Political Landscapes of Capital Cities Figure 0.1. Example of urban beautification mural project, southern Tehran, 2009. (Photo by Talinn Grigor) Political Landscapes of Capital Cities EditEd by Jessica Joyce Christie, Jelena bogdanović, and Eulogio Guzmán U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s o f C o l o r a d o Boulder © 2016 by Jessica Joyce Christie, Jelena bogdanović, and Eulogio Guzmán Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 arapahoe avenue, Suite 206C boulder, Colorado 80303 all rights reserved Printed in the United States of america The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of association of american University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the anSi/niSO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). iSbn: 978-1-60732-468-3 (cloth) iSbn: 978-1-60732-469-0 (ebook) The University Press of Colorado gratefully acknowledges the generous support of the iowa State University Publication Endowment Fund toward the publication of this book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data names: Christie, Jessica Joyce, 1956– editor. | bogdanović, Jelena, 1973– editor. | Guzmán, Eulogio, editor. title: Political landscapes of capital cities / edited by Jessica Joyce Christie, Jelena bogdanović, and Eulogio Guzmán. description: boulder : University Press of Colorado, 2016. | includes index. identifiers: LCCn 2015033569 | iSbn 9781607324683 (cloth) | iSbn 9781607324690 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Capitals (Cities) | Cities and towns, ancient. | Space—Political aspects. | Landscape archaeology—Political aspects. | Political anthropology. Classification: LCC JF1900 .P65 2016 | ddC 306.209173/2—dc23 LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015033569 image credits. Front cover, clockwise from top: urban beautification mural project, southern tehran, iran, photograph by talinn Grigor; “Siege of Constantinople,” fresco, Moldoviţa, Romania, 1532, photograph by Elena boeck; Folio 2r, Codex Mendoza (ca. 1540s), ink and wash on paper, The bodleian Library, University of Oxford, MS arch Selden a.1, fol. 2r.; Wat Phra Sri Sanpetch, ayutthaya, Thailand, photograph by Melody Rod-ari. back cover: panoramic view of Matera, italy, photograph by anne Parmly toxey. Contents List of Illustrations vii Preface Jessica Joyce Christie, Jelena Bogdanović, and Eulogio Guzmán xiii Acknowledgments xv introduction: The Spatial turn and Political Landscapes of Capital Cities Eulogio Guzmán, Jessica Joyce Christie, and Jelena Bogdanović 3 1. akhenaten’s amarna in new Kingdom Egypt: Relations of Landscape and ideology Jessica Joyce Christie 25 2. “Memorials of the ability of Them all”: tetrarchic displays in the Roman Forum’s Central area Gregor Kalas 65 3. The Relational Spiritual Geopolitics of Constantinople, the Capital of the byzantine Empire Jelena Bogdanović 97 4. beyond the ashes: The Making of bangkok as the Capital City of Siam Melody Rod-ari 155 CO n t En t S vi 5. Monumental Perceptions of the tiwanaku Landscape Alexei Vranich 181 6. The inka Capital Cusco as the Model of an imperial Cultural Landscape Jessica Joyce Christie 213 7. Making Landfall: anchoring authority in the Public and Private Political Sphere of the basin of Mexico Eulogio Guzmán 249 8. Provincial Capital vs. Peasant Capital: a Subaltern Perspective on Urban Rise and Fall from Grace Anne Parmly Toxey 287 9. La Parola al Piccone: demonstrations of Fascism at the imperial Fora and the Mausoleum of augustus Stephanie Zeier Pilat 319 10. tehran: a Revolution in Making Talinn Grigor 347 Conclusions: Ontological Relations and the Spatial Politics of Capital Cities Jelena Bogdanović, Jessica Joyce Christie, and Eulogio Guzmán 377 List of Contributors 391 Index 393 Illustrations 0.1. Example of an urban beautification mural project, southern tehran ii 1.1. Map of the contemporary setting of the site of el-amarna 28 1.2. View from the aten temples resembling the Akhet glyph at sunrise 29 1.3. boundary Stela n 32 1.4. Map of boundary stelae marking the territory of el-amarna 34 1.5. boundary Stela X in situ 35 1.6. boundary Stela a 38 1.7. boundary Stela b 39 1.8. Map of the ancient capital el-amarna 40 1.9. Plan of the Central City of el-amarna 41 1.10. Ramps and stairs with double-sided balustrades 47 2.1. Plan of the Roman Forum 69 2.2. Reconstruction of the five-column monument on the western Rostra 74 2.3. “decennalia” column base 76 2.4. arch of Constantine, relief of Constantine with the five-column monument 77 2.5. So-called Rostra Vandalica 79 2.6. Equestrian statue base of Constantine overlapping the Rostra Vandalica 80 i LLU S t R at i O n S viii 2.7. Porphyry statue group of the tetrarchs, basilica of San Marco, Venice 83 3.1. Late antique and medieval capital cities mentioned in the text 98 3.2. The Tabula Peutingeriana , a medieval copy of a Roman road map 101 3.3. Map of byzantine Constantinople 103 3.4. Church of Hagia Sophia, Constantinople, modern istanbul, turkey 105 3.5. Third Military Gate, containing inscription in honor of Theodosius ii 107 3.6. Virgin Orans framed by Constantinopolitan walls 110 3.7. Fortification system of Constantinople with Long Walls of Thrace 111 3.8. Siege of Constantinople, fresco, Moldoviţa, Romania 113 3.9. Medieval capitals in the balkans and eastern Europe 115 3.10. Veliko t ŭ rnovo 118 3.11. Kiev 122 3.12. Old City, Vladimir 123 3.13. Vladimir 125 3.14. belgrade 129 3.15. Smederevo 131 3.16. Small town, Smederevo 132 3.17. dedicatory inscription from the tower of Small town, Smederevo 133 3.18. building techniques of the city walls in Smederevo and Constantinople 134 4.1. Map of Central Siam 156 4.2. Emerald buddha, bangkok, Thailand 158 4.3. “View of Judea [ayutthaya], the Capital of Siam” 159 i LLU S t R at i O n S ix 4.4. Map of Kingdom of Siam 162 4.5. Ordination Hall, temple of the Emerald buddha, bangkok, Thailand 168 4.6. Wat Phra Sri Sanpetch, ayutthaya, Thailand 169 5.1. Lake titicaca and the extent of influence from the tiwanaku polity 185 5.2. Sacred mountains visible from the titicaca basin 186 5.3. tiwanaku-Period monuments 188 5.4. Templete at tiwanaku 192 5.5. Cross sections of the Kalasasaya and akapana platforms 195 5.6. Kalasasaya and Putuni platforms with points of access 197 5.7. View south of Quimsachata from between the Putuni and Kalasasaya platforms 200 5.8. idealized view of the southern horizon from inside the templete 203 6.1. Map of the inka empire 214 6.2. Plan of the center of Cusco 218 6.3. Cusco, Saqsaywaman 221 6.4. Machu Picchu, kallanka, and view to the Ceremonial Rock 231 6.5. Machu Picchu, view showing potential Hanan and Hurin division 232 6.6. Chinchero, Great Plaza with Structure 11 and Pumaccacca outcrop 233 6.7. Chinchero, Great Plaza with kallanka buildings 234 6.8. Huanuco Pampa, plan, and alignment between usnu and Sector iib 235 6.9. Vilcaswaman, usnu 237 6.10. Vilcabamba the Old (Espiritu Pampa) 238 i LLU S t R at i O n S x 7.1. basin of Mexico, post-Classic settlements including Mexico-tenochtitlan 250 7.2. Folio 2r, Codex Mendoza 257 7.3. island of Mexico-tenochtitlan/tlatelolco with major barrio divisions 264 7.4. Excavated remains from templo Mayor showing diversity of construction stones 269 7.5. Reconstruction of Offering 98 unearthed at the templo Mayor 270 7.6. two-tufted figures from Offerings S, L, and 20 271 7.7. drawings of temples with twin shrines illustrated in codices 271 7.8. Frontispiece, Thomas Hobbes’s The Leviathan 273 8.1. Map of italy showing location of Matera in the deep south 288 8.2. intricate layers of houses carved into and out of the limestone hillside 289 8.3. axonometric and section drawings of cave structures in the hillside 292 8.4. Section and aerial illustration of the Sassi 293 8.5. Matera’s cathedral dominates the Civita, which towers above the Sassi 295 8.6. Line of buildings forming the Quinta, separating the Sassi from the Piano 299 8.7. Reproductions of peasant wagons in the Sassi today; faded traffic sign 300 8.8. interior of a peasant home in the Sassi with mule in background 307 8.9. interior of a Sassi home showing large, prosperous family dining 308 8.10. Sassi residents collecting water from a well 309 9.1. Mussolini’s visit to the work at the imperial Fora from C apitolium , 1928 326 i LLU S t R at i O n S xi 9.2. demolition underway at the imperial Fora 327 9.3. The Piazza Montanara before and during demolition 329 9.4. La Domenica del Corriere cover from October 9, 1932 330 9.5. La Domenica del Corriere cover from October 23, 1932 332 9.6. Capitolium article, demolition at the Mausoleum of augustus 335 9.7. Mussolini center stage swinging the pickaxe to demolish buildings 337 9.8. article on the work underway at the Piazzale augusto imperatore 338 9.9. Photograph of the work underway at the Piazzale augusto imperatore 340 10.1. Map of tehran, 1796 351 10.2. Map of tehran, 1890 352 10.3. Citadel Square, Qajar tehran, 1890s 354 10.4. Shahyad (azadi) Monument and Square, tehran 362 10.5. Map of tehran, 2006 366 10.6. Highway retaining wall and landscaping as urban beautification, tehran 368 10.7. Haft-e tir Square, central tehran 368 10.8. Urban beautification mural project, tehran 369 10.9. Vali asr avenue, stencil of presidential candidate Musavi 370 10.10. Graffiti stating “don’t vote,” June 2009 presidential campaign 370 Preface Political Landscapes of Capital Cities investigates the processes of manipulation of the natural landscape and its transformation into culturally constructed and ideo- logically defined political landscapes, as a result of the urban design of capital cities, understood as principal seats of governmental authority. in this sense, capitals turn into political landscapes that, in adam t. Smith’s ( The Political Landscape: Constellations of Authority in Early Complex Polities, 2003) definition of the term, encompass the material elements of buildings and infrastructure, the cultural constructs of their urban functions, and their spatial transformations. Political landscapes are accessible by means of experience, per- ception, and imagination, generating multivalent rela- tions among space, time, and human agents. They can be experienced through bodily movement, which fer- ments perceptions that depend upon the social status and the cultural perspective of the agent. Perceptions set up time- and culture-specific relations between sub- ject and object: the agent and the natural and human- made landscapes. Political landscapes of capital cities also mirror power structures that exist between polity agents who designed capitals, or those who lived within them, or those who were otherwise associated with them. Such structures of authority further direct the aesthetic representation of the capital, which provokes calculated responses in the imagination of the subjects. in this context, imagination serves ideology, especially when examined from the viewpoint of those in power. P R EFaC E xiv This collection of essays takes a global approach in terms of chronology, geography, and scholarship to amplify the intimate associations that exist between the natural landscape, human-made environments, and the sociopo- litical needs of governmental authority. The multiple but occasionally strongly converging paths of inquiry we offer provide further ways to conceive how processes of urbanization, monumentalization, ritualization, naturalization, or unification affected capitals differently worldwide without losing grasp of their distinctive architectural and spatial features. These essays articulate the many complex political and ideological agendas of a diverse set of sovereign entities that planned, constructed, displayed and performed their societal ideals in the spaces of their capitals, ultimately confirming Smith’s claim that “the creation and preservation of political authority is a profoundly spatial problem.” Jessica Joyce Christie, Jelena Bogdanović, and Eulogio Guzmán Acknowledgments The roots of Political Landscapes of Capital Cities grew out of conversations Jessica Christie had with Patricia netherly, who advised her that if she were interested in probing the relations between urbanism and poli- tics, she should read adam t. Smith’s The Political Landscape . after reading it, Jessica began to think of the cities of el-amarna in Egypt and Cusco in Peru, where she had done fieldwork, and realized Smith’s work helped her focus more directly on the ways poli- tics took spatial form for these cultures. Conversations with Jelena bogdanović led to planning a session on the spatial expressions of politics in capital cities as viewed through Smith’s lens at the annual conference of the College art association in Chicago in 2010. The session proved highly successful as evident in the diver- sity of papers received; the panel gathered architectural and art historians who addressed political dimensions of space in five capital cities. That panel generated a robust discussion and led to consideration of a volume of collected essays on the same topic that would range across a larger geographical scope and incorporate not only expanded essays from the conference participants but contributions from other scholars; at this point Eulogio Guzmán was invited to join the project and participate as a coeditor. Several years later, with this book reaching its publi- cation, we owe a debt of gratitude to many individuals and institutions. We are most thankful to our contrib- utors, who entrusted their work to us and persevered aC K n OW LEd G M En t S xvi through numerous iterations of this project. Without their commitment and without continuous support from our commissioning editor, Jessica d’arbonne, and director, darrin Pratt, from the University Press of Colorado, this book would not have been possible. at the University Press of Colorado, we would also like to acknowledge the insightful guidance of the editorial board. anonymous book reviewers pro- vided constructive critiques; their suggestions are reflected in the final manu- script. We also acknowledge daniel Pratt for working with us on the cover as well as Karl yambert’s, Laura Furney’s, and Linda Gregonis’s assistance in copyediting and preparing the index. We would further like to acknowledge financial, logistic, and intellectual support of our home institutions of East Carolina University, iowa State University, and tufts University. at East Carolina University, we would like to thank Michael drought, director of the School of art and design; Chris buddo, dean of the College of Fine arts and Communication; as well as Mike dixon for his technical assistance. at iowa State University, we thank deborah Hauptmann, Chair of the architectural department, and Luis Rico- Gutierrez, dean of the College of design, as well as the iowa State University Publication Subvention by dr. Wolfgang Kliemann, associate Vice President for Research, and supporting team Sue Shipitalo, Sandra norvell, and Jean Holt. at tufts University, we thank Kevin dunn, Vice Provost, and Jonathan Wilson, director Center of Humanities at tufts. Our thanks also go to our colleagues, family, and friends who provided encouragement and positive energy that kept this project alive. Jessica Christie first and foremost acknowledges the stimulating collaboration with her coedi- tors that made this book succeed; she is deeply grateful for the good com- pany and photographic assistance provided by her son, brian Garrett, dur- ing their many fieldtrips to Peru and Egypt; in Cusco, she has been blessed with the logistical, research, and emotional support of Raúl Ccorahua and Flor de Marïa Huaycochea núñez de la torre, and her beloved family Conza León-Velarde; in Egypt, it was only ahmed Fathy who made it possible for her to explore el-amarna the way she wanted to. Jelena bogdanović extends her thanks to her family dušan danilović; Vojislav bogdanović; Snežana, bratislav, and Josif dragić; and biljana and Stevan danilović; to her coedi- tors, Jessica Christie and Eulogio Guzmán; and to her colleagues and friends who supported this project in various capacities: Ljubomir Milanović, ivan drpić, Elena boeck, Punam Madhok, Gunnar Swanson, Robbie Quinn, Ron Graziani, Joyce newman, Erin and Kevin Kalish, nebojša Stanković, igor Marjanović, Jason alread, david Michelson, Fani Gargova, and april Eisman. aC K n OW LEd G M En t S xvii Eulogio Guzmán is thankful to Cecelia F. Klein, Leonardo López Luján, and Vickie Sullivan for their steady scholarly exchanges and contributions. He is eternally grateful to irene acevedo, diana Guzmán, Pedro Guzmán, Jennifer L. Munson, and Jacquie dow for their unwavering moral support and to his coeditors, Jelena and Jessica, for their invitation to join this project and for their indefatigable congenial commitment to this publication. Political Landscapes of Capital Cities