2021 - 2022 SPRING SEMESTER HIST209 COURSE: HIST 209 SECTION : 002 GROUP NUMBER: 1 INSTRUCTOR: KAAN GAZNE GROUP MEMBERS: 1) NORAN MANSOUR ,22101465, MBG 2) AHMED HAIKAL, 22001482, CS 3) AZIZA RAFIQ, 22001407, IE 4) ABDULLAH JUNAID, 22001400, MBG 5) ZAIN AWAN, 22001292, MATH RIGHTEOUS AMONG NATIONS: SELAHATTIN ULKUMEN MAN WHO RESCUED PEOPLE FROM UTTER DEFEAT Abstract This paper would discuss the life of Selahattin Ulkumen, a Turkish diplomat, and his heroics in 1944 when he was responsible for rescuing the lives of 42 Jews while stationed at the Island of Rhodes in Greece. The heroics of Ulkumen needs to be known as many are aware of the atrocities of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany but people like Ulkumen tried, to the best of their abilities, to save the lives of as many people as they could. Such efforts should not be lost to time. This paper will go through the life of Selahattin before his role in the gallant feat , the history of the Island and how the diaspora of the place used to coexist before the war and deportation of the Jews, also the sacrifices Ulkumen made both on a personal and a professional level would be discussed and later in life how he was remembere d for it from the world. It is important that efforts like these are remembered and in future this paper can be used to find more people like Selahattin Ulkumen who cared not for nationality or religion but helped everyone as human outright. The tales of p eople like them need to be commonplace to encourage people of modern age to remember the importance of humanity and to not allow atrocities of the same scale to happen again. Keywords: Selahattin Ulkumen, Holocaust, Rhodes, Jews, Turkey, Greece, Germany, Nazi. Özet Bu makale, Türk diplomat Selahattin Ülkümen'in 1944 yılında Yunanistan'ın Rodos Adası'nda kırk iki Yahudi ailesinin hayatını kurtardığı dönemdeki kahramanlıkları üzerinde duracaktır. Bu kahramanlıkların anılması, birçok insanın Nazi Almanyası'n daki Holokost vahşetinin farkında olmasına rağmen, Ülkümen gibileri ellerinden geleni yaparak olabildiğince insanın hayatını kurtarmaya çalıştıkları için önemlidir. Bu tür girişimler, tarihin arka sayfalarına karışmamalıdır. Bu çalışma Ülkümen'in kurtarıcı lığından önceki hayatı, Ada'nın tarihi ve sürgünlerin nasıl savaş ve Yahudi tehcirinden önce gerçekleştiği üzerinde duracak ve ardından Ülkümen'in hem kişisel hem de profesyonel anlamda yaptığı fedakarlıklar sonucu dünya tarafından nasıl hatırlandığını ele alacaktır. Bu tür çabaların anımsanmasının büyük önem taşımasının yanısıra, bunlar, Selahattin Ülkümen gibi, millet ve dine önem vermeksizin, herkesi karşılıksız bir şekilde önemseyen birçok insanı bulma konusunda yardımcı olabilecektir. Bu tür kahramanlı k hikayeleri, modern dönemin insanlarının insanlığın önemini hatırlayarak, bu tür zulümlerin bir daha yapılmasına izin vermemelerini sağlaması için yaygınlaşmalıdır. Anahtar kelimeler: Selahattin Ülkümen, Holokost, Rodos, Y ahudiler, Türkiy e, Yunanistan, Almanya, Nazi 1 Table of Content 1. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ...................... 2 2. Rhodes at Times ................................ ................................ ................................ ............... 3 3. Salvation of the Jews ................................ ................................ ................................ ........ 4 4. The Negative Personal Consequences of Ulkumen’s Actions ................................ ......... 6 5. Official Recognition of the Public Aftermath ................................ ................................ .. 7 6. The Legacy of Ulkumen ................................ ................................ ................................ 10 7. Conclusion ................................ ................................ ................................ ....................... 1 2 References................................................................................................14 2 1. Introduction Selahattin Ulkumen was the Turkish consul - general on the German - occupied island of Rhodes, modern day Greece , during the events of the World War II . Selahattin Ulkumen was born in 1911 to a Muslim family in Antakya, Turkey. Antakya is located 20 kilometers from the Syrian border in Turkey's southern Hatay province's mountainous region. The province was part of Syria until Turkey seized it in a referendum in 1939, and it s people are a microcosm of Syria, with Christians, Jews, Sunnis, Alawites, and Alevis living alongside one other. In Antakya, a 2300 - year - old Jewish community once thrived, but currently only 17 Jews remain. Jews attended Turkish schools, peddled their wa res in Turkish markets, and participated in Muslim and Christian holidays alongside their Muslim and Christian neighbours. Antakya is known throughout Turkey for its multiculturalism and tolerance. Ulkumen attended primary and secondary school in Antakya. Ulkumen grew up to be a compassionate and sympathetic person as a result of his early interactions with people from various backgrounds in his birthplace. Antakya’s Statue of Tolerance (now religious symbols have been remo ved) . n.d. Ulkumen travelled to Istanbul for higher studies after graduating secondary school. He graduated from Istanbul Boys High School and then attended the Faculty of Political Sciences. 3 He was married to Mihrinissa Ulkumen and had Mehmet Ulkumen , their first and only child. In 1934, at the age of 23, Selahattin Ulkumen began his professional life with his first job in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Ulkumen has also worked in Bern, Rome, Prague, Oslo, Amman, Tehran, and Beirut embassies. In the same year that the Germans occupied Rhodes, he was appointed as the Rhodes Consul General at the age of 29. After his job in Rhodes Ulkumen continued serving as a Turkish diplomat for the next 34 years After retiring in 1979 at the age of 65, he remained i n Istanbul and died at the age of 89. 2. Rhodes at times During World War II , Selahattin Ulkumen was assigned as a deputy general to the island of Rhodes. The island was a diverse place with a sizable Muslim, Christian, and Jewish population. In the twentieth century, the island was ruled by the Ottomans until 1912, when it was conquered by Italy fol lowing the Italo - Turkish war. During the following years, the Island was to see discrimination of the residents before the Italian occupation as slowly there were means implemented to suppress the identity of Rhodes and her people as a whole. Some of them included measures such as Italian being forced to be the only language to be used, the gradual appendation of Italian elements in the curriculum, fascist ideology forced on the residents, and the Greek Orthodox Church’s influence was also limited, and Musl ims and Jewish population was being oppressed were a few means that were put in place by the Italian regime. 1 Muslims were allowed to have their own religious leader, mufti , but he had no power or any jurisdiction and was also appointed by the Italian administration. 2 The Jews were faced with much harder challenges as the introduction of race laws introduced in 1938 meant that 1 “ The Italian Occupation: 1912 - 1943,” The Hellenic Parliament Foundation, accessed April 17, 2022, https://foundation.parliament.gr/en/italian - occupation - 1912 - 1943 2 Kira Kaurinkoski, “ The Ethnic Turks in Kos and Rhodes. Reflections on Culture and Rights,” in T he Forgotten Turkish Identity of the Aegean Islands, ed. Mustafa Kaymakçı, Cihan Özgün, 120. 4 most of them who had migrated to the Island after 1919 were to be expelled from the Island which later played a huge role in the Jews being moved to concentration camps in the events of 1944. 3 The physical state of the Island was subjected to the agenda of the Italian regime to integrate fascism and doing just enough to claim their development of the Island but it was few and far b etween promoting tourism and the construction of new road networks, even the development that was carried out was the construction of public buildings which had an Italian style of architecture for reasons mentioned before. 4 The conditions for the Jewish d id improve after a change in the Island’s governing in 1941 as the new Governor, General Ettore Bastico, was more tolerant of the Jewish community and their practices allowed them to carry them out. After Italy claimed an armistice in 1943 with Germany the Island was then put under the control of the German regime and the city was under the control of Ulrich Kleemann and in September 1943 the whole of Greece including the Island of Rhodes was under the German control and this was the last major event before the eventual deportation of the Jews to come. 3. Salvation of the Jews Despite World War II having severe outcomes for many nations, some countries, such as Turkey, refused to be a part of the conflict at the beginning. Though, due to the policy Hitler im plemented, the ongoing crimes against humanity could not be overlooked by the nonparticipant nations. Selahattin Ulkumen, left a considerable remark on the times of the Holocaust by saving the lives of tens of number of Jews. In 1944, Gestapo had gathered the Dodecadesian Jews to deport them to Auschwitz concentration camp, the extermination center of not only them but the other nations and the prisoners of the war. 5 Ulkumen, as then the 3 Anthony McElligott, “3 - The Deportation of the Jews of Rhodes, 1944: An Integrated History,” in The Holocaust in Greece, ed. Giorgos Antoniou and A. Dirk Moses ( Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2018), 58. 4 The Hellenic Parliament Foundation, “The Italian Occupation”. 5 Gilly Carr and Keir Reeves, “Heritage and Memory of War: Responses from Small Islands”, (Routledge, May 12, 2015), 43. 5 consul general, declined the troop's general by reminding his country' s neutrality, stating that they would be Turkish citizens and every nation possesses equal rights in the eyes of the Turkish government. As the consul general further indicated, objecting to the country's stance would therefore lead to a diplomatic discord , which would not give a positive result for either of the nations. He took the Jews to Turkey and acquired Turkish passports, aiming to protect them due to the laws. Because Turkey represented a neutral country, its passport and citizenship were then a do or to live and travel freely. The Germans were incapable of opposing Ulkumen, but his attempt to help Jews was to come at a cost to him: his house was bombed by the German planes, causing the death of his pregnant wife. 6 Ulkumen's bravery resulted in the l oss of his family, but he managed to save dozens of innocent lives, determining why he was given the name ''Righteous Gentile.'' Another title this incident provided Ulkumen was the Turkish Schindler, which originated from Oskar Schindler, an industrialist who was credited with saving a thousand Jews from execution. As the Nazis continued commanding the gathering of Jews to travel to ''nearby islands,'' Jewish families attempted to find salvation by hiding in mountain villages. As one such example, Maurice Soriano, a Jewish citizen from Rhodes, sent his wife and child ren to a Greek town, aiming to guard them. At those times, rumours about Ulkumen were spread as his name was involved in protecting those unfortunate families. Hearing the rumours was a glimmer of hope for Soriano, making him contact his wife and ask her t o find this Turkish consul. 7 Consequently, the family's name became a part of the list of those who Ulkumen saved, and his name earned a glorious reputation among them. The Soriano family were not the only survivors to shed light on the unfortunate inciden ts during the times of the Holocaust. Matilda 6 Jikeli G ü nther, Perceptions of the Holocaust in Europe and Muslim Communities: Sources, Comparisons and Educational Challenge , (Dordrecht, New York City: Springer, 2013), 63. 7 Nathan Shachar, The Lost Worlds of Rhodes: Greeks, Italians, Jews and Turks between Tradition and Modernity, (Brighton, Chicago: Sussex Academic Press, 2013), 218. 6 Toriel, another survivor who was a Turkish citizen, was told along with other Jews to go to Gestapo headquarters. Toriel, with her Italian husband, was one of forty - two jews who were saved by Ulkumen that day d ue to her obedience to the consul's words: ''Do not go inside.'' 8 Ulkumen had the courage to stand in the face of the Germans and fabricated a Turkish law claiming the spouses of Turkish citizens are also considered citizens, intending to save not only the country's residents but their families as well. The Turkish government supported his decisions and the new law drafted on the spot, demonstrating the level of trust between the government and Ulkumen. The support of Turkish government was a major reason w hy the Jews were saved, because if Ulkumen's law was not accepted by the government, neither the Jews nor Ulkumen would be able to ever leave Rhodes. Despite the multiple warnings that were given to him, claiming he should stop giving the Turkish passports , he continued with the belief that this was not solely his diplomatic mission but ''his debt to humanity''. Therefore, he is referred to as one of The Righteous of the Holocaust and is remembered to this day. 4. Negative Personal Consequences of Ulkumen’s Actions Mihirnissa and Selahattin shared a moral universe, and their motivation was to help anyone, no matter what the cost. Ulkumen believed that saving a human was equivalent to saving the entire universe. He saw it as his moral obligation to help othe rs, so while serving as Consul General in Rhodes, he saved as many Jews as he could from being deported to concentration camps, despite the fact that it meant facing harsh consequences for himself and his beloved ones. The risks that Ulkumen took to save J ews during World War II resulted in his wife's death and his son, Mehmet, growing up without both of his parents. In retaliation for Ulkumen's 8 “A Rescuer in Rhodes: Selahattin Ülkümen , ” Facing History and Ourselves, 2014, https://www.facing history.org/rescuers/selahattin - ulkumen 7 intervention, the Nazis bombed the consular residence; his wife was severely injured in the attack. Mehmet Ulkumen stated that he struggled for years with the consequences of his father's actions. Following the bombing of the consular residence by Nazi planes, his pregnant mother survived long enough to give birth to him — and then died within days. His grandmo ther committed suicide after learning of her daughter's death. 9 Ulkumen continued to help the Jews despite being threatened numerous times; in fact, he was aware that he might be killed as a result of what he was doing. Even once the Nazis attempted to kil l him by inviting him to a hunting party, the plan was to stage a "hunting accident" that would solve the Nazis' Ulkumen problem, He only survived because local Jews warned him not to go. Lastly, Selahattin Ulkumen was arrested and sent to Greece to face h is confinement till the end of the war. During the World War II , many Turkish diplomats and individuals worked to help European Jews flee persecution, but no one suffered as much as Ulkumen and his family did. Aside from losing his family, Ulkumen was also relocated from the island of Rhodes to the Greek mainland, and he could only leave Greece on May 8, 1945, when the Germans surrendered. 5. Official Recognition and the Public Aftermath With the sacrifices Ulkumen made for the sake of his values, he has be en recognized for his efforts and highlighted especially within academic literature. Attributed with saving 42 Greek Jewish inhabitants from Rhodes, Ulkumen was the first non - Christian to be accredited as a hero for his contribution. The official title awa rded by Yad Vashem, Israel’s holocaust memorial, in 1990, was ‘Righteous Gentile’. Ulkumen’s son planted a tree in Jerusalem in honour of his father. A significant idea around Ulkumen’s actions, was the ideological belief 9 Stanford Jay Shaw, “Turkish Assistance to The Jews of Greece Under Nazi Occupation, ” in Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey’s Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution . ( New York: New York University Press, 1993. ) 253 - 254. 8 he held as a Muslim. His values we re strictly stemmed in religion and, as a consequence, he justified his heroics by mentioning it to be a basic act of humanity. Having significant reservations against Nazi ideology, he defied fascist policy openly and suffered the consequences by losing l oved ones to military intervention by the Germans. A survivor of the Jewish expulsion that took place in Rhodes, Bernard Turiel, met with Ulkumen’s son in Washington at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum commemoration, where Turiel testifies to ho w significant Ulkumen was for his entire family, specifically 4 entire generations’ worth. 10 Moving onto how his actions were important for the world at large, an idea heavily explored by scholars is one where they consider the different influential figures involved with helping Jewish communities in different countries that were affected by the ongoing war. Albeit the biggest contribution may have been the 42 lives saved, there are more indirect effects of his efforts. A scholarly article by Rifat N. Bali 11 looks at this specifically through the lens of public perception. Looking back at the Turkish involvement with the Jewish communities during the 1940s, several conflicting opinions around Turkish involvement have created an argument within the country abo ut the holocaust itself at large. The article mentions how Islamic scholars' opinion on how Turkey contributed to Jewish propaganda in favour of Israeli occupation is attributed specifically to how diplomatic attitude towards Israelis was indifferent in th e past. This idea stems from Holocaust denial and other religious figures describing Jewish interactions as contributors to Palestinian occupation. As a result, significant conservative, and 10 Gabe Friedman, Raffi Wineburg, and Julie Wiener, “Man Saved by Turkish Diplomat during War Meets His Rescuer's Son,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency , November 1, 2004, https://www.jta.org/archive/man - saved - by - turkish - diplomat - during - war - meets - his - rescuers - son 11 Rıfat N. Bali, “Perceptions of the Holocaust in Turkey,” in Perceptions of the Holocau st in Europe and Muslim Communities , ed. Gunther Jikeli and Joelle Allouche - Benayoun (New York City: Springer, Dordrecht, 2013), 61. 9 anti - western opinion, as well as media, leans towards ignoring im portant discussion or debate within the subject of the Holocaust or genocide, generally. However, with figures like Ulkumen who helped during that era, Turkey’s perception, from the inside and out, around the Holocaust has seen some favour. Although only Ulkumen is truly acknowledged as a significant figurehead, his actions are officially recognized and allowed for media coverage within the country to present their argument for how Turkey has been considerate of minority protection since the Holocaust itse lf. This has been a significant topic of contention for the Turkish foreign ministry as well, where they reaffirm their ideas around how Turkey having carried out diplomatic missions in France for the protection of Jews that were supposed to be sent to cam ps. To conclude the section, there is a point to be made that Ulkumen’s contribution is not strictly just the lives he saved but its influence has contributed to modern debates around ideological beliefs regarding points of contention between Jewish and T urkish communities. With this in mind, it is reasonable to conclude that Ulkumen served as a positive marker for Turkey as a contributor towards their case for being a considerate nation in the past, as well as within modern contexts where lives protected by Ulkumen serve as testament to the country’s consideration for minority groups within international perception of Turkey. 10 6. The Legacy of Ulkumen : Selahattin Ulkumen’s actions have saved many innocents from different cultures, such as: Bernard Turiel and his parents, and Lina Amato and her family. Danial, who is Bernard’s father, fall in love with a Woman from Izmir in Rhodes ended up marrying her. On July 19, 1944 the Nazis rounded up the innocent Jewish males for deportation, females and children we re ordered to join them in 48 hours. Ulkumen insisted that he is responsible for Turkish – born Jews among the deportees. He said that their offspring were also considered Turkish nationals, and also their parents and relatives belong to Turkey. The day af ter Bernard was standing in a line with his mother, Mathilde, to be registered to the detention canter as Gestapo ordered. Ulkumen recognized her so he went towards her running “Go home, I am going to get your husband out.” he said. Not only that but also Ulkumen did not stop trying other methods of rescuing Jews, such as: paying fishermen to smuggle them to Turkey, and creating fake connections to grant them diplomatic protection. 12 Ulkumen also saved the Amato family by rescuing his life, After Ulkumen rec eived a request from Bianca, which was an Italian woman who came all the way to Ulkumen's house asking him to save these innocent souls, he had 4 days to rescue these people as they were being send to concentration camps. After gathering all the names of p eople that had Turkish citizenship, he went looking for Lina who was staying at Bianca’s house as a Christian girl, Lina was actually Jewish but her parents gave her to Bianca’s family to protect her from the massacre. After meeting Lina Ulkumen found out that her parents are imprisoned like most of the Jews, he went to look for them inside the Nazi jails by wearing the clothes of one of the 12 Toni L. Kamins et al., “Man Saved by Turkish Diplomat during War Meets His Rescuer's Son,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency , November 1, 2004, https://www.jta.org/archive/man - saved - by - turkish - diplomat - during - war - meets - his - rescuers - son 11 bread deliverers to prisoners. He managed to enter the Nazi barracks and contact Lina’s parents, moreover; he cheered the prisoners up in order not to lose hope of having their freedom. 13 Lina was not the only child whose life was changed as a result of Ulkumen's actions, but her story is particularly significant because it represents the extent to which Ulkumen went in o rder to help the Jews. From taking the risk of standing up to the German officer to entering the lethal prisons, Ulkumen did everything in his power to save as many people as he could. Lina's story was documented in 2018, when Turkey was accused of committ ing genocide and war crimes at various points in history, by the Turkish government, and was sponsored by some Turkish ambassadors to demonstrate to the world Turkey's rule and importance during World War II To summarize this section, Ulkumen's most impo rtant legacy is a history that the Turkish government can use to show the world the other side of Turkey and to create a positive image of Turkey in international relations. It is also a major reason for Turkish politicians to use in order to build good re lations with Jewish states and a good explanation to those who oppose it due to religious reasons that Ulkumen was indeed a man who followed both the teachings of Judaism and Islam. Aside from presenting a positive image of Turkey, Ulkumen presented us wit h a completely different idea and philosophy of being a human, as the fact that his actions were praised bothered him to such an extent that he stated that what he did was nothing extraordinary, but rather what a human should do, and that what he did was '' his debt to humanity'' 14 13 The Story of Holocaust Surviv or Lina Amato, directed by Johnathan Andrews (Cape Town: Johnathan Andrews Studios, 2018), DVD. 14 Selahattin Ulkumen, “Bilinmeyen Yönleri ile Bir Dönemin Dış İşleri, ” 115. ( Turkey: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş , 2003 ). 12 7. Conclusion In summary, Selahattin Ulkumen , the Turkish consul - general on the German - occupied island of Rhodes, sacrificed practically everything in his attempt to save the Jews from the Nazis. The island was a diverse place, with a sizable Muslim, Christian, and Jewish population. It was ruled by the Ottoman Empire until 1912 when it was annexed by Italy. Under Italian rule, the people of Rhodes were subjected to persistent persecution, but things got considerably worse for the people of Rhodes, particularly the Jewish community when the Germans g ained control of the island in 1943. Ulkumen was appointed as the Rhodes consul general in the same year that the Germans assumed control of the island. Following the occupation, the Germans began deporting Jews, which alarmed Ulkumen because of the German s' actions in Europe. In 1944, the Gestapo assembled the Jews of Rhodes to transport them to Auschwitz concentration camp, which was used to exterminate not only them but also other nationalities and prisoners of war. Ulkumen stood against the German comma nder, citing his country's neutrality and the fact that they would be Turkish citizens with equal rights in the eyes of the Turkish government. The consul general went on to say, protesting the country's attitude would result in diplomatic strife, which wo uld be bad for both countries. Ulkumen transported the Jews to Turkey and obtained Turkish passports for them in order to protect them from the laws. He felt a responsibility to those Jews and sought to save as many as he could, ultimately saving about 42 Jews, including Lina and her family. He paid a high price for his acts; he lost his wife shortly before giving birth to his one and only child; his mother - in - law committed suicide when her daughter died, and his baby never felt the warmth of his mother's l ove. Apart from the hardships his family through, Ulkumen was imprisoned by the Germans and deported to Greece from Rhodes, where he remained until the war's end. Ulkumen's bravery cost him his family, but he saved dozens of 13 others, which explains why he w as granted the name, Righteous Gentile. Another moniker bestowed upon Ulkumen by this episode was Turkish Schindler, a reference to Oskar Schindler, an industrialist famous for sparing a thousand Jews from execution. He remained the only Turkish and the on ly Muslim recognized by Yad Vashem. 14 References “A Rescuer in Rhodes: Selahattin Ülkümen.” Facing History and Ourselves, 2014. https://www.facinghistory.org/rescuers/selahattin - ulkumen Anthony McElligott , “The Deportation of the Jews of Rhodes, 1944: An Integrated History.” In The Holocaust in Greece , 58 - 86. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. Bali, Rıfat N. “Perception s of the Holocaust in Turkey.” In Perceptions of the Holocaust in Europe and Muslim Communities ,e dited by Gunther Jikeli and Joelle Allouche - Benayoun,61 - 69. Springer: Dordrecht, 2013. Carr, Gilly and Reeves, Keir. Heritage and Memory of War, 43. Oxfordshire :Routledge, 2015. Friedman, et.al . “Man Saved by Turkish Diplomat during War Meets His Rescuer's Son.” Jewish Telegraphic Agency , November 1, 2004. https://www.jta.org/archive/man - saved - by - turkish - diplomat - during - war - meets - his - rescuers - son Jikeli, Günther, and Allouche - Benayoun, Joëlle. Perce ptions of the Holocaust in Europe and Muslim Communities , 63. London: Springer, 2012. Kaurinkoski, Kira. “ The Ethnic Turks in Kos and Rhodes. Reflections on Culture and Rights ,” in The Forgotten Turkish Identity of the Aegean Islands , edited by Mustafa Kaymakçı, Cihan Özgün, 120. Konya: Egitim Yayinevi, 2018. Shachar, Nathan. Lost Worlds of Rhodes: Greeks, Italians, Jews and Turks between Tradition and Modernity , 218. Chicago: Sussex Academic Press, 2013. 15 Shaw, Stanford Jay. “Turkish Assistance to Th e Jews of Greece Under Nazi Occupation. ” In Turkey and the Holocaust: Turkey’s Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution , 253 - 254 New York: New York University Press, 1993. The Italian Occupation: 1912 - 1943, The Hellenic Parliament Foundation, accessed April 17, 2022, https://foundation.parliament.gr/en/italian - occupation - 1912 - 1943 The Story of Holocaust Survivor Lina Amato . Dire cted by Johnathan Andrews. Cape Town: Johnathan Andrews Studios, 2018. Toni L. Kamins et al., “Man Saved by Turkish Diplomat during War Meets His Rescuer's Son,” Jewish Telegraphic Agency , November 1, 2004. https://www.jta.org/archive/man - saved - by - turkish - diplomat - during - war - meets - his - rescuers - son Ulkumen, Selahattin, “Bilinmeyen Yönleri ile Bir Döne min Dış İşleri, ” , 115. Turkey: Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş , 2003 16