SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND NAME – ANIKET ANAND REG No – RA1911003030349 DEPARTMENT OF FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SRM INSTI DELHI NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR SIKRI KALAN, DELHI MEERUT ROAD, DIST. Odd Semester (July SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI -NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE LAB (Subject Code: (18CSC203J) B.TECH II YEAR / III SEMESTER ANIKET ANAND RA1911003030349 DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY SRM INSTI TUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR SIKRI KALAN, DELHI MEERUT ROAD, DIST. – GHAZIABAD - 201204 www.srmimt.net ____________________________ Odd Semester (July -2020) COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND LAB ENGINEERING FACULTY OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY TUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 201204 (2022-23) SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Registration no: - RA1911003030349 Certified to be the bonafide record of work done by ANIKET ANAND Of 3 rd semester 2 nd year B.TECH degree course in SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR Campus for the Department of Computer Science & Engineering, in Computer Organization and Architecture Laboratory during the academic year 2020-21. Lab In charge Head of the department Submitted for end semester examination held on 02/12/2020 at SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR Campus. Internal Examiner-I Internal Examiner-II __________ ______ ________________ SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. TABLE OF CONTENT Sl.No Experiment Date Signature Study about PC Hardware 1. To recognize various components of PC- Input Output systems Processing and Memory units 2. To understand how different components of PC are connected to work properly Assembling of System Components 3. To understand how different components of PC are connected to work properly Disassembling of System Components Study of TASM 4. Addition and Subtraction of 8-bit number I. Addition II. Subtraction 5. Addition and Subtraction of 16-bit number I. Addition II. Subtraction 6. Multiplication and Factorial of 8-bit 7. Multiplication and Factorial of 16-bit Circuit Maker 8. Study of Half Adder, Design of Half Adder 9. Study of Full Adder, Design of Full Adder 10. Study of Ripple Carry Adder, Design of Ripple Carry Adder Learning Resources Project Supplement Study Materials Viva Question And Answer Reference SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Ex:No:01 To Recognize Various Components of PC- Input Output Systems Processing and Memory Units :: Aim : To Identify and Recognize Various Components of PC- Input Output Systems Processing and Memory Units, components in a CPU and its functions. Ob jectives : After performing this experiment students will be able to: Understand the functions of computer Prepare a list of various computer components and peripherals. (E.g. CPU, Monitor,Keyboard, Mouse, Speaker, Web cam, Printer, Scanner, microphone, speakers, modem, project or etc). Identify various components of Computer De scription : Computer: Computer is an electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user via input devices and processes these data on processor(CPU) under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) to the output devices and saves output for the future use on memory (memory/storage devices). It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Fig: Model of Computer Functions of Computer Input Storage Process & Output: Input. Computer receives data from users. A user enters data using input devices like keyboard, mouse or any other devices like webcam, punch card, magnetic tapes, joystick or magnetic disk etc. The Input units accept information using input devices then it converts the given data to readable form and this data moves to Central Processing Unit (CPU). Storage: The given information stored in a computer using different storage devices i.e. central process unit and auxiliary memory. The auxiliary memory also known as secondary or external storage have hard devices for example Floppy, Hard Disk, Compact Disk and Flash Drive. Processing: It is considered the basic computing operation. It executes the instructions, control storage data and input or output devices attached the computer. Output: Last but not the least the output unit which represents results from the operations of central processing unit CPU. The result may be in hard or soft form i.e. visual display unit, printers and headphones. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Advantages of computers: The advantages of a computer sums up into the following reasons:- • Reliability • Consistency • Versatility – can be used for different purpose • Precision • Communication • Stores large amounts of data • Fast processing speed • Manipulation of data • Output can be produced in several formats Computer Generations: SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Classifications of Computers: Analog Computers: It accepts analog input and provide analog output information. it represents physical quantities like acceleration, temperature, distance or voltages in mechanical or electrical circuits and does not need any storage device. Examples of analog computer are thermometer, speedometer and analog clock. Digital Computer: This computer accept digital input and provide digital output after processing information and the operation are in binary system of 0 and 1. By manipulating the binary digits and numbers it can perform any task like analyze data, mathematical calculations etc. Examples of digital computers are Apple Macintosh, IBMPC. Hybrid Computer: This computer is the combination of both analog and digital computers in terms of speed and accuracy. Hybrid computers can measure physical and digital quantities. Examples of hybrid computer is the machine measure heartbeat in hospital, devices installed fuel pumps. Peripherals component of a computer: Components of a Personal Computer: • System Case: The system case or System Unit, sometimes called the chassis or enclosure, is the metal and plastic box that houses the main components of the computer. • Monitor - Your monitor is the component that displays the visual output from your computer as generated by the video card. • Keyboard - This is the input device to enter the text data in to the computer. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. • Mouse - A point and click interface for entering commands which works well ingraphical environments. • CPU – This is central Processing unit. its task to processdata. Components inside the System Case • Power Supply (SMPS) it’s a Switch Mode Power Supply, which takes 220 V/ 110 V ACcurrent as input and converts that in to multiple DC voltages. • Hard disk drive(s) this is where your files are permanently stored on your computer. Also, normally, your operating system is installed here. • CD/DVD drive(s) This is normally a read only drive where files are permanently stored. There are now read/write CD/DVD drives that use special software to allow users to read from and write to these drives. • Motherboard mother board is the central printed circuit board (PCB) holds many of the crucial components of the system, while providing connectors for other peripherals. It is also known as Main Board. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Logical view of computer system: Fig: illustrate the relationship between user, Application software, Operating System and computer hardware and its function Input Devices: These are used to put data and instructions into the computer. The most common input device for is the keyboard and mouse List of Input devices 1. keyboard 2. Mouse 3. Trackball 4. Joystick 5. Image Scanner 6. Touch Pad 7. Touch screen 8. Pointing the stick 9. Vocal system 10. Keyboard Keyboard This is the most commonly used input device available at least on almost any computer. He has a series of buttons that look like typewriters. Each key has a letter, a number, a symbol or a word. Mouse Mouse is a portable device that moves on the desktop or on the mouse pad. Since It has a ball underneath, usually two or more buttons at the top of the This causes the ball to move as the mouse moves. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Joystick The joystick consists of a base and a stick. Whenever you move the wand in any direction, the object moves on the computer screen. While joystick can perform similar functions on the mouse. While it is often considered less comfortable and effective. Touchscreen Touch screen refers to the display screen that receives the input of the Finger key. Because of screen is covered with plastic layers. While has an invisible infrared beam behind the screen. Whenever users enter data by touching the icon or menu on the screen, in short most touch screen computers use sensors to detect the touch of a finger, is used for ATMs, department stores and supermarkets. Microphone In fact this is a device that is very similar in style to the microphone you use on the stage. It is designed for those users. That does not have to hold it while he / she is speaking. TrackBall Trackball is used as a substitute for the mouse. Button of this device is similar to the mouse. He has a big spinning ball at the top of the body of the trackball in fact does not move. In fact ball move with your fingers. Output Devices: The output unit of the output devices is responsible for generating the output in user-readable form. Various output devices, such as a monitor (also known as decompression, ie video display unit), printer, plotter, etc., make the computer output unit Monitor: A monitor or screen is the most common form of output for a computer. It displays the information in the same way as on the TV screen. The image on the monitor consists of thousands of dots called pixels. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Cathode ray tube (CRT): – it works like a TV-it has an electronic gun on the back of the glass tube, which excites the electrons to make the screen shine. LCD is used to create pixels on the screen. Each tiny liquid cell is a pixel. Printer: Printers are one of the most practical and useful ways that computers can pass information by printing characters. The printer can be divided into two different categories. Impact Printer: There is mechanical contact between the printer head and the paper of this printer. Printer without impact: There is no mechanical contact between the printer head and the paper of this printer. Assign the printer: Matrix Printer Impact Point Printer: The Matrix Printer (DMP) is the most popular serial printer, meaning it points to a character. In DMP, the print head contains a vertical array of pins. As the head moves on the paper, the selected pins pull the ink ribbon to form the dot pattern on the paper. There are 80 DMP columns and 132 DMP Ionic markets available. Printer without impact: - 1. Electromagnetic printer: Whenever we use electromagnetic recording technology, the printed magnetic image can be written on the drum surface. 2. Thermal printer: When heat that converts an electrical pulse into a selected part of a print head or a wire or feather. When heat is apply on the heat-sensitive paper, a character is printed. 3. Electrostatic printer: For electrostatic printers, the paper also is coated with non-conductive dielectric materials, and when the voltage is used with the “feather” writing (the head), it retains its charge. Whenever he passes, the head is written on the paper. 4. Inkjet printer: The printer directs the ink flow at high speed to the paper. The ink flow decomposes into water drops by an ultrasonic sensor. 5. Laser printer: This printer uses desktop copier technology. The desired output is written in the copier drum using a computer-controlled beam. These laser printers are also quite capable of producing a high dot mass. The speed of a laser printer can be a page upto10-15 page per minute (ppm). 6. Speakers: Speaker: Whenever speaker receives a sound from the current form of the sound card and converts it to a sound format. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Memory and storage devices: Storage Device is a device for recording (storing) information (data). Recording can be done using virtually any form of energy.storage device is a hardware device capable of storing information. There are two storage devices used in computers; a primary storage device such as computer RAM and a secondary storage device such as a computer hard disk drive. Primary Storage(Main Memory) : Storage media installed on the motherboard store data and instruction to be executed by the CPU Main memory is classified into • RAM • ROM • CMOS RAM : Random Access Memory (RAM) is the form of memory contained in most computers. When an application is running it stores its information in the RAM. When you close the application the information is deleted from the RAM. Secondary Storage : Secondary storage is a storage medium that holds information until it is deleted or overwritten regardless if the computer has power. For example, a floppy disk drive and hard disk drive are bothgood examples of secondary storage devices. As can be seen by the below picture there are three different types of storage on a computer, although primary storage is accessed much faster than secondary storage because of the price and size limitations secondary storage is used with today’s computers to store all your programs and your personaldata. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Floppy Disk : A floppy drive reads the popular floppy disk. Floppy disk is easy to use, rewritable, compact, and great for storing information. The floppy drive is simple and allows you to read, write to, and write over information stored on a floppy disk. Hard Disk : A hard drive stores all your files and information in a permanent form unlike storing it in RAM (which is temporary). The larger your hard disk (drive) the more information and files you're able to store. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Magnetic Tape: Magnetic Tape can be used to perform both functions - input and output. Magnetic Tape is a secondary storage media. Magnetic tapes are used for large computers like mainframe computers where large volume of data is stored for a longer time. In PC also you can use tapes in the form of cassettes. The cost of storing data in tapes is inexpensive. Tapes consist of magnetic materials that store data permanently. It can be 12.5 mm to 25 mm wide plastic film-type and 500 meter to 1200 meter long which is coated with magnetic material. Magnetic Disk: You might have seen the gramophone record, which is circular like a disk and coated with magnetic material. Magnetic disks used in computer are made on the same principle. It rotates with very high speed inside the computer drive. Data is stored on both the surface of the disk. Magnetic disks are most popular for direct access storage device Optical Disk : The CD-Rom is reads CD's. CD-Rom completely stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. CD's have much more data than a floppy disk. Using CD-RW you can make your own CD's and use them more like a floppy disk. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Central Processing Unit: Also called a central processor or main processor, is the electronic circuitry within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing the basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The processor is fitted on to a Mother Board. The Mother Board contains various components, which support the functioning of a PC. Most modern CPUs are microprocessors Components on a Motherboard • Processor Socket: processor is installed in this socket. • Memory Slots: Primary memory RAM is installed in this slot • IDE Connectors: Hard Disk Drive, CD/DVD Drive, Floppy drive connected here. • PCI Slot: Adapter cards are installed in this slot like Display card, Sound card, Network Interface card, etc • AGP or PCI-Ex Slot: it is used to connect Advanced Graphics cards. • Power Connectors: power supply is connected to this. • Chipset: Group of specialized chips on the motherboard • Back Panel Connectors: External devices are connected to motherboard or system through this back panel. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Microprocessors : A microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits. The microprocessor is a multipurpose, clock driven, register based, digital integrated circuit that accepts binary data as input, processes it according to instructions stored in its memory and provides results as output. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Processor speeds: • Jumper: Small metal connector with a plastic cover used to connect two metal pins together. Configuring the jumpers on a motherboard will change the settings on that board. • Multiplier: A number that is multiplied by the bus speed to determine the CPU speed. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. North Bridge: • It is also called as controller, It converts electronic signals to binary values and binary values to electronic signals ,It is nearby socket478. • It placed middle of the motherboard. South Bridge: It is controls major components mother board and it back bone of the input out devices, It is communicates PCI slots, IDE-1, IDE-2, floppy connecter, BIOS chip by CMOS battery Ram Slots and Rams: Ram slots are used to install the rams, It is large rectangle shape and each ending has small clips. There two type ram slots • SDRam; ---------- TwoGaps • DDRRam -------- OneGap Cache memory – A fast type of memory designed to increase the speed of microprocessor operations. L1 (Level one) cache – Cache memory that is located inside the microprocessor. Write-through cache – The microprocessor writes 1s and 0s into the cache memory at the same time as regular memory. Write-back cache – The 1s and 0s are written to regular memory when the microprocessor is not busy. It is more efficient than write-through cache. L2 cache – Cache memory that is on the motherboard for Pentium and lower processors. Starting with the Pentium Pro processor, the L2 cache is inside the processor packaging and known as on-die cache L3 cache – L1 and L2 cache are included with the processor packaging. COAST (Cache On A Stick) – Cache chips on the motherboard that resemble a small SIMM. DIB (Dual Independent Bus) – Two buses used for the processor to communicate with motherboard components. SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. FSB (front side bus) – connects a CPU to the motherboard components. CMOS Battery: Computer is using a coin shape battery, It generates the clock signal and it manage system continues time Primary & Secondary (IDE-1 & IDE-2): It is also called as IDE-1, IDE-2,It used to connecting Hard Disk Drive, CD ROM, DVD ROM. Input & Output ports: IO ports are used to connecting IO device such as key boards, mouse, monitor, printer, scanner, speakers etc... BIOS Chip: • BIOS controls how the operating system and hardware wok together, • BIOS identification is BIOS name is available on chip or motherboard ATX Power connecter: • ATX power connecter is used to connect ATX power plug (This is from SMPS) and ATX Power connecter has 20/24 pins available. • It is white color and it has ATX name is available on Motherboard SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, DELHI-NCR CAMPUS, MODINAGAR. Hard Disk Drive: • The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer, The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive, • Identifications is the panel name is Hard Disk dive CD ROM Drive & CD-Writer: • CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read only Memory) Drive is a device that reads the information from Compact Disks (CD). CD-Writer is used to write the data into Compact Disks. • Identification is the panel name is CD Writer Floppy Disk Drive and Floppy connecter: • The floppy disk drive is used to read the information stored in floppy disks, Floppy disks also called as a diskette, • Identification is smaller than CD writer. • Floppy connecter is used to connect Floppy Disk Drive. This is beside of ATX power connecter and Name FDD is available on the mother board.