New York; New Jersey; Delaware; Maryland; N. Carolina; S. Carolina; Georgia; Pennsylvania, 96 III.—INDIANS: THEIR TRIBES AND WARS. I. INDIAN TRIBES. General Division; Tribes in the Central and Southern parts of New England; Tribes in the Northern parts; East of Lake Erie and South of Lake Ontario; Southern Tribes, 104 II. ORIGIN OF THE AMERICAN INDIANS. Various Speculations on the subject; Opinions of Voltaire, of Rev. Thos. Thorowgood, Dr. Boudinot, Roger Williams, Hubbard, Thos. Morton, John Josselin, Cotton Mather, Dr. Mitchell, Dr. Swinton, 109 III. VIRGINIA INDIAN WARS. Early Troubles of the English with the Indians; Power and Cruelty of Powhatan; his apparent Friendship for the Colonists; Treacherous Conduct; Kindness of Pocahontas; Inhuman Conduct of Lord De la War; Captivity of Pocahontas; Cruel Massacre of the Whites; Opecancanough; Troubles with Totopotomoi; Anecdote of Jack-of-the-feather, 113 IV. PLYMOUTH COLONY AND THE INDIANS. Early Rencontre at Plymouth; Friendly Intercourse established by means of Samoset; Kindness of Squanto; Intercourse with Massasoit; Contemplated Massacre defeated; Caunbitant; Hobomok, 125 V. ENGLISH AND NARRAGANSETS. Territory of the Narragansets; Canonicus their Sachem; his mode of Challenging the English to War; Union proposed between the Pequods and Narragansets; how Defeated; Haughty Bearing of Miantonimoh; Accused of a Conspiracy against the English; Accusations repelled; Peace concluded between him and Massachusetts; War between Uncas and Miantonimoh; the latter captured, and delivered to the English; how disposed of; Character of Uncas; Troubles with the Narragansets under Ninigret; Expedition against him; its Issue, 142 VI. PEQUOD WAR. Territory of the Pequods; their Character; Sassacus; his Hatred of the English; Cruelties practiced towards them; War declared by Connecticut; Expedition of Captain Mason; Surprise and Destruction of the Fort; Further Prosecution of the War; Consequences resulting from it, 153 VII. PHILIP'S WAR. Causes of Philip's War; Character of Philip; General Spirit of Hostility among the Indians; Outbreak at Swansey; Expedition under General Savage; Expedition under Captain Church; Perilous Situation of this latter party; Timely Arrival of Captain Hutchinson; Second Expedition of Captain Church; Critical Situation of Philip; Effects his Escape; Annoys the Back Settlements of Massachusetts; Treachery of the Nipmucks; Attack on Brookfield; Bloody Affair at Muddy Brook; Attack on Springfield; Attack on Hatfield; Outrages at Northampton; Large Force raised by Massachusetts, Plymouth, and Connecticut, against the Narragansets; Philip's Fortress at Kingston, Rhode Island; Destruction of it; Lancaster destroyed; other Towns burned; Fatal Affair at Pawtuxet river, Rhode Island; Stratagem of Cape Cod Indians; Attacks on Rehoboth, Chelmsford, Sudbury, &c.; Expedition of Connecticut troops; Conanchet captured; Long Meadow attacked; Hadley; Fortunes of Philip on the wane; Successful Expedition at Connecticut-river Falls; Attack on Hatfield; on Hadley; Remarkable Interposition of a Stranger at Hadley, supposed to be Goffe; Decline of Philip's Power; Pursued by Captain Church; Death of Philip; Disastrous Effects of the War; Philip's Warriors; Annawon; Reflections, 161 VIII. WAR OF WILLIAM III. Combination of French and Indians against the Americans; Burning of Schenectady; Cause of it; Horrors attending it; Attack upon Salmon Falls and upon Casco; Results of Expeditions fitted out by New York and New England; Reduction of Port Royal; Atrocities which marked the War; Attack on Haverhill, Massachusetts; Heroic Conduct of Mrs. Dustan; Peace, 190 IX. QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. Principal Scenes of this War in America; Attack upon Deerfield; Captivity and Sufferings of Rev. Mr. Williams; Other Disasters of the War; Peace; Death of Queen Anne; Accession of George I.; Continued Sufferings of the Colonies of Massachusetts and New Hampshire; Peace concluded with the Indians at Boston, 200 X. WAR OF GEORGE II. War between England and France, 1744; French take Casco; Effect of this Declaration of War upon the Indians; Attack upon the Great Meadows (now Putney); also, upon Ashuelot (now Keene); Expedition against Louisburg; Particulars of it; Surrender of it; Continuance of the War; Various places assaulted; Savage Barbarities following the surrender of Fort Massachusetts; Peace declared, 208 XI. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Declaration of War between England and France; Causes of the War; Mode of conducting it; Various Expeditions planned; Nova Scotia taken from the French; General Braddock's Signal Defeat; Failure of Expeditions against Niagara and Fort Frontenac; Expedition against Crown Point; Battle of Lake George; Campaign of 1756; Inefficiency of Lord Loudon; Loss of Fort Oswego; Indian Atrocities in Pennsylvania; Campaign of 1757; Massacre at Fort William Henry; Exploits of Colonel Trye; Captain John Burke and others; Campaign of 1758; Capture of Louisburg; Unsuccessful Expedition against Ticonderoga; Capture of Fort Frontenac; Fort du Quesne taken; Campaign of 1759; Ticonderoga and Crown Point taken; Niagara captured; Siege and Capture of Quebec; Death of Wolfe and Montcalm; Final Surrender of the French Possessions in Canada to the English; Peace of Paris, 214 IV.—REVOLUTION. I. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. Objects proposed in the Settlement of America; Forms of Government conducive to Independence; Influence of Expenses; Colonies obliged to defend themselves, and to defray the Expenses of their own Wars and those of the Mother-country; British system of Taxation commenced; Writs of Assistance; Stamp Act; Formidable Opposition to it; Non-importation Act; Arrival of British Forces; Boston Massacre; Destruction of the Gaspee; Destruction of Tea; Boston Port Bill; Arrival of General Gage; his Obnoxious Measures; Meeting of Congress; Preparations for War; Obstinacy of the King and Parliament; Crisis arrives; Determination of the Colonists, 238 II. EVENTS OF THE REVOLUTION. I. Battle of Lexington.—Cause or Occasion of the Battle; British Detachment proceeds towards Concord; Reaches Lexington; First Blood shed; Hancock and Adams; Captain Wheeler and the British Officer; Stores destroyed; the British harassed by the Americans; Retreat from Concord; Effect of this affair upon the Country; Proceedings of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress, 266 II. Battle of Bunker's Hill.—American Patriotism; American and British Forces; Fortification of Bunker's Hill; Attacked by British Ships; Asa Pollard, the First Martyr; Preparations of the British; Warren; Prescott's Injunction to his Troops; British repulsed with terrible slaughter; Second Attack; Charlestown set on fire at the same time; Second Repulse; Putnam and Major Small; Death of Colonel Gardiner; Thrilling Incident; Third Advance of the British; Death of Major Pitcairn; Americans in want of Ammunition; Retreat; Death of Warren; Respective Losses; Results of the Battle, 274 III. Washington, Commander-in-Chief.—Effects of the Battle of Bunker's Hill; Meeting of Congress; Appointment of a Commander-in-Chief proposed; Difficulties in regard to a Selection; Claims of Individuals; Interview between John and Samuel Adams; Speech of the former; Washington Nominated; Unanimously Confirmed; Manifesto of Congress; Public Fast, 291 IV. Evacuation of Boston.—General Officers appointed; Washington repairs to Cambridge; State of the Army; Great Want of Gunpowder; Sickness in the Camp; Dorchester Heights fortified; Proposal of the British General to attack the American Intrenchments; Alters his plan, and evacuates Boston; Embarkation of the British; Washington enters the city, 299 V. Independence Declared.—Independence begun to be contemplated; Causes which increased a desire for such an event; Question of a Declaration of Independence enters the Colonial Assemblies; Introduced to Congress by Richard Henry Lee; Debated; State of Parties in respect to it; Measures adopted to secure a favorable vote; Question taken, and Declaration adopted; Signed; the Great Act of the Revolution; its Influence immediately perceptible; Character of the Signers; the Fourth of July, a time-honored and glorious day; How it should be celebrated, 310 VI. Attack on Sullivan's Island.—Invasion of Southern Colonies proposed; Expedition dispatched; Charleston its first Object; Proceedings of its Citizens; Sullivan's island Fortified; Arrival of General Lee; his Opinion of Fort Moultrie; British Fleet arrives; Preliminary Movements; Fort Moultrie attacked; Remarkable Defence; Action described; Heroic Conduct of Sergeant Jasper; Repulse of the British; Respective Losses; Liberality of Governor Rutledge; Standards presented by Mrs. Elliot; Death of Jasper, 322 VII. Military Reverses: Loss of New York.—British take possession of Staten Island; Strongly reinforced; State of the American Army; New York and Brooklyn occupied; Battle of Brooklyn; Americans repulsed; Long Island abandoned; Remarkable retreat; Gloomy State of the American Army; Washington retreats to Harlem; Movements of the British; Washington retires to White Plains; Loss of Fort Washington; American Army pursued; Retreats successively to New Brunswick, Princeton, and Trenton; thence to the Pennsylvania side of the Delaware; British go into Winter-quarters; Capture of General Lee; Prevalent Spirit of Despondency, 338 VIII. Returning Prosperity: Battles of Trenton and Princeton.—Reliance of the Patriots upon God for Success; Public Fast recommended by Congress; Offensive Operations decided upon; Battle of Trenton; Washington victorious; Battle of Princeton; British repulsed; American Army at Morristown; British at Brunswick; Prospects brightening, 344 IX. Occupation of Philadelphia.—Position of the Armies; British remove to New York; Sail for the Chesapeake; Advance towards Philadelphia; American Army also move towards the same place; Meet at Brandywine; Battle; Americans repulsed; British enter Philadelphia; Congress retire to Lancaster; Battle of Germantown; Americans retreat; Ineffectual Attempts to force the British to evacuate Philadelphia, 353 X. Surrender of Burgoyne.—British Project for securing the command of the Hudson between New York and Albany; Intrusted to Generals Howe and Burgoyne; the latter leaves Canada with a strong Force; Invests and takes Crown Point and Ticonderoga; Affair of Skenesborough; Fort Edward abandoned; Retreat of Americans to Stillwater; Battle of Bennington; General Gates supersedes General Schuyler; Critical position of Burgoyne; he advances upon Saratoga; Battle; Battle of Stillwater; Burgoyne retreats, pursued by Gates; Capitulates; Public Rejoicings, 360 XI. Progress of the War.—State of affairs in England; Treaty with France; Movements in the British Parliament; Overtures to Congress; Rejection of them; Battle of Monmouth; Disastrous Retreat of General Lee; Fortunate Interposition of Washington; his Rebuke of Lee; Tremendous Battle; Sufferings of the Armies; Renewal of the Contest; Midnight Retreat of the British army; Subsequent Trial and Dismission of General Lee, 378 XII. Treachery of Arnold.—The Vulture in the Hudson; Midnight Adventure; Benedict Arnold; Repairs to Cambridge; Expedition to Canada; Created a Brigadier-general; Grounds of Complaint; Honorable Conduct in Connecticut; Appointed to the command at Philadelphia; Charges preferred against him; Reprimanded by Washington; Plots against his Country; Correspondence with Sir H. Clinton; Appointed to the command of West Point; Interview with Andre; Capture of Andre; Arrival of Washington; Escape of Arnold; Developments of his Traitorous Intentions; Trial and Condemnation of Andre; Subsequent Incidents in the life of Arnold, 391 XIII. Concluding Scenes of the Revolution.—Theatre of War changed to the South; Siege of Savannah; Battle of Camden; Battle of Cowpens; Retreat; Subsequent Movements; Battles of Guilford, Kohkirk's Hill, Ninety-Six, and Eutaw Springs; Yorktown; Treaty of Peace; Cessation of Hostilities; Army disbanded; Departure of the British; Final Interview between Washington and his Officers; Resigns his Commission; Retires to Mount Vernon, 415 XIV. Naval Operations.—State of the Naval Affairs of the Colonies at the commencement of the Revolution; First Naval Engagement; Measures adopted by Congress to provide a Naval Armament; Naval Officers appointed; Vessels built; Flag adopted; Success of American Privateering; Distinguished Naval Officers; Character of Naval Commanders; Particular Engagements:— Randolph and Yarmouth; Raleigh and Druid; Sub-marine Warfare, Le Bon Homme Richard and Serapis; Trumbull and Watt; Alliance, Atalanta, and Trepassey; Congress and Savage, 450 XV. Eminent Foreigners connected with the Revolution.—George III. King of England; General Burgoyne, Sir Henry Clinton, Colonel Barre, Charles Townshend, Lord Cornwallis, William Pitt, Marquis of Bute, George Grenville, Duke of Grafton, Lord North, Colonel Tarleton, Sir Peter Parker, Sir William Meadows, Sir Guy Carlton, General Gage, Marquis of Rockingham, Edmund Burke, Kosciusko, Pulaski, Baron de Kalb, Baron Steuben, Count Rochambeau, Count D'Estaing, 488 V.—FEDERAL CONSTITUTION. Original Governments of the Colonies; Union between them; Plan proposed by Dr. Franklin; First Congress; Congress of '74; Confederation; Defects of it; Convention of States proposed by Virginia; Commissioners from five States meet at Annapolis; Powers too limited to act; Recommend a General Convention of States; Delegates appointed; Convention meets at Philadelphia; Decides to form a new Constitution; Draft prepared, discussed, and adopted; Speech of Doctor Franklin; Constitution signed; Adopted by the several States; Amendments; States admitted since the adoption; Remarks on the Constitution, 520 VI.—GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRESIDENT. A System of Revenue; Regulation of Departments; Amendments of the Constitution; Establishment of a Judiciary; Assumption of Debts; Removal of the Seat of Government; National Bank; Indian War; Re-election of Washington; Difficulties with France; Insurrection in Pennsylvania; Jay's Treaty; Election of Mr. Adams; Farewell Address, 542 VII.—JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT. Difficulties with France; Treaty with that Power; Death of Washington; Removal of the Seat of Government; Election of Mr. Jefferson, 571 VIII.—THOMAS JEFFERSON, PRESIDENT. Purchase of Louisiana; War with Tripoli; Murder of Hamilton; Re-election of Jefferson; Conspiracy and Trial of Burr; Attack on the Chesapeake; British Orders in Council; Milan Decree; Embargo; Election of Mr. Madison; Difficulties between France and England, 590 IX.—JAMES MADISON, PRESIDENT. Battle of Tippecanoe; Early Session of Congress; Declaration of War; Surrender of Hull; Capture of the Gurriere; Battle of Queenstown; Capture of the Frolic; of the Macedonian; of the Java; Battle of Frenchtown; Capture of the Peacock; Re-election of Mr. Madison; Capture of York; Siege of Fort Meigs; Capture of the Argus; Perry's Victory; Battle of the Thames; Creek War; Battle of Chippewa and Bridgewater; Capture of Washington City; Engagement on Lake Champlain; Battle of New Orleans; Treaty of Ghent; Close of Mr. Madison's Administration, 611 X.—JAMES MONROE, PRESIDENT. Tour of the President; Admission of Missouri; Provision for Indigent Officers, &c.; Re-election of Mr. Monroe; Seminole War; Revision of the Tariff; Visit of Lafayette; Review of Mr. Monroe's Administration; Election of Mr. Adams, 658 XI.—JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, PRESIDENT. Controversy respecting the Creeks; Proposed Mission to Panama; Internal Improvements; Fiftieth Anniversary of Independence; "American System;" Election of General Jackson, 673 XII.—ANDREW JACKSON, PRESIDENT. Condition of the Country; Georgia and the Cherokees; Public Lands; National Bank; Internal Improvements; Indian Hostilities; Discontents in South Carolina; Re- election of Andrew Jackson; Removal of the Deposites; Death of Lafayette; Deposite Act; Seminole War; Treasury Circular; Election of Mr. Van Buren; Character of Jackson's Administration, 683 XIII.—MARTIN VAN BUREN, PRESIDENT. Measures respecting Banks; Treasury Circular; Continuance of Florida War; Internal Improvements; Public Expenses; Difficulties in Maine; Border Troubles; Changes of Public Opinion; Character of the Administration; Election of William H. Harrison, 701 XIV.—WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON, PRESIDENT, 713 XV.—JOHN TYLER, PRESIDENT. Extra Session of Congress; Relations with Great Britain; Settlement of the North- eastern Boundary; Difficulties in Rhode Island; Modification of the Tariff; Bunker's Hill Monument; Treaties; Annexation of Texas; Presidential Canvass; Character of Mr. Tyler's Administration, 715 XVI.—JAMES K. POLK, PRESIDENT. Decease of General Jackson; Admission of Texas; Division of Oregon; Mexican War; Siege of Fort Brown; Battle of Palo Alto; Battle of Resaca de la Palma; Fall of Monterey; Battle of Buena Vista; Capture of Vera Cruz; Cerro Gordo; Progress of the Army; Occupation of Mexico; Treaty; California and its Gold; Election of General Taylor, 725 XVII.—ZACHARY TAYLOR, PRESIDENT. 755 BRITISH AMERICA, 757 I. CANADA. Discovery; Settlement; Capture of Quebec; Death of Champlain; Religious Enterprises; War made by the Iroquois; Accessions to the Colony; Progress of the Colony; Attempts of the English to Conquer Canada; Condition of Canada in 1721 and 1722; General Prosperity of the Colony; Refusal to join in the War of American Independence; Consequences of American Independence to Canada; Territorial Divisions and Constitution; Dissensions after the close of the War of 1812; Disturbances and Insurrections, 759 II. NOVA SCOTIA. Limits; Conquest by the English; Settlement; Annexation to the British Crown; Policy of England in relation to the Country; Situation of the English Settlers; English Treatment of the Acadians; State of the Province during the Wars of the United States; Results of the War of 1812, 781 III. NEW BRUNSWICK. Extent; Physical Aspect and Soil; Settlement and Progress; Signal Calamity, 787 IV. PRINCE EDWARD'S ISLAND. Location, Surface, and Climate; Early Settlers; Change of Possession; Plans of Colonization; Character of late Governors; Inhabitants, 790 V. NEWFOUNDLAND. Location and Importance; Discovery and Settlement; French Hostilities; Renewal of War; Change of Administration; Present Condition, 793 VI. HUDSON'S BAY TERRITORY. Extent; Discovery; Settlement; Contests with France; Present State, 797 RUSSIAN AMERICA, 800 MEXICO. Discovery; Condition, anterior to the Spanish Conquest; Invasion by Cortez; Arrival of Cortez in the Mexican Capital; Abdication of Montezuma; Retreat of Cortez, and Return; Fall of the City and Empire; Fate of Cortez; Extent of New Spain; Introduction of the Catholic Religion; Native Spanish Population, under the Colonial Government; Classes of the Inhabitants; Causes of the First Mexican Revolution; Commencement of the Revolution; Continuation of the War by the Patriot Chiefs; Decline of the Revolution; Invasion by Mina; Revolution under Iturbide; Adoption of the Federal Constitution; Prosperity of the years 1825 and 1826; Election of President in 1828; Usurpation of Bustamente; Defence of the Federal Constitution; Santa Anna's Proceedings; Establishment of a Central Republic; Attempts against the Central Government; Revolution of 1841; Overthrow of Santa Anna's Government, 802 GUATEMALA. Locality; Extent; Physical Character; Discovery and Conquest; Independence of the Country, 830 SOUTH AMERICA. I. NEW GRENADA. Extent and Physical Features; Revolution of 1811; Formation of a Constitution; Liberation of Quito; Crisis of 1828; Separation of New Grenada, Venezuela, and Equator; State of the Government since the Separation, 833 II. VENEZUELA. Name, Physical Features, &c.; Discovery; State of the Country under the Spanish Dominion; Termination of the Spanish Dominion; Condition since, 837 III. EQUATOR. Name, Extent, and Physical Character; Classes of the Inhabitants; Subversion of the Spanish Authority; Condition since the Spanish Rule, 841 IV. PERU. Locality, Extent, and Physical Character; Condition at the time of its Invasion by the Spaniards; Conquest by Pizarro; Condition of the Country after the Conquest; Insurrection; Revolutionary Movement; Declaration of Independence; Condition after the Expulsion of the Spaniards, 845 V. BOLIVIA. Name, Extent, and Physical Character; Overthrow of the Spanish Power; Proclamation of Independence; Choice of Rulers under the New Constitution; Present Condition, 855 VII. BUENOS AYRES. Name, &c.; Inhabitants, or Classes of People; Discovery and Settlement; First Insurrection against the Government of Spain; Progress and Changes of the New Government; Present Condition of the Government, 863 VIII. URUGUAY. Locality and Extent; Name and History; Constitution, 868 IX. BRAZIL. Situation, Extent, &c.; Discovery and Settlement; Policy of the Portuguese Government; Removal of the Portuguese Court to Brazil; Constitution and Government, 870 X. PARAGUAY. Situation, Extent, &c.; Insurrection and attempt at Revolution in the latter part of the Eighteenth Century; Establishment of Independence, and Despotic Government, 875 WEST INDIES. Situation, Extent, &c.; Inhabitants; Political Divisions, 879 I. BRITISH WEST INDIES. Jamaica, Trinidad, Barbadoes, Bahamas, St. Christopher, Bermudas, and St. Vincent, 881 II. SPANISH WEST INDIES. Cuba and Porto Rico, 885 III. FRENCH WEST INDIES. Martinique and Guadaloupe, 887 IV. DUTCH WEST INDIES. Curacoa, St. Eustatius, St. Martin, and Saba, 888 V. DANISH WEST INDIES. St. Croix, St. John, and St. Thomas, 888 VI. INDEPENDENT ISLAND OF HAYTI. Formerly called St. Domingo and Hispaniola, 888 APPENDIX. XVII. ZACHARY TAYLOR. (Continued from page 756.) Proceedings in Congress; Death of Mr. Calhoun; Invasion of Cuba; Convention with Great Britain; Death of Gen. Taylor, 902 XVIII. MILLARD FILLMORE, PRESIDENT. Assumes the Government; Compromise Bill; Adjournment of Congress, 911 ILLUSTRATIONS. PAGE Time stopping in his Course, &c. 13 Tailpiece—Discovery of Newfoundland, 18 Columbus and Cabot, 19 Northmen leaving Iceland, 21 Discovery of Labrador, 22 Incident in the Camp of the Northmen, 24 Columbus, 26 Columbus before Ferdinand and Isabella, 30 Columbus sets sail, 32 First Sight of Land, 36 Columbus and Natives of Cuba, 38 Columbus casting a Barrel into the Sea, 39 Tailpiece—Prairie Scene, 44 Tailpiece—Columbus at Hispaniola, 47 Early Settlements, 48 Early Settlers trading with the Natives, 50 Captain Smith saved from death, 55 Landing of the Pilgrims, 66 Visit of Samoset to the English, 67 Interview with Massasoit, 68 Boston founded, 73 Settlers emigrating to Connecticut, 76 Hooker addressing the Soldiers, 79 Gallup finds Oldham murdered, 80 Portsmouth founded, 84 Tailpiece—Indian Council, 95 Surrendering of New Amsterdam, 97 Charles II. signing for Penn, 101 Tailpiece—The Maple, 103 Indian Wars, 104 Tailpiece—Indian War Dance, 108 Tailpiece—Savage Barbarities, 112 Smith selling Blue Beads to Powhatan, 115 Pocahontas disclosing a Plot, 118 Opecancanough borne to a Massacre, 121 Tailpiece—Ship before the wind, 124 New England Indian Wars, 125 Governor Winslow's Visit to Massasoit, 134 Governor Bradford and the Snake-skin, 143 Captain Atherton threatens Ninigret, 149 Captain Mason attacking the Pequod Fort, 156 Tailpiece—Camanche Wigwam, 160 Philip's War, 161 Flight of Philip from Mount Hope, 163 Captain Church and his Men hemmed in, 164 Attack on Brookfield, 166 Battle of Muddy Brook, 168 Swamp Fight, 172 Indian Stratagem, 176 Fight near Sudbury, 177 Indians attacked at Connecticut-river Falls, 180 Defence of Hadley, 182 Philip's Escape, 184 Death of Philip, 185 Capture of Anawon, 188 Burning of Schenectady, 191 Mrs. Dustan saving her Children, 196 Escape of Mrs. Dustan, 197 Tailpiece—Round Tower at Rhode Island, 199 Capture of Mr. Williams, 202 Reduction of Louisburg, 211 Tailpiece—Boston Harbor discovered, 213 Braddock's Defeat, 219 Battle of Lake George, 222 Destruction of Kittaning, 224 Destruction of the village of St. Francis, 230 View of Quebec, 231 Death of Wolfe, 235 Tailpiece—Peruvian Canoe, &c. 237 The Revolution, 238 Otis in the Council-chamber, 246 Procession at Boston, 249 Attack on the Governor's House, 250 Burning of the Effigy of Governor Colden, 251 Arrival of the First Man-of-war at Boston, 253 Boston Massacre, 255 Burning of the Gaspee, 257 Destruction of Tea, 259 Patrick Henry, 262 Tailpiece—Falls of St. Anthony, 265 Events of the Revolution, 266 Battle of Lexington, 268 Captain Wheeler and the British Officer, 269 Retreat of the British from Concord, 271 Tailpiece—Source of the Passaic, 273 President Langdon at Prayer, 276 Death of Pollard, 277 General Putnam, 278 Interview between Warren and Putnam, 279 Putnam saves the life of Major Small, 284 Death of Colonel Gardiner, 286 Tailpiece—View of Boston, 290 Messengers spreading news, &c. 291 Tailpiece—Penn laying out Philadelphia, 298 Evacuation of Boston, 299 House at Cambridge occupied by Washington, 300 Fortifying Dorchester Heights, 305 Putnam reading Declaration of Independence, 310 John Hancock, 317 Sergeant Jasper re-planting the Flag, 328 Tailpiece—The Cotton-plant, 332 Battle of Trenton, 347 Tailpiece—Cortez landing at St. Juan d'Ulloa, 352 General Wayne, 355 Marquis Lafayette, 356 Tailpiece—Franklin in Council, 359 Destruction of Gallies, 363 Burgoyne's Advance, 366 Burgoyne's Retreat, 372 Tailpiece—View on the Hudson, 377 American Commissioners and Louis XVI. 379 Tailpiece—The Genius of Liberty, &c. 390 The Sloop-of-war Vulture, 391 Arnold's Expedition through the Wilderness, 393 General Lincoln, 394 Death of General Wooster, 396 Arnold and the British Soldier, 397 General Arnold, 398 Major Andre, 401 Interview of Arnold and Wife, 409 Tailpiece—Capture of Major Andre, 414 Jasper on the Ramparts, 419 Death of De Kalb, 425 Charge of Colonel Washington, 428 Battle of Yorktown, 440 Washington taking leave of the Army, 444 Washington embarking at Whitehall, 446 Tailpiece—American Flag, 449 Naval Operations, 450 First Naval Engagement of the Revolution, 452 Silas Deane, 454 Randolph and Yarmouth, 463 Raleigh and Druid, 465 Jones setting fire to Ships at Whitehaven, 470 Paul Jones, 472 Le Bon Homme Richard and Serapis, 473 Sinking of the Bon Homme Richard, 479 Tailpiece—Ship on her Beam-ends, 487 Sir Henry Clinton, 494 Colonel Barre, 495 Lord Chatham, 500 Charles James Fox, 503 George Grenville, 506 Sir Guy Carlton, 511 Edmund Burke, 513 Tailpiece—Lugger near Shore, 519 Governments, 520 Franklin, 534 Tailpiece—Natural Bridge, 541 George Washington, 542 Inauguration of Washington, 547 John Adams, 571 Tailpiece—New York, from the East river, 589 Thomas Jefferson, 590 Tailpiece—Basket of Flowers, 610 James Madison, 611 Tippecanoe, 615 Constitution and Java, 629 Perry's Victory, 638 Battle of the Thames, 639 Creek Chiefs surrendering to Gen. Jackson, 641 Battle of New Orleans, 652 James Monroe, 656 Reception of Monroe, 658 Attack on Lieutenant Scott's Boats, 663 Taking the Fort at Pensacola, 665 Landing of Lafayette at New York, 668 Lafayette laying Corner-stone, &c. 669 Lafayette at Washington's Tomb, 670 John Q. Adams, 673 Removal of the Creek Indians, 676 Tailpiece—Agricultural Emblem, 682 Andrew Jackson, 683 Martin Van Buren, 701 Burning of the Caroline, 709 William Henry Harrison, 713 John Tyler, 715 James K. Polk, 725 Surprise of Captain Thornton and his Party, 732 Charge of Captain May, 736 American Army in Vera Cruz, 744 Colonel Harney at Cerro Gordo, 746 Battle of Churubusco, 748 Army crossing the National Bridge, 751 Zachary Taylor, 755 British America, 757 Tailpiece—Indians Hunting in Skins, 758 Champlain's Interview with the Algonquins, 760 Extermination of the Hurons, 764 Death of Wolfe, 771 Tailpiece—Tampico, 780 Nova Scotia, 781 Destruction of the Acadians, 785 Newfoundland, 793 Tailpiece—Vessels in the Offing, 796 Tailpiece—Icebergs, 799 Tailpiece—Winter in Lapland, 801 Mexico, 802 Marina acting as Interpreter, 805 Cortez burning his Ships, 806 Meeting of Cortez and Montezuma, 807 Montezuma on his Throne, 808 Death of Montezuma, 809 Noche Triste, 811 Texans flying to Arms, 827 Guatemala, 830 Alvarado marching on Guatemala, 832 New Grenada, 833 Venezuela, 837 Equator, 841 Tailpiece—Peruvian Peasants, 844 Peru, 845 Hualpa discovers the Mine of Potosi, 846 Manco Capac and his Wife, 847 Valverde addressing Atahualpa, 848 Pizarro in Cusco, 850 Bolivia, 855 Tailpiece—Mexican Women making Bread, 857 Chili, 858 Almagro marching against Chili, 859 Tailpiece—Araucanian Men and Women, 862 Buenos Ayres, 863 Uruguay, 868 Brazil, 870 Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, 872 Paraguay, 875 West Indies, 879 Millard Fillmore, 911 Time stopping in his course to read the Inscription carved by the Muse of History. If it be remarkable that the Western Continent should have remained unknown for so many centuries to civilized man, it is, perhaps, still more remarkable that since its discovery and settlement, it should have become the theatre of so many signal transactions, and have advanced so rapidly to its present civil, religious, and political importance. The history of every portion of it is interesting and instructive; but more especially that portion occupied by the people of the United States. A great work is in progress throughout the entire continent; but the importance of the American Republic, with which our fortunes are more immediately connected, is becoming apparent with each revolving year. While, therefore, we propose to make an historical survey of the several countries both of North and South America, we shall dwell with greater particularity upon the events which have signalized our own republican America. If not from her present population, which, though increasing by a wonderful progression, is still, in point of numbers, inferior to many other nations; yet, from her wealth, her enterprise, her commercial and political relations, she is entitled to rank among the most powerful and influential nations on the globe. The eyes of the civilized world are upon her; and with wonder, if not with jealousy, do they mark her rapid and surprising advancement. The history of such a people must be full of interest. By what means has her national elevation been maintained? But a little more than two centuries have elapsed, since the first settlers planted themselves at Jamestown, in Virginia, and the Pilgrim Fathers landed on Plymouth Rock. They were then a feeble band. Before them lay a howling wilderness. An inhospitable and intractable race rose up to oppose and harass them. The means of living were stinted and uncertain. Famine pressed upon them, and weakened them. The winters were cold and piercing. Their habitations were rude and unprotective. Disease added its sufferings and sorrows, and death hurried many of the few to an untimely grave. Yet, amidst accumulated calamity, they gathered strength and courage. Accessions from the mother-country were made to their numbers. Other and distant stations were occupied. The forest fell before them. Towns and villages rose in the wilderness, and solitary places became glad. Savage tribes—after years of terror, massacre, and bloodshed—retired, leaving the colonists to the peaceful occupancy of the land, in all its length and breadth. But they were still a dependant people—subject to the laws, exactions, and oppressions of a proud and arbitrary foreign government. That government, jealous of their growing importance, adopted measures to check their aspirations, and to extend and perpetuate the prerogatives of the crown. But it was impossible that a people, sprung from the loins of fathers whose courage and enterprise had been matured by years of conflict, should be either crushed, or long thwarted in their plans. Oppressions served rather to strengthen them; threats prompted to resolution, and served to inspire confidence. And, at length, they arose to the assertion and maintenance of their rights. They entered the field; and for years, with all the fortunes of war apparently against them, they grappled successfully with the colossal power of the British empire— thwarted her counsels—conquered her armies—established their independence. But a little more than seventy years has America been free from the British yoke; yet, in that brief period, her advancement has outstripped all the predictions of the most sanguine statesmen. With but three millions of people, she entered the Revolutionary contest; she now numbers more than twenty millions. Instead of thirteen colonies, she embraces thirty free and independent states. Meanwhile, she has continued to gather national strength and national importance. Her wealth is rolling up, while her moral power is becoming the admiration of the world. These attainments, too, she has made amid convulsions and revolutions, which have shaken the proudest empires, and spread desolation over some of the fairest portions of the globe. On every side are the evidences of her advancement. Genius and industry are creating and rolling forward with amazing power and rapidity the means of national wealth and aggrandizement. An enterprising, ardent, restless population are spreading over our western wilds, and our cities are now the creations almost of a day. But by what means has this national elevation and prosperity been attained? Shall we ascribe them to the wise, sagacious, and patriotic men, who guided our councils and led our armies? Shall we offer our homage and gratitude to WASHINGTON, FRANKLIN, ADAMS, OTIS, HENRY, JEFFERSON, and a multitude of others, who periled fortune, liberty, life itself, to achieve our independence, and lay the foundation of our country's glory? Let us do them honor; and a nation's honor and gratitude will be accorded to them, so long as the recorded history of their noble achievements shall last. Theirs is no vulgar sepulchre: green sods Are all their monument; and, yet, it tells A nobler history than pillar'd pile, Or the eternal pyramid. They need No statue, nor inscription, to reveal Their greatness. But, while merited honor is paid to the sages and heroes of the Revolution, and to the Pilgrim Fathers of an earlier age, let not the hand of Providence be overlooked or disregarded. On this point, the Puritans have left a noble example to their posterity. The supplication of the smiles and blessings of a superintending Providence preceded and accompanied all their plans and all their enterprises. "God was their king; and they regarded him as truly and literally so, as if he had dwelt in a visible palace in the midst of their state. They were his devoted, resolute, humble subjects; they undertook nothing which they did not beg of him to prosper; they accomplished nothing without rendering to him the praise; they suffered nothing without carrying up their sorrows to his throne; they ate nothing which they did not implore him to bless." Nor were the actors in the Revolutionary struggle insensible to the necessity of the Divine blessing upon their counsels and efforts. Washington, as well at the head of his army as in the retirement of his closet, or amid some secluded spot in the field, looked up for the blessing of the God of battles. That also was a beautiful recognition of a superintending Providence, which Franklin made in the Convention, which, subsequent to the Revolution, framed the Constitution. "I have lived, sir, a long time," said he; "and the longer I live, the more convincing proof I see of this truth, that God governs in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow cannot fall to the ground without his notice, is it probable that an empire can rise without his aid?" Let it be remembered by the American people—by men who fill her councils—by historians who write her history—by the young, who are coming up to the possession of the rich inheritance, that whatever human agencies were employed in the discovery, settlement, independence, and prosperity of these states, the "good hand of God has been over and around us," and has given to us this goodly land, with its religious institutions—its free government—its unwonted prosperity. Let not the historian, who writes—especially if he writes for the young—be thought to travel out of his appropriate sphere, in an effort to imbue the rising generation with somewhat of the religious spirit of the fathers—to lead them to recognise the Divine government, in respect to nations as well as individuals—to impress upon them that sentiment of the "Father of his country," as just as impressive, viz: "Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports." "When the children of the Pilgrims forget that Being who was the Pilgrims guide and deliverer"—should they ever be so faulty and unfortunate—when the descendants of the Puritans cease to acknowledge, and obey, and love that Being, for whose service the Puritans forsook all that men chiefly love, enduring scorn and reproach, exile and poverty, and finding at last a superabundant reward; when the sons of a religious and holy ancestry fall away from its high communion, and join themselves to the assemblies of the profane, they have forfeited the dear blessings of their inheritance; and they deserve to be cast out from this fair land, without even a wilderness for their refuge. No! let us still keep the ark of God in the midst of us; let us adopt the prayer of the wise monarch of Israel: "The Lord our God be with us, as he was with our fathers; let him not leave us nor forsake us; that he may incline our hearts unto him, to walk in all his ways, and to keep his commandments and his statutes and his judgments, which he commanded our fathers." Such a regard for God—his laws—his institutions, and his service, is obligatory upon the present generation, aside from those blessings which may be justly anticipated as the reward of such reverence and obedience. It is due to the memory of the Pilgrim Fathers. Never can we so worthily and appropriately honor them, as to cherish the pious sentiments which they cherished, and perpetuate the civil and religious institutions which they founded.—It is due to the generation of our Revolutionary era, which, impressed with a sense of the value of the inheritance transmitted to them, periled life and fortune that they might transmit that inheritance in all its fullness and in all its richness to their posterity. We are the children of patriot heroes, who prayed and then fought, and fought and then prayed.—It is due to ourselves, as we would secure the admiration and gratitude of the generations which are to follow us.—It is due to those generations which, by the blessing of God, are to spread over and occupy the vast territory which now constitutes the American republic. Those generations! I see them rising and spreading abroad, as future years roll on! What shall be their character—their regard for civil and religious liberty—their peace, order, happiness, and prosperity, may depend upon the example which we set, and the principles which we inculcate. We are living and acting not only for the present, but for the future. We are making impressions for all time to come. If, then, our history for the future shall be as our history past—filled up with divine blessings, and signal providential interpositions—if the noble work begun, centuries since, is to go on—if the "fullest liberty and the purest religion" are to prevail as time rolls on—if this vast continent is to be inhabited by enlightened and happy millions—we, who are now on the stage of action, must imitate the example of that pilgrim band, which first landed on Plymouth Rock. Under the influence of such an example transmitted from generation to generation, we may hope that our beloved country will ultimately become, if she is not already, "The queen of the world, and the child of the skies." Impressed with the importance of such sentiments himself, the author will make no apology for offering them as, in his own view, an appropriate introduction to a work chiefly designed for the benefit of the rising generation. PART I. UNITED STATES. I.—EARLY DISCOVERIES. I. NORTHMEN. Claims for the Northmen—Voyage of Biarné—Leif—Thorwald—Thorfinn—Helge and Finnboge. II. COLUMBUS. Birth and Education of Columbus—Unsuccessful application to several European Courts—Patronized by Isabella—Sails from Palos—Early Discontent of his crew—Expedients by which they are quieted—Discovery of Land—First appearance of the Natives—Cuba and Hispaniola discovered—Columbus sets sail on his return—Incidents of the voyage—Marks of consideration bestowed upon him—Second Voyage—Further Discoveries—Complaints against him —Third Voyage—Discovery of the Continent—Persecuted by Enemies—sent home in Chains— Kindness of Isabella—Fourth Voyage—Return and Death. III. SEBASTIAN CABOT. Discovery of the North American Continent by Sebastian Cabot. I. NORTHMEN. No event, in the history of modern ages, surpasses in interest the discovery of the American Continent. It has scarcely any parallel, indeed, in the annals of the world; whether we consider the difficulty of the undertaking or the magnitude of its consequences. Without any serious question, the honor of the discovery belongs solely to CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS. Mankind, hitherto, have so awarded it, and posterity will doubtless confirm the judgment. As, however, a claim to a prior discovery by the Northmen has been brought forward in recent times, it becomes the impartiality of history to notice it, and to give such an account of the circumstances on which the claim is founded, as they may appear to deserve. Whether or not, at the distance of some four or five centuries, the trans-Atlantic continent had been discovered by the Scandinavian voyagers, the merits of the great Italian are far from being affected by the fact. Northmen leaving Iceland. The prominent incidents in this alleged ante-Columbian discovery, it seems, are given on the authority of certain Icelandic manuscripts, the genuineness, and even the existence of which, have formerly been doubted by many; but which, there is now reason to suppose, are entitled to credence. The general story may be received as probable. In the details, there is often something too vague, if not too extraordinary, to entitle it to any historical importance. The adventurous spirit, and even the naval skill of the Northmen, are not a matter of doubt with any who are acquainted with the history of the times to which reference is here made. The seas and the coasts of Europe were the scenes of their exploits—their piracies, their battles, or their colonization. According to the Icelandic statements, Eric the Red, in 986, emigrated from Iceland to Greenland, and formed there a settlement. Among his companions was Herjulf Bardson, who fixed his residence at a place which was called after him, Herjulfsness. Herjulf had a son, whose name was Biarné, who, with his father, was engaged in trading between Iceland and Norway. Biarné was absent on a trading voyage, when his father accompanied Eric, on the emigration of the latter to Greenland. The son returning to Iceland in a few months, and finding that Herjulf was absent, sailed in pursuit of him. In the course of the sail, having been enveloped in the fogs, he was carried to some unknown distance; but after the fogs were dispersed, land was seen. As, however, it did not answer the description given respecting Greenland, the party did not steer for it. During a sail of several days, they came in sight of land at two different times in succession; and at last, tacking about, and carried by brisk and favorable winds in a north-west direction, they reached the coast of Greenland. This tradition of Biarné's voyage, allowing it to be authentic, would seem to indicate that he was carried far down on the coast of America, and passed on his return the shores of Newfoundland and Labrador. Discovery of Labrador. In consequence of this adventure, and the interest which the account of it excited, a voyage of exploration was projected, and at length put into effect. It was conducted by Leif, a son of Eric the Red, an adventurous rover, who selected a company as adventurous as himself, among whom was a German named Tyrker. It was in the year 1000 that the voyage was made. After finding a shore in a direction similar to that in which Biarné took, they landed, calling the region Helluland, which was most probably Labrador. It was an iceberg-lined shore, without grass or verdure. From this spot they put out to sea, and, steering south, they came to another coast, low like the first, but covered with thick wood, except the portion immediately skirting the sea, which consisted of white sand. It was probably Nova Scotia, named by them, however, Markland, or Woodland. They pursued their voyage for two days, under the favor of a north-east wind, when they discovered land for the third time. Here they disembarked on a part of the coast, which was sheltered by an island. The face of the country was found to be undulating, covered with wood, and bearing a growth of fine fruits and berries. Taking to their vessel again, they proceeded west in search of a harbor, which they were so fortunate as to find. It was at the mouth of a river proceeding from a lake. They first made the river and then the lake; in the latter they cast anchor. In this spot they erected huts in which to pass the winter. When thus established, Leif made a division of his company into two
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