the vehicle without use individual means of protection and ensuring adequate airspace protection. Rapid deployment of mechanized units on its own territory or in the framework of international crisis management (hereinafter referred to as "ICM") requires the fulfillment of a number of measures, which must be preceded by a thorough analysis of the experience and conclusions from the deployment of our and other foreign countries; units in NATO and UN operations and missions. In terms of operational requirements, tracked armored combat vehicles as elements of a heavy mechanized brigade, reflect to meet the requirements pursuant to the Capability Codes and Capability Statements reference document (SH / SDP / SDF / CFR / DPF / 19-003782) for deployment with objectives and international obligations of the Slovak Republic. In an asymmetric conflict, the success of the deployment depends mainly on the dynamics of the conduct of combat activities and the ability to react immediately to actions opponent. The dynamics of the conduct of combat operations is conditioned by increasing the mobility, speed, resilience and viability of tactical units. One of the main factors in achieving this situation is the mobile combat vehicle used, which has adequate armaments, ballistic protection, high speed and terrain permeability. The armament consists mainly of machine guns (usually 7.62 mm or 12.7 mm), automatic cannons of calibers 20 to 50 mm, grenade launchers and possibly anti-tank guided missiles. This weapon system (using 37 Machine Translated by Google possibilities of observation and identification devices) allows to combine fire with the movement (maneuver) of the weapon, thus achieving their more efficient use. As the main combat vehicle of the mechanized battalion, the tracked armored combat vehicle meets all the required parameters. 38 Machine Translated by Google 1.7. Basic tactical and technical requirements for tracked combat armored vehicles In terms of firepower, flexibility, efficiency, mobility, sustainability and interoperability within NATO countries, the quality requirements are PBOV and POV to ensure: - the use of organic infantry armored units in high-speed ground tactical activities to perform crucial shock activities and rapid maneuver in the field, under enemy fire, to defeat the enemy using Armored Infantry Fighting Vehicles (AIFV), which provide considerable firepower , protection and mobility on the battlefield, - conducting offensive, defensive, stabilizing and enabling ground tactical activities, in accordance with its own specialization, - performing a wide range of tactical tasks with considerable firepower, - operation in weather conditions with extremely low and extremely high temperatures (according to AECTP-230) and in difficult conditions, - operating in conditions of reduced visibility, - adequate level of protection against IEDs in accordance with STANAG 4569 / AEP-55 - Protection levels for the crew of armored vehicles (Protection Levels for Occupants Armored Vehicles) and AVPP-01 - Lists of protection levels for the crew of armored vehicles, - achieving a high degree of tactical maneuvering in the field / on the battlefield using speed, mobility (throughput) in the field, - protection of the vehicle crew from kinetic threat up to the level of an automatic cannon caliber 25 mm at a distance of 500 m / explosion of 155 mm artillery grenade at a distance of 25 m and explosion of 8 kg anti-tank mine under the vehicle body (STANAG 4569 / AVPP-01, K5 M3b), - the use of anti-tank guided missiles mounted on combat vehicles to destroy enemy tanks at a distance greater than 2 000 m, 39 Machine Translated by Google - use of mounted weapons on combat vehicles for direct fire to destroy enemy armored vehicles, protected up to level K4 (STANAG 4569 / AVPP-01) primary weapon to a distance of min. 2,000 m and with a secondary weapon to neutralize / silence the deployed infantry at a distance greater than 500 m, - performing a mobile, very intensive and determined maneuver, - protection of forces in order to preserve freedom of movement, with restrictions in closed terrain, - transport by means of strategic transport without / or with a minimum of restrictions, - enabling the use of measures against anti-tank means of enemy forces. The team, as the basic unit of the mechanized battalion, will have one PBOV in service for min. 10 member crew in order to reach capabilities of the ground forces in the context of the tasks set out in the Act on OS SR2 . In connection with NATO's demands for allocation of difficult mechanized brigade for collective protection purposes within the meaning of Articles 3, 4 and 5 of the Washington Agreement, the vehicle inclusion in the heavy mechanized brigade. A comparison of vehicle characteristics in relation to CC&CS is given in Table no. 1. Table no. 1 Comparison of NATO requirements with the required features of the new PBOV PBOV and POV requirement and of which NATO requirement Note therefore meets the requirements of NATO Mobility Mobility and maneuverability High throughput vehicle a The throughput and operational reach of the vehicles will allow in high-intensity conflict, maneuverability in the field, deployment in extreme climatic conditions and in the field, different climates with the possibility of operating in difficult terrain without built-up road infrastructure. conditions and with security climatic conditions. At the same time, it must be strategic unit protection. by means of transport. 2 Act No. 321/2002 Coll. On the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic, as amended 40
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