Migrants and Religion: Paths, Issues, and Lenses Migrants and Religion: Paths, Issues, and Lenses A Multi-disciplinary and Multi-sited Study on the Role of Religious Belongings in Migratory and Integration Processes Edited by Laura Zanfrini LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creative commons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Copyright 2020 by the authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. Cover illustration: Mexico–United States barrier at the border of Tijuana, Mexico and San Diego, USA. The crosses represent migrants who died in the crossing attempt. Some identified, some not. Surveillance tower in the background. 1 May 2006. © Tomas Castelazo, www.tomascastelazo.com, Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA 4.0. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zanfrini, Laura, editor. Title: Migrants and religion : paths, issues, and lenses. A multi-disciplinary and multi-sited study on the role of religious belongings in migratory and integration processes / edited by Laura Zanfrini. Description: Leiden ; Boston : Brill, [2020] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020030436 (print) | LCCN 2020030437 (ebook) | ISBN 9789004429444 (hardback) | ISBN 9789004429604 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Emigration and immigration--Religious aspects--Case studies. | Religious refugees--Social conditions--Case studies. | Immigrants--Religious life--Case studies. | Freedom of religion. | Belonging (Social psychology) Classification: LCC JV6107 .M57 2020 (print) | LCC JV6107 (ebook) | DDC 305.6086/91--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030436 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020030437 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. See and download: brill.com/brill-typeface. ISBN 978-90-04-42944-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-90-04-42960-4 (e-book) Copyright 2020 by the authors. Published by Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi, Brill Sense, Hotei Publishing, mentis Verlag, Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh and Wilhelm Fink Verlag. Koninklijke Brill NV reserves the right to protect this publication against unauthorized use. This book is printed on acid-free paper and produced in a sustainable manner. Contents List of Figures and Tables ix Notes on Contributors xii Part 1 Migrations and Religious Belongings: from Periphery to Core, for a New Humanism 1 Introduction: General Description of the Study, Key Issues, and Provisional Conclusions 3 Laura Zanfrini 2 The Uncanny “Religious” Refugee: a Post-Secular Perspective on Ethics of Hospitality 53 Paolo Gomarasca 3 Religion in Secularized and Post-Secularized Europe 74 Monica Martinelli 4 Migration and Religious Freedom: the Legislative and Judicial Framework at International and European Level 111 Andrea Santini and Monica Spatti References to Part 1 125 Part 2 Where (Forced) Migrations Are Generated 5 No Size Fits All: Diversity, State and Politics in the Contemporary Middle East 143 Paolo Maggiolini, Andrea Plebani and Riccardo Redaelli 6 Christians Navigating through Middle East Turbulences: the Case of the Copts in Egypt 175 Alessia Melcangi and Paolo Maggiolini vi Contents 7 Religious Affiliations and Social Coexistence in the Islamic Middle East Countries 205 Giancarlo Rovati 8 Women’s Rights and Shariʿa Law in the MENA Region 231 Vera Lomazzi References to Part 2 251 Part 3 The Religion’s Dimension in the Trajectories of (Forced) Migrants Directed to Italy 9 The “Place” of Religion in the Italian Asylum Seekers’ Reception System: Constitutional, Legislative and Procedural Framework 267 Paolo Bonetti 10 On the Role of Religion in the Decision to Migrate 315 Laura Zanfrini 11 The “Space” of Religion in the Assessment of Asylum Applications 357 Laura Zanfrini 12 On the Role of Religion in the Process of Adaptation of (Forced) Migrants 376 Laura Zanfrini and Mario Antonelli References to Part 3 427 Part 4 Religion, Faith-Based Organizations, Integration and Social Cohesion 13 Religion and Integration: Issues from International Literature 433 Annavittoria Sarli and Giulia Mezzetti vii Contents 14 Religious Persecution, Migrations and Practices in Faith-Based Organizations: Some Recommendations from a Qualitative Study 464 Lucia Boccacin and Linda Lombi 15 Interreligious Dialogue in the Governance of Migration and Interethnic Cohabitation 504 Fabio Baggio 16 The Multi-Ethnic and Multi-Religious Transformation of the Largest Diocese in the World: the Church of Milan and the “Synod from the Peoples” 526 Laura Zanfrini and Luca Bressan References to Part 4 551 Part 5 Migrations, Intergenerational Relations and Families 17 Migrations and Intergenerational Religious Transmission: Issues from International Literature 569 Donatella Bramanti, Stefania Meda and Giovanna Rossi 18 The Copts in Italy: Migration and Generosity 589 Beatrice Nicolini 19 Religious Belonging and (Forced) Migration: a Study on Migrant Coptic Families in Italy 596 Cristina Giuliani and Camillo Regalia 20 Religious Belonging and (Forced) Migration: a Study on Migrant Coptic Minors in Italy 615 Giovanni Giulio Valtolina and Paola Barachetti References to Part 5 639 viii Contents Part 6 Religious Diversity in Italian Schools 21 The Religious Dimension in Plural Schools: Institutional, Relational and Strategic Issues 655 Maddalena Colombo 22 Religious Belongings in Multi-Cultural Schools: Freedom of Expression and Citizenship Values 676 Rosangela Lodigiani 23 Religious Conflicts in Multi-Cultural Schools: a Generational Divide between Students and Adults 715 Mariagrazia Santagati 24 Religions and Laïcité in the French Republican School 754 Alessandro Bergamaschi and Catherine Blaya 25 Religious Education in Schools as a Necessity in a Secular State: the Perspective in Catalonia 770 Núria Llevot-Calvet, Olga Bernad-Cavero and Jordi Garreta-Bochaca References to Part 6 783 Index 799 Figures and Tables Figures 7.1 To have people of a different religion as neighbors 228 7.2 To have people of a different sect of Islam as neighbors 228 8.1 Feminism typologies by country 247 14.1 The Greimas square applied to interview number 1 484 14.2 The Greimas square applied to interview number 2 484 14.3 The Greimas square applied to interview number 6 485 14.4 The Greimas square applied to interview number 3 485 14.5 The Greimas square applied to interview number 4 486 14.6 The Greimas square applied to interview number 8 487 14.7 The Greimas square applied to interview number 5 487 14.8 The Greimas square applied to interview number 7 488 14.9 Migratory processes and the religious dimension in migrant narratives 496 14.10 Action conducted by the FBOs and the explication of the religious dimension 502 15.1 Religious composition of international migrants, 2010 508 15.2 Religious composition of international migrants in the EU, 2010 509 Tables 2.1 Countries where nationalist political parties or politicians targeted religious groups in 2016, and religious groups that were targeted 56 2.2 The “Drama triangle” 65 7.1 Countries involved in the third and fourth Arab Barometer survey 206 7.2 Religious belonging of representative samples interviewed in 2014 (3rd wave) and 2016 (4th wave) 207 7.3 Do you consider yourself to be a religious person? 208 7.4 Do you pray daily? 208 7.5 Do you always listen to or read the Quran/the Bible? 209 7.6 Islam Law Conformity Index by sex and age 212 7.7 Which of the following statements is the closest to your point of view? Laws of our country should be based ... 214 x Figures and Tables 7.8 Compatibility of Western democracy with Islam teachings: agreement 215 7.9 Banks charging interest contradict the teachings of Islam 216 7.10 Islamic Traditionalism Index by sex and age 217 7.11 Gender mixed education should be allowed in universities 218 7.12 Women should wear modest clothes without needing to wear hijab 218 7.13 Islam Openness Index by sex and age 219 7.14 Islamic Traditionalism Index (recorded in three levels) (IST INDEX R3) by Islam Openness Index (recorded in three levels) (ISO INDEX R3) 220 7.15 Islam pluralistic typology 220 7.16 Secular Politics Index R3 222 7.17 Secular Politics Index by sex and age 222 7.18 Fundamentalism Index by sex and age 223 7.19 Fundamentalism Index R3 223 7.20 Religious – Not religious political party agreement 224 7.21 Correlation coefficients between indexes 225 7.22 Frequencies of indexes grouped in three levels 225 7.23 How do you view the relationship between Christians (in Egypt: Copts) and Muslims in reality? 227 8.1 CEDAW Convention acceptance 236 8.2 Sample sizes by country and survey 245 10.1 Results of asylum applications. Italy, 2016–2018 325 14.1 The empirical reference group: case studies and interviews 468 14.2 A summary of the first case study 471 14.3 A summary of the second case study 474 14.4 A summary of the third case study 477 14.5 A summary of the fourth case study 479 14.6 Religious persecution and migration paths: a summary based on the case studies 492 14.7 Values and actions in the interreligious dialogue and religious integration 498 21.1 Focus groups with students – participants’ composition 673 21.2 Focus groups with adults – participants’ composition 674 21.3 Items for focus group interview – reference to 4 keywords and comparison between targets 674 22.1 Most frequently mentioned words during the focus groups 685 23.1 Number of conflicts mentioned in focus groups by students or adults 724 23.2 Religious-based conflicts emerging from FGs with students 726 xi Figures and Tables 23.3 Religious-based conflicts emerging from FGs with adults 731 23.4 Word frequency query concerning conflict and problems in relationships 735 23.5 Words, attitudes, behaviors emerging in religious-based conflicts from FGs with adults 736 23.6 Words, attitudes, behaviors emerging in religious-based conflicts from FGs with students 739 23.7 Religious divide among generations 750 24.1 The feeling of being French according to the religion and school experiences – linear regression, stepwise method ( N = 2 625) 765 25.1 Actions/activities carried out while working on cultural diversity 774 Notes on Contributors Mario Antonelli is a Priest of the Archdiocese of Milan. At the Pontifical Gregorian University, he took his doctorate in Theology with a thesis about the Action by Maurice Blondel. He started teaching in 1989. Until 2018, he was Professor of Funda- mental Theology at the Seminary of the Archdiocese of Milan, with the occa- sional teaching of Trinitary Theology and Ecclesiology. He was sent as fidei donum to the area of Belém (Brazil) where he also taught Theological Anthro- pology, Trinitary Theology and Christology from 2004 to 2010. He is a collabora- tor of the missionary Pastoral and of the pastoral Care of Migrants, and since 2018 he has been Episcopal Vicar for Education and Celebration of Faith in the Archdiocese of Milan. Fr. Fabio Baggio is a member of the Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo. He gained a doc- torate in Church History at the Pontifical Gregorian University in 1998. Fr. Baggio worked as a pastor in Santiago de Chile from 1995 to 1997 and was also advisor for migrations to the Chilean bishops’ conference (INCAMI). Af- terwards, until 2002, he served as Director of the Department for Migration of the Archdiocese of Buenos Aires. From 1999–2010, he taught at the Uni- versidad del Salvador in Buenos Aires as well as at the Ateneo de Manila and at the Maryhill School of Theology at Quezon City in the Philippines, where he was Director of the Scalabrini Migration Center (SMC). Since the year 2000, he was also Professor at the Scalabrini International Migration Institute (SIMI), which is incorporated into the Theology Faculty of the Pon- tifical Urban University in Rome. He became Director of the Institute in 2010. From 1 January 2017 he is Under-Secretary of the Refugees and Mi- grants Section, Dicastery for the Promotion of Integral Human Development (Holy See). Paola Barachetti graduated in Political and Social Science. She has had a long career in a non- profit organization offering social welfare services, including those devoted to migrants and refugees. She is currently affiliated with the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, where she is serving as Teaching Assistant. Her re- search interests include intercultural psychology and social practice; accultur- ation and integration in migrant families and children; the influence of reli- gious values in the process of social inclusion. xiii Notes on Contributors Alessandro Bergamaschi holder of an international French-Italian Ph.D. in Sociology, is Associate Pro- fessor at the University of the Côte d’Azur. His research focuses on the manifes- tations of xenophobia among adolescents and on the role of formal education in the prevention of interethnic intolerance. He is a member of the “Migrations et société” research unit (CNRS 8245 – IRD 205) and fellow at the Institut Con- vergences Migrations – INED Paris. Olga Bernad-Cabero is a Postdoctoral fellow of the Department of Pedagogy at the University of Llei- da, Catalonia, Spain. Her research lines focus on the sociology of education, family and school relations, migration and cultural diversity. She has carried out research at the University of Montreal and at the University of Dakar. She is a trainer and consultant at educational centers and has given numerous lectures, communications and consultations for various institutions. In recent years, she has published articles and book chapters in prestigious publishing houses. She is part of the GR-ASE research group “Educational and Social Analysis” of UdL. Catherine Blaya is Professor of Education Sciences at the University for Teachers’ Education in Lausanne (Switzerland). She teaches at the Special Education Needs unit and is Co-Director of its Research Centre for the Prevention of School Dropout (LASALE). She is member of the Research Unit on Migrations and Society (UMR CNRS 8245-IRD 205), specialized in the study of migrations and interethnic relations at the University Nice Sophia Antipolis. She has been dedicating her academic career to researching issues that might affect young people’s lives, such as dropping out of school, school climate, cyberbullying, and cyberhate. Lucia Boccacin Ph.D. in sociology, is currently Full Professor of Cultural Sociology in the Fac- ulty of Education, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan. Chair of Na- tional Scientific Qualification in Sociology of the Cultural and Communicative Processes, Scientific Sector 14/C2, years 2016–2018. Her investigations focus on the third sector, partnership models among the third sector and other social macro-players, social policies and social services, family and intergenerational relations. Paolo Bonetti is Associate Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Milano- Bicocca, where he teaches Institutions of Public Law and Immigration Law in xiv Notes on Contributors undergraduate and postgraduate degrees. Among other things, he conducts research on the organization of jurisdiction and fundamental rights, on social and family rights and on the principles of equality, the conditions of foreign- ers and the right to asylum. He has collaborated with ISMU Foundation – Initiatives and Studies on Multi-ethnicity and with ORIM (the Regional Centre for immigration supported by the Lombardy Regional Council) on the collec- tion, analysis and processing of regulatory and judicial data regarding immi- gration and asylum applications from a constitutional perspective. He also col- laborated with the Inter-University Research Centre on Service of Public Utility for the Individual (CRISP) on a report about the situation of undocumented foreigners in Italy for the EU Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA). He took part in and coordinated the working group for the research on “Administrative Judges and Constitutional Rights” that ended with the convention held at the University of Trento (2011), where he delivered an introductory lecture on the independence and impartiality of the administrative judge. Donatella Bramanti is Full Professor of Sociology of the Family and Sociology of Personal Services at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan. She has conducted a num- ber of studies on the themes of family and of ageing population. She has also participated in numerous research projects. She has collaborated with the Na- tional Observatory of the Family with a research on “Self-sufficient Seniors and Family Friendly Services”. She is the author and co-author of over 100 mono- graphs and articles concerning social policies, personalized services and good practices, social and cultural family transformations, impact evaluation in the field of personalized services and educational processes. Luca Bressan Presbyter of the Diocese of Milan since 1987. At the Archiepiscopal Seminary of Milan, he teaches Homiletics and Pastoral Theology. He is a permanent Pro- fessor at the Theological Faculty of Northern Italy (Milan). Since June 2012, he has been Episcopal Vicar for Culture, Charity, Mission and Social Action. Maddalena Colombo is Full Professor of Sociology of Cultural and Communicative processes; she teaches “Sociology of Education”, “Sociology of Educational Policy” and “Soci- ology of Inequalities and Differences” at the Faculty of Education, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan and of Brescia. She is the Director of the CIRMiB (Centre of Initiatives and research on Migration – Brescia) and of the Laris (Laboratory of Research and Intervention on Society). She is a xv Notes on Contributors member of the Scientific Board of several journals in Italy. She co-ordinates the AIS-Education section. At the Milan campus of UCSC, she co-ordinates the Jean Monnet Module IDEAL -Intercultural Dialogue in Europe and Active poLicies (a.y. 2016/2019). Last publication on the topic: “The impact of Eth- nicity on school life: a cross-national post-commentary”, in “Italian Journal of Sociology of Education”, (3) 2018. Jordi Garreta-Bochaca holds a degree and a doctorate in Sociology from the Autonomous University of Barcelona and is currently teaching at the University of Lleida. He has car- ried out research on educational sociology and sociology of migrations and is Director of GR-ASE research group “Educational and Social Analysis” of UdL. As well as presenting his work in conventions, he has published articles in na- tional and international journals and books (https://lleida.academia.edu/Jor- diGarretaBochaca). He has carried out various research visits at the Centre d’Études Ethniques at the University of Montreal (1996, 1998, 2000 and 2009) and the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales in Paris (1997, 1998, 2007, 2010 and 2020). Cristina Giuliani is an academic researcher and serves as Assistant Professor of Social Psychol- ogy at the Faculty of Linguistic Sciences, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan. She is also member of the Family Studies and Research University Centre. Her main issues of research are the following: critical family transition and resiliency processes, migration processes, acculturation process and fami- ly relationship transformations in post-migration, Muslim immigrant families. Paolo Gomarasca Ph.D. , is an Associate Professor in Moral Philosophy at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, where he currently teaches “Social Philosophy”, “Philosophy of Intercultural Dialogue”, “Ethics of Care”, “Ethics and Professional Conduct for Social Work” and “Global Ethics”. At the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, he is a member of the Doctoral Board of Ph.D. “Social Work and Personal Social Services”, a mem- ber of Research Centre of Relational Social Work (RSW) and a member of the Transdisciplinary Research On Food Issues Centre (TROFIC). He is also an ex- ternal collaborator in the international project “Emotional culture and identi- ty”, Instituto Cultura y Sociedad, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona (Spain). His areas of study and research are the following: care ethics for social work, gender studies, studies on refugees, and food ethics. xvi Notes on Contributors Núria Llevot-Calvet is Professor in the Department of Pedagogy at the University of Lleida, Catalo- nia, Spain (Serra Hunter Programme of the Generalitat of Catalonia). Her lines of research focus on mediation and intercultural education, religious diversity, ethnic minorities and cooperation between Africa and Europe. She has carried out several research stays at universities such as Sherbrooke, Quebec, Montre- al, Paris, Mostar, Dakar, Padua, Rome; she has given lectures and training courses in various centers and has published articles in journals, as well as book chapters and books. She is a member of the Board of Directors in the Research Institute “INDEST” and in the Research Group GR-ASE “Educational and Social Analysis” of UdL. Rosangela Lodigiani Ph.D. , is an Associate Professor of Sociology of Economics at the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, where she currently teaches “Employment relations and active labor market policies”, “European Social Policies”, and “General Sociology”. She is member of the WWELL (Work, Welfare, Enterprise and Lifelong Learning) Research Cen- tre’s Steering Board at the Department of Sociology, and member of the Scien- tific Committee of the Ph.D. Course in “Sociology, Organizations, Cultures” at the same University. Her research interests are focused on labor market, life- long learning and activations policies, as well as on Italian and European active welfare system’s reform and innovation, in a comparative perspective. On these issues, she has carried out and managed many field-research projects and published several essays and papers. Vera Lomazzi received her Ph.D. in Sociology and Social Research Methods in 2015. She is a Senior Researcher at the Data Archive for Social Sciences at GESIS – Leibniz Institute for Social Sciences in Cologne, Germany, and Secretary of the Execu- tive Committee of the European Values Study. Her substantive research mainly focuses on the cross-cultural study of gender equality and gender role atti- tudes, youth engagement, and collective identities. She has a specific interest in the quality of the instruments adopted by large cross-sectional survey pro- grams and on their measurement equivalence. Before joining GESIS, she took part as trainer and consultant in a UNICEF-funded project in South Lebanon (2014–2015) and was research fellow at the University of Aberdeen, where she was involved in the EC-funded project “Arab Transformations”. xvii Notes on Contributors Linda Lombi Ph.D. in Sociology, is Assistant Professor at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, where she teaches “Sociology and Methods” (Faculty of Educa- tion Science). Her research interests are around welfare policies, health sociol- ogy, and digital research. Paolo Maggiolini is Research Fellow at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, and Adjunct Professor in “Regional Studies – Middle East and History of Islamic Asia”, Faculty of Linguistic Sciences and Foreign Literatures. Monica Martinelli is Associate Professor of Sociology at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan and a member of the “Centre for the Anthropology of Religion and Cultural Change” (ARC). Her scientific research focuses on the study of the so- ciological classics and their questions about the relationship between the indi- vidual and society, applied to contemporary socio-cultural transformations. Stefania Giada Meda is a sociology researcher at the Università Cattolica’s Centre for Family Studies and Research. Her main research topics are in the field of sociology of the fam- ily, ageing, and social policies. She was awarded a Marie Curie Actions fellow- ship for international mobility and research. Alessia Melcangi is Tenure Track Assistant of “Contemporary History of North Africa and Middle East and Globalization and International Relations” at the Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Social Sciences and Economics (DiSSE), Non-Resident Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council, Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East, Washington D.C., and collaborates with the Centre of Research on the South- ern System and the Wider Mediterranean (CRiSSMA–Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore). Giulia Mezzetti has recently obtained a Ph.D. in Sociology. She is Researcher and project Offi- cer at ISMU Foundation – Initiatives and Studies on Multiethnicity, a research institute on migration and integration. Her research interests concern children xviii Notes on Contributors of Muslim migrants’ religiosity, activism and visibility, contemporary forms of jihadist radicalization and the religion-integration nexus. Beatrice Nicolini has a degree in International Relations and Comparative Government from Harvard University, U.S.A. and graduated in Political Sciences from Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan. She obtained a Ph.D. in History of Africa from Siena University, Italy. She is Full Professor of “History and Institutions of Africa, Religions, Conflicts and Slavery, Indian Ocean World”, Faculty of Politi- cal and Social Sciences at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan. Expert for Zanzibar V-Dem – Varieties of Democracy Project, Oslo University, Norway. She has received grants and recognition for her research from Italy, from the Sultanate of Oman and from the UK. She has released more than 110 publications, most of which in English, and a number of them have been trans- lated into Arabic. Andrea Plebani is Associate Fellow at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan and Adjunct Professor in Geopolitics, Faculty of Linguistic Sciences and Foreign Literatures. Riccardo Redaelli is the Director of the Center for Research on the South and the Wider Mediter- ranean System (CRiSSMA) and Director of the Master in Middle Eastern Studies (MIMES) of the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, and Full Professor of “History and Institutions of Asia”. He also teaches “Post Conflict and Emer- gency Management”. Member of the “Observatory on Religious Minorities in the World and the Respect for Religious Freedom” of the Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, since 2004 he has been coordinating a plurality of Track-two programs of national reconciliations, international cooperation and knowledge transfer in the Middle East. He published more than 100 monographs, edited books, essays and articles on the history and contemporary politics of the Middle East. Camillo Regalia is Full Professor of Social Psychology at the Faculty of Education, Director of the Ph.D. program in Social and Developmental Psychology at the Università Cat- tolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, and member of the executive committee of the Family Studies and Research University Centre. His main issues of research are the following: psychological integration of first and second generation of im- migrants; cultural identity and family processes; Muslim migration in the West. xix Notes on Contributors Giovanna Rossi is a Full Professor of Sociology of the Family, Faculty of Psychology, and Head of the Centre for Family Studies and Research, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, since 1997. She is also Member of the ESA (European Socio- logical Association) Advisory Board of Research Network 13 “Sociology of Families and Intimate Lives”. She carried out extensive and documented re- search focusing on family, social policy, and third sector. She is author and co-author of many books and over 130 scientific contributions on national and international journals, editor of “Studi di Sociologia” (Sociology Studies) and of “Sociologia e Politiche sociali” (Sociology and Social Policy), Co-Direc- tor of “Studi interdisciplinari sulla Famiglia” (Interdisciplinary Studies on Family) and “Politiche sociali e servizi” (Social Policy and Services). Giancarlo Rovati was Full Professor of Sociology at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan (from 2003 to 2018), teaching “General Sociology” and “Sociology of Development” in the Faculty of Political and Social Sciences. He has been in- volved in several national research projects, supported by CNR and MIUR and in multinational research projects on Values System change (in the context of European Values Study program), cultural enterprises (in the context of the European Community ADAPT program), international cooperation programs with Russia, Azerbaijan, Ukraine (in the context of Tempus-Tacis program); development cooperation programs (in the context of the Orphan Vulner- able Children – OVC program managed by AVSI and supported by USAID in Kenia, Rwanda, Uganda, Ivory Coast). He was member of the national board of the Italian Sociological Association (1996–1998); President of the national Inquiry Commission on Social Exclusion – CIES (2002–2007), member of EVS Theory Group and Italian Director of the IV and V wave of the European Val- ues Survey (EVS-Italy 2008 and 2017) coordinated by University of Tilburg. His main fields of theoretical and empirical researches are the following: cultural institutions, social-economic élites, social stratification, change in religious, moral and political values, development and globalization, poverty and social exclusion. Mariagrazia Santagati is Assistant Professor of “Sociology of Education” in the Faculty of Education at the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore of Milan, as well as Scientific Secre- tary of the CIRMiB. She is the head of the Department for Education of the ISMU Foundation (Initiatives and Studies on Multiethnicity) and, since 2010, she has been the editor of the annual “Report on students with non-Italian