CULTURAL DYNAMICS IN A GLOBALIZED WORLD KUSNO2017_Book.indb i KUSNO2017_Book.indb i 11/17/2017 9:20:25 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:25 AM KUSNO2017_Book.indb ii KUSNO2017_Book.indb ii 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM PROCEEDINGS OF THE ASIA-PACIFIC RESEARCH IN SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES, DEPOK, INDONESIA, NOVEMBER 7–9, 2016, TOPICS IN ARTS AND HUMANITIES Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World Editors Melani Budianta English Studies Program, Literature Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Manneke Budiman Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, Indonesia Abidin Kusno Faculty of Environmental Studies, York University, Toronto, Canada Mikihiro Moriyama Department of Asian Studies, Faculty of Foreign Studies, Nanzan University, Nagoya, Japan KUSNO_FM.indd iii KUSNO_FM.indd iii 11/20/2017 1:50:02 PM 11/20/2017 1:50:02 PM Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, UK Typeset by V Publishing Solutions Pvt Ltd., Chennai, India Although all care is taken to ensure integrity and the quality of this publication and the information herein, no responsibility is assumed by the publishers nor the author for any damage to the property or persons as a result of operation or use of this publication and/or the information contained herein. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.tandfebooks.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Published by: CRC Press/Balkema Schipholweg 107C, 2316 XC Leiden, The Netherlands e-mail: Pub.NL@taylorandfrancis.com www.crcpress.com – www.taylorandfrancis.com ISBN: 978-1-138-62664-5 (Hbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-22534-0 (eBook) KUSNO2017_Book.indb iv KUSNO2017_Book.indb iv 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World – Budianta et al. (Eds) © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-62664-5 v Table of contents Organizing committee xiii Social norms, social movements, and ethics Foreword by Manneke Budiman 3 Social conflict resolution and the need for a system of ethics 7 A. Seran Editorial cartoons and the visualization of corruption at the beginning of the New Order (1968–1974): Case study of Indonesia Raya daily 15 A.M. Padiatra & A. Setiawan The 19th-century Undang-Undang Ternate : Structure and power analysis 23 P.F. Limbong & T. Pudjiastuti KPK and the commitment of the Indonesian government to eradicate corruption (2004–2014) 29 H.R. Mufti & B. Kanumayoso Autonomy and historicity of an individual as a moral agent 37 J.P. Kamuri & H.S. Pratama Redefining ethics and morals in colonial space: Creation of leisure in the colonies in Van Zeggelen (1911) 43 C.T. Suprihatin Moral consciousness in Kresna Duta ’s characters: An analysis through moral theory of Lawrence Kohlberg and the discourse ethics of Jürgen Habermas 51 M.W. Nurrochsyam & E.K. Ekosiwi Transposition of epistemology to hermeneutics: Richard Rorty’s philosophy of edification 59 F. Hadinata & A.Y. Lubis Leader’s attitude towards terrorism: A critical discourse analysis of Dr. Mahathir Mohamad’s diplomatic letters 65 B.E. Pranoto & U. Yuwono Stimulus of request in Japanese and its relation to wakimae as a cultural context: A discourse analysis on culture in conversation 75 Filia, N.J. Malik & U. Yuwono Toraja people’s involvement in Qahhar Mudzakkar’s DI/TII movement 83 R.D. Kabubu & Abdurakhman Digital art and its uniqueness without aura 89 A.I. Badry & A.Y. Lubis KUSNO2017_Book.indb v KUSNO2017_Book.indb v 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM vi Accelerating Quentin Meillassoux with Antonio Negri: On the deadlock of speculative realist ontology 97 H.Y. Polimpung & A.Y. Lubis Historical aspects of Babad Sepehi 105 Y. Irawan & K.H. Saputra Disturbance of local democratization: Riot in Tuban election 2006 113 M. Sodikin & Abdurakhman The concept of homo ecologicus spiritual-ethical (an ethical reflection on the ecological humanism concept of Henryk Skolimowski) 119 F. Fios & G. Arivia Applications of spiritual-ethical homo ecologicus in the local indigenous context of Indonesia (a case study in the Oenbit village, East Nusa Tenggara province) 125 F. Fios & G. Arivia Music’s critical function to social conditions 133 K. Andjani & A.Y. Lubis No-self: Reflections on ethics and identity 139 J. Jiwanda & A.Y. Lubis Perhimpoenan Kaoem Betawi : The struggle for identity and role in the Indonesian National Movement (1923–1941) 145 Siswantari Freedom of expression at the Jakarta Art Centre during Soeharto’s New Order 153 S.N. Kusumastuti The eco-spiritual ethics of Balinese Hindus challenged: The case of the reclamation of Benoa Bay 161 I.N. Suwidjana, G. Arivia, G. Dwikartika & R. Lustanto Vergangenheitbewältigung /coming to terms with the past: Demystifying Hitler and the Nazi regime in German comics 167 L. Kurnia The legacy of Soeharto’s New Order: Power sustainability through control of information media 173 F. Gani Public reason and the rise of populism in post-reformation Indonesia 181 G.C. Acikgenc & H.S. Pratama Construction of grief in obituary texts in German (2012–2015) 187 S.P. Suganda The political as the ontological primacy: On Ernesto Laclau’s thoughts 195 D. Hutagalung & A.Y. Lubis Roles and contributions of participants in broadcast talk 203 M.K. Wardhani & B. Kushartanti Representing nation/homeland, gender, and religion Foreword by Melani Budianta 213 Beyond the collections: Identity construction at the National Museum of Indonesia 217 M.K. Rizqika KUSNO2017_Book.indb vi KUSNO2017_Book.indb vi 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM vii Formation of Javanese Malay identities in Malay Peninsula between the 19th and 20th centuries 225 L. Sunarti The representation of national identity in the film Tanah Surga Katanya 231 L.S. Limanta & L. Kurnia Building national identity in the border areas: The critical success factors analysis in the management of community radio in Sintang, West Kalimantan 239 L.H. Kurnia Heimat for three generations of immigrants in Germany: An analysis of Turkish–German films 247 M.R. Widhiasti & M. Budianta Representation of India as the root of identity in the film adaptation of The Namesake 253 R.A. Setyaningrum & D. Hapsarani Contested representation of Dutch Americans in Washington Irving’s A History of New York 259 M. Baga & M. Budianta Indonesian novels’ phenomenon of mingling and competing with cultural exposure 265 I.G.A.A.M. Triadnyani Funding politics in European film festivals and its impacts on the development of Indonesian cinema 271 R. Ihwanny & M. Budiman The Lunar New Year and Guanggunjie tradition: The representation of China in the Lentera broadcast by China Radio International 279 R.P.S. Hadi & M. Budiman Mandarin education and contemporary Chinese-Indonesian identity repositioning: Between recinicization and cosmopolitanism 285 Q.Q. Luli & M. Budiman Appropriating South Korean popular culture: I-pop and K-drama remakes in Indonesia 291 S.M.G. Tambunan Positive body image activism in collective (@effyourbeautystandards) and personal (@yourstruelymelly) Instagram accounts: Challenging American idealized beauty construction 297 D.M. Wuri & S.M.G. Tambunan Problematizing sexualized female images and Donald Trumps’ immigration stance in video games: An analysis of Let’s Play videos on YouTube 303 S. Angjaya & S.M.G. Tambunan Constructing an imagined community of fandom and articulating gender identity: A case study on Indonesian female football fans’ participation in social media 311 N. Azizi & S.M.G. Tambunan Martha Nussbaum’s central capabilities read violence against women in Indonesia 317 H.P. Sari Afghan women’s repression by patriarchy in My Forbidden Face by Latifa 325 H.N. Agustina & C.T. Suprihatin KUSNO2017_Book.indb vii KUSNO2017_Book.indb vii 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM viii Memory of the female protagonist in relation to gender oppression in Catherine Lim’s The Teardrop Story Woman 331 J.D. Sukham & D. Hapsarani Women and corruption in Okky Madasari’s 86 and Anggie D. Widowati’s Laras : A feminist study 337 A. Akun & M. Budiman Contesting representations in the gendered space of politics: Hillary Clinton’s representations in Living History , A Woman in Charge , and Her Way 345 D. Hapsarani & M. Budianta Construction of woman in the Sundanese magazine Manglè (1958–2013): A corpus-based study of metalinguistic signs 353 S. Yuliawati & R.S. Hidayat Metaphors of women in the Sundanese magazine Manglè (1958–2013): A corpus-based approach 361 A. Alkautsar & T. Suhardijanto The collocation and grammatical behaviour of two nouns denoting women in Sundanese: A corpus-based analysis of language and gender relationship 371 P.G. Bagasworo & T. Suhardijanto The role of women in Javanese literature: A case study of Serat Gandakusuma SJ 194 NR 324 and SW 5 SB 47 381 W.P. Sudarmadji & A. Prasetiyo Posuo , space and women: Buton community’s customary tradition and its preservation 389 I. Ibrahim & M. Budiman Cosmopolitan female Muslim travellers in Berjalan di Atas Cahaya 397 S. Hodijah & C.T. Suprihatin The mosque as a space for Minangkabau women 405 H.F. Agus & M. Budianta The realisation of metaphorical speech act in a religious themed text: Pragmatics analysis on a popular religious self-help book 413 S. Altiria & A. Muta’ali Imagery characters and ideology of Islamic fundamentalism: Adaptation of the novel Les Étoiles de Sidi Moumen and the film Les Chevaux de Dieu 423 D. Jinanto & J. Tjahjani School-centric Islamic education in Indonesia: A deconstructive analysis of Muhammad Abed Al-Jabiri 431 N.S. Wibowo & Naupal Developing English teaching materials based on Content-Based Instruction (CBI) approach for the Islamic management and banking students at IAIN Imam Bonjol Padang 437 Elismawati & Mukhaiyar The main ideas of Muhammad Mursi’s speech at the 67th United Nations General Assembly: A critical discourse analysis 445 D. Lu’lu & A.T. Wastono An ontology of violence based on moral teachings: A case study of Salafi Wahabi radicalism and the story of Kresna Duta (Ambassador Kresna) 451 Naupal KUSNO2017_Book.indb viii KUSNO2017_Book.indb viii 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM ix The story of caliph Abu Bakr, Umar, Usman, and Ali to the battle of Hasan and Husain in Karbala: Islamic epics from Ambon 457 D. Kramadibrata Islamic discourse in German online mass media: Intra-migrant Muslim perspective on refugee issues. Shift in the position of three Muslim individuals: Feridun Zaimoglu, Necla Kelek, and Navid Kermani 465 L. Liyanti Abuya Dimyathi: A charismatic mursyid of tarekat Syadziliyah during the New Order regime (1977–1982) 473 J. Syarif & Y. Machmudi Regional identity and cultural heritage Foreword by Mikihiro Moriyama 481 Wawacan Samun : Between the convention and the creation of Wawacan 485 M. Holil & T. Pudjiastuti Piwulang teachings in Serat Darmasaloka 491 S. Rohman & D. Kramadibrata Old Papuan manuscripts: A general review 497 T. Pudjiastuti Articulation and contestation of cultural identities in Riau Province: The case of ‘Mandau Regency’ 503 S. Basuki & M. Budiman Utilization of the Senjang tradition as cultural identity of the people in Musi Banyuasin, South Sumatra 509 A. Ardiansyah & T. Christomy Colophon in the Hikayat Pandawa manuscript 517 M. Buduroh & T. Pudjiastuti Bismaprawa : An Old Javanese text from the Merapi-Merbabu tradition derived from Adiparwa 523 A. Kriswanto & D. Puspitorini Uttaraśabda in Java and Bali 531 A. Kurniawan & D. Puspitorini Loloda in the world of Mollucas: The decline of the political entity in Loloda from Kolano to Sangaji 539 A. Rahman Votive tablets in Buddhist religious rituals in the Nusantara archipelago from the 7th–10th centuries AD 545 A. Indradjaja & W.R. Wahyudi Tracing religious life in the ancient Bali period: An epigraphical study 553 N.K.P.A. Laksmi & W.R. Wahyudi Ancient water system and reservoir at the Muarajambi archaeological site 559 C.M. Arkhi & W.R. Wahyudi Association of Borobudur Temple with the surrounding Buddhist temples 567 N.A. Izza & A.A. Munandar KUSNO2017_Book.indb ix KUSNO2017_Book.indb ix 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM x Forms and types of Borobudur’s stupas 577 A. Revianur Variety of distinct style scripts in inscriptions found in Mandalas of the late Majapahit era: An overview of the paleography to mark religious dynamics 585 N. Susanti Religious communities in the late Majapahit period at Pasrujambe site, Lumajang 593 A. Rahayu & N. Susanti Particles pwa and ta in the Old Javanese language 601 D. Puspitorini The role of Man .d .alas in the old Javanese religious community in Tantu Panggělaran 609 T.I. Setyani & T. Pudjiastuti Signatures in Hikayat Sultan Taburat’s manuscripts: The existence of scribes in the 19th century 617 R.A. Suharjo & T. Pudjiastuti Management of cultural heritage sites: A case study of Perkampungan Adat Nagari Sijunjung 623 F. Amril Nusantara philosophy: The study of meanings based on Indonesia’s local wisdom in East Java and East Nusa Tenggara 631 L. Tjahjandari, T.I. Setyani & L.H. Kurnia Silpin’s artistic freedom in the creation of Tathagata statues on the Rupadhatu level at Borobudur 637 G. Mentari & A.A. Munandar Spatial narrative in a traditional Sundanese village 645 T. Christomy Symbolic meaning of the Śrāddha ritual in the Merapi-Merbabu Putru Kalĕpasan text 653 I.M. Suparta & T. Pudjiastuti Ancient religious artworks in Central Java (8th–10th century AD) 661 A.A. Munandar Global economy, urbanization and social change Foreword by Abidin Kusno 669 A toponymy based study on waterway trade in the ancient Mataram era (9th–11th century AD) 673 G.A. Khakam & N.S. Tedjowasono Development of Mandar’s maritime trade in the early twentieth century 681 A.R. Hamid The golden age of the East Indonesian economy during the NIT era (1946–1950) 687 L. Evita & Abdurakhman Food culture and land use in ancient times 695 Taqyuddin & N. Susanti KUSNO2017_Book.indb x KUSNO2017_Book.indb x 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM xi The Treaty of 1855: Early American shipping, commerce, and diplomacy in the Indonesian archipelago (1784–1855) 709 Y.B. Tangkilisan Individual unit of analysis in the debate on the methodology of economics as a social science 717 H.S. Pratama Colonialism and segregation: An analysis of colonial policies in the Strait of Malacca 1795–1825 725 T.R. Fadeli The impact of economic modernization on the lifestyle of the Palembang society in 1900–1930 733 N.J. Utama & L. Sunarti The impact of modernization on the economy for fishermen in Makassar City 741 P. Rifal & L. Sunarti Colonial modernity, Indonesian nationalism, and urban governance: The making of a colonial city, Surabaya (ca. 1890–1942) 749 A. Achdian Efforts to overcome the problems of food demand in South Sulawesi in the Guided Democracy period (1959–1965) 755 A.A.A. Mulya & M. Iskandar A study on how Uber seizes the transportation space in Jakarta 761 D.T. Gunarwati & L. Kurnia Commuter line e-ticketing system and the disciplining of urban citizens 769 A. Sandipungkas & L. Kurnia The dynamics of production and consumption in Islamic housing 775 J.D. Shanty & M. Budianta Typical French linguistic process on Facebook 785 F.G. Junus & M. Laksman-Huntley Indonesian-English code-switching on social media 791 M. Aulia & M. Laksman-Huntley Use of English hedges by 12 learners in academic writing: A case study of pragmatics 797 Y. Widiawati & F.X. Rahyono “You are what you eat ... and post”: An analysis of culinary innovation and cultural branding in Panggang Ucok’s Instagram account 805 S.M.G. Tambunan & M.R. Widhiasti The use of cohesive devices in deaf and hearing children’s writing 811 Novietri & B. Kushartanti Acoustical analysis of pitch contour in autism spectrum disorder 819 L. Roosman, T.W.R. Ningsih, F.X. Rahyono, M. Aziza & Ayesa Characteristics of word duration in children with autism spectrum disorder 827 T.W.R. Ningsih, F.X. Rahyono & Ayesa Experimental approach of perception toward autism spectrum disorder intonation 835 F.X. Rahyono, T.W.R. Ningsih, Ayesa & M. Aziza KUSNO_FM.indd xi KUSNO_FM.indd xi 11/20/2017 2:38:59 PM 11/20/2017 2:38:59 PM xii Conflicts of interest among Indonesian university libraries in developing intellectual capital 843 Laksmi & L. Wijayanti Changes in the virtual reference services at Bina Nusantara University to meet users’ information needs 851 M. Septiana & T.A. Susetyo-Salim Students’ information behavior and the use of library reference service at Surya International School, Jakarta 857 R.R. Romadon & T.A. Susetyo-Salim Transformation from conventional to virtual library reference services at Surya International School, Jakarta 865 D.P. Prabowo & T.A. Susetyo-Salim Empowering students with information literacy education as one of the library reference service functions at Surya International School, Jakarta 873 E. Cahyani & T.A. Susetyo-Salim Reconstructing Joko Widodo’s national education ideology: A critical discourse analysis on the policies in Indonesia 881 R.M.P. Silalahi, N.J. Malik & E. Mulyajati Nationalism and neoliberalism in education: A critical discourse analysis of presidential speeches in Indonesia’s reform era 891 R.M.P. Silalahi, N.J. Malik & U. Yuwono Values of neoliberalism in education: A comparative study of Indonesian presidential speeches in the New Order and Reform Era 899 R.M.P. Silalahi, U. Yuwono & Y.J. Aminda Meeting the challenges of global competition: Preserving and revitalizing the cultural heritage of Bagansiapiapi 907 A.A. Harapan & L. Mariani Preserving and maintaining traditional culture through interior design: A case study of Torajan elements in a local restaurant 913 P. Salim The toponymy of the ancient port city of Gresik in the northern coastal area of Java 921 Z. Muhatta & N. Soesanti Author index 929 KUSNO2017_Book.indb xii KUSNO2017_Book.indb xii 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World – Budianta et al. (Eds) © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-62664-5 xiii Organizing committee STEERING COMMITTEE Rosari Saleh ( Vice Rector of Research and Innovation, Universitas Indonesia ) Topo Santoso ( Dean Faculty of Law, Universitas Indonesia ) Ari Kuncoro ( Dean Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia ) Adrianus L.G. Waworuntu ( Dean Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia ) Arie Setiabudi Soesilo ( Dean Faculty of Social and Political Sciences, Universitas Indonesia ) INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD Peter Newcombe ( University of Queensland, Australia ) Fred Piercy ( Virginia Tech University, Australia ) Frieda Mangunsong Siahaan ( Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia ) James Bartle ( University of New South Wales, Australia ) Elvia Sunityo Shauki ( University of South Australia, Australia ) SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Manneke Budiman Isbandi Rukminto Adi Beta Yulianita Gitaharie Surastini Fitriasih Sri Hartati R Suradijono Elizabeth Kristi Poerwandari CONFERENCE DIRECTOR Tjut Rifameutia Umar Ali CONFERENCE VICE-DIRECTOR Turro Wongkaren ORGANIZING COMMITTEE Dewi Maulina ( Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia ) Intan Wardhani ( Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia ) Elok D. Malay ( Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia ) Josephine Rosa Marieta ( Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia ) Teraya Paramehta ( Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia ) KUSNO2017_Book.indb xiii KUSNO2017_Book.indb xiii 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM xiv Nila Ayu Utami ( Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia ) Priskila Pratita Penasthika ( Faculty of Law, Universitas Indonesia ) Efriyani Djuwita ( Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia ) Destri Widaya ( Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia ) WORKSHOP COMMITTEE Corina D.S. Riantoputra ( Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia ) Fithra Faisal Hastiadi ( Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia ) Mirra Noormilla ( Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia ) TREASURERS Robby Oka Yuwansa ( Faculty of Psychology, Universitas Indonesia ) Nurul Husnah ( Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Indonesia ) KUSNO2017_Book.indb xiv KUSNO2017_Book.indb xiv 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM Social norms, social movements, and ethics KUSNO2017_Book.indb 1 KUSNO2017_Book.indb 1 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM KUSNO2017_Book.indb 2 KUSNO2017_Book.indb 2 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM Cultural Dynamics in a Globalized World – Budianta et al. (Eds) © 2018 Taylor & Francis Group, London, ISBN 978-1-138-62664-5 3 Foreword by Manneke Budiman Morality, ethics, and individuality are the main ideas of this section. Despite the diversity of topics and focuses, the authors in general make their individual attempts at making sense of how norms begin from individual explorations of life, and at one point, ideas start get- ting viral, almost epidemiological, like today’s memes that quickly and widely circulate social media, and become parts of the collective or cultural property of a people. Social movements play an instrumental role in the inculcating of new ideas into norms, but also in revolu- tionizing them—replacing the old ones with the new ones. Different authors in this section approach these issues from philosophical, political, and historical perspectives, offering a large and complex picture of how culture—at the levels of ideas, social behavior and institu- tions, as well as individual creative endeavor—evolves. The question of ethics complicates things further. Ethics is a dimension that keeps coming back as ideas crystalized into norms, behavior gets institutionalized, and individual expres- sions canonized into arts. The personal does not entirely get erased by or disappear into the collective in the process of the birth of a culture. Instead, it persists, and ethics is part of the personal realm that always disrupts the collective, cultural process through self-interrogating processes which take place while changes are happening at the social and political levels. From Norms to Movements If norms are often described as established and sometimes even rigid, ethics is always under- stood as much more dynamic and less black and white. Hence the impression that the rela- tionship between the two tends to be uneasy. This is where morals come into play. If norms are a set of rules that makes up a morals system that guides a society through its slippery journey between what is right and what is wrong, ethics works in a parallel manner, despite its less charted trajectory. Perhaps it is the rigidity, the cold hard aspect of morality that ethics tries to penetrate in order to bring back humanity into moral principles. Many totalitarian and dictatorial regimes throughout history are known to strongly uphold moral principles that they believed to be unquestionable. However, what is lacking in these regimes relying on ‘hard power’ to rule is exactly the humanistic touch, of which ethics is the most fundamental and constitutive component. This is why social conflict that occurs in society can only be addressed first and foremost through ethical means above all else, as an author suggests. Only a society possessing a sys- tem of ethics, which is as strong as its system of morals, is equipped with an adequate means for conflict resolution. Equally true, in a society where corrupt behavior is rampant, which threatens to dismantle the social pillars of that society one by one until it collapses, ethics can come out as the savior if institutions that are supposed to be at the forefront in fighting the evil elements in society are less evil than the rest. In the Indonesian context, one author writes about the Corruption Eradication Commis- sion (KPK) and how committed it is to save the corruption-ridden nation despite hostility and opposition from those who have profited from corrupt practices for long. When the regime in power is not only authoritarian but also corrupt, thus not allowing any judiciary institution to be strong enough to fight corrupt behavior of the state apparatuses, the media is portrayed to be the only alternative left to do the job. Cartoons and caricatures replace the KUSNO2017_Book.indb 3 KUSNO2017_Book.indb 3 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 4 role of the paralyzed judicial agencies in disclosing corrupt practices of the state through visual representations, at the risk of being silenced. This brings us to the issue of freedom of expression. Freedom of expression is basically understood as the kind of freedom that can only be effectively articulated when it is informed by ethical principles, although it does not have to be always in line with the mainstream moral system. When such freedom is not set up upon any ethical foundation, the result is hate speech, bigotry, and demagoguery. The effect of the social destruction can be long-term, as demonstrated by an author writing on the difficulty in exorcising the ghost of the past Nazi era in Germany. Again, however, in society ruled by a corrupt dictatorial regime, when both the moral and ethical systems are almost systematically shut down, individual expressions may take over the rehabilitating role, as stated by an author on the expressions of artistic voices during the New Order Indonesia. Arts—be they music, literature, or even digital art—may serve as an ‘anti- body’ that helps the society fight against the dark power. But what is the role of agency in all these affairs? If behind all these are individuals with autonomous minds who can maintain a critical distance from the social madness of their society, what are the factors that allow individuality and agency to be activated? To answer these questions, authors in this section are even set to dig further into the analysis of characters in ancient literature and manuscripts as well as historical texts by testing how far modern western ideas on morality and human consciousness can satisfactorily explain traditional and local cosmologies. Self, Identity, and Context Some of the authors in this section seem to believe that self is the keyword toward under- standing human agency. Self is understood as both an autonomous and historical subject. The formation of the sense of self is shaped by its independent quality but also by its own positioning in history. In other words, there is no such thing as fully autonomous self, and that it is always located in specific space and time. This is especially true if an individual is to be viewed as a moral agent, which implies its location in society rather than a mere discourse on an abstract, conceptual level. Some authors even go further by speculating the possibility of “no-self ” when identity is assigned to an individual, considering that identity is always situated between what one would like to be and what society expects one to be. In some of the articles, authors perceive human agency in intersections with its socio- cultural and ecological responsibilities as inseparable from ethics. Some of the authors exam- ine these concepts through case studies conducted in East Nusa Tenggara and Bali, where local beliefs and adat are still faithfully observed. Thus, there are efforts made to contextualize esoteric concepts into various local cultural settings, aiming at finding how they materialize in the everyday practice, or even are used as part of the strategy to protect the environment from ecological threats caused by development programs. This is where we can see how ideas get translated into social action in the form of movements, as illustrated by one article on the anti-reclamation movement in Bali. Some other authors look at social movement from the perspective of history, going back to the colonial period in Indonesia. The question of human agency becomes even more urgent when situated in the colonial context as freedom is severely limited and control of the colonial power interferes deeply into the everyday life of the people in the colony. Authors investigate how rules and laws, policies and practices, are designed to strengthen the colonial authority over the colony, but we can also see how the colonized respond to the administrative arrange- ments that are meant to subjugate them. This dynamic relation between the colonizer and the colonized becomes the focus of some of the articles in this section, such as the ones on the colonial intervention in the law-making process in Ternate, the mobilization of resistance through organizational tactics in Batavia, and the inculcation of colonial ideology among European settlers in the colony through leisure and domestic household practices. KUSNO2017_Book.indb 4 KUSNO2017_Book.indb 4 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 5 Colonial Ghost and Postcolonial Problematics However, problematizations of coloniality and decolonization of the mind do not stop at the success of gaining independence from colonial power. Authors also offer critical examina- tions on how ideology and practices from the colonial past continue to haunt, and sometimes even dictate, the post-colonial politics in the former colony. The binarism between “us” and “them” that was very effective and successful in mobilizing people in the colony to defeat the colonial power has transformed into a mentality that can also threaten the unity of the new nation-state, especially when used to achieve different political agendas by various political groups. Newly institutionalized democratic practices such as decentralization, general election, and public participation can open up new avenues toward a more stable and democratic society, but they can also become sources of political tensions as both the good and rogue elements of the nation try to use them for their own purposes, as illustrated by articles on populism in the reform era after the collapse of the New Order, and the local riots that occurred following the 2006 election in Tuban area, or the armed rebellion of the islamist militias in Sulawesi in the 1950s, not long after the declaration of Indonesia’s independence from the Dutch. Shortly after independence, the sense of national identity was in crisis, different ideological camps turned against one another. Different ideological camps that had united themselves to fight the Dutch during the revolutionary period wanted to go their separate ways, as the dream for a common future was crumbling. The masses were mobilized along religious and ideological lines, and movements were formed partly because of these differences, but also partly because there were widespread discontents with the central government. Similar type of dissatisfaction among the masses also occurred near the end of the New Order era, as the government failed to provide basic staple food to the people, and corruption was rampant. This period was the heyday of the emergence of various social movements along gender, reli- gious, class, and professions. This explains why after the reform era, populist strategies served as an effective political means for political mobilization, as one article suggests. Among academicians in the humanities and arts, political discourses become a popular subject of enquiries. They get interested in critically looking at what lies beneath political propaganda, campaigns, speeches and rhetoric of the political elite and public figures. Stud- ies on pragmatics and semiotics with regards to texts such as everyday conversations, diplo- matic letters, and mass media material, from caricatures to obituaries. Contemporary global issues like terrorism and environment have also become some of the most pressing concerns for scholarly studies, as reflected in some of the articles. The section presents a wide range of topics that intersect with one another in very intri- cate yet intriguing manners, showing the richness and complexity of the studies of human being in its personal and social contexts across history. It helps to understand how culture evolves, as well as how people respond to socio-cultural changes that take place in their life. The key elements that tie all the articles that seem to be loosely related to one another are consciousness, morality, ethics, and agency in the sense of how they together give birth to social norms and social movements that spur change in the first place. Together with the other three sections on separate issues, all of the authors in this section attempt at offering a multidisciplinary take on problems related to human action and behavior that have been a subject of interest in humanities research and writings. Manneke Budiman Universitas Indonesia KUSNO2017_Book.indb 5 KUSNO2017_Book.indb 5 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM KUSNO2017_Book.indb 6 KUSNO2017_Book.indb 6 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM 11/17/2017 9:20:26 AM