Talk in Interaction Comparative Dimensions Studia Fennica Linguistica Edited by Markku Haakana, Minna Laakso and Jan Lindström The Finnish Literature Society (SKS) was founded in 1831 and has, from the very beginning, engaged in publishing operations. It nowadays publishes literature in the fields of ethnology and folkloristics, linguistics, literary research and cultural history. The first volume of the Studia Fennica series appeared in 1933. Since 1992, the series has been divided into three thematic subseries: Ethnologica, Folkloristica and Linguistica. Two additional subseries were formed in 2002, Historica and Litteraria. The subseries Anthropologica was formed in 2007. In addition to its publishing activities, the Finnish Literature Society maintains research activities and infrastructures, an archive containing folklore and literary collections, a research library and promotes Finnish literature abroad. Studia fennica editorial board Markku Haakana Pekka Hakamies Timo Kaartinen Pauli Kettunen Leena Kirstinä Hanna Snellman Kati Lampela Editorial Office SKS P.O. Box 259 FI-00171 Helsinki www.finlit.fi Talk in Interaction Comparative Dimensions Edited by Markku Haakana, Minna Laakso & Jan Lindström Finnish Literature Society • Helsinki The publication has undergone a peer review. Studia Fennica Linguistica 14 © 2016 Markku Haakana, Minna Laakso, Jan Lindström and SKS License CC-BY-NC-ND A digital edition of a printed book first published in 2009 by the Finnish Literature Society. Cover Design: Timo Numminen EPUB Conversion: eLibris Media Oy ISBN 978-952-222-134-6 (Print) ISBN 978-952-222-784-3 (PDF) ISBN 978-952-222-783-6 (EPUB) ISSN 0085-6835 (Studia Fennica) ISSN 1235-1938 (Studia Fennica Linguistica) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21435/sflin.14 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons CC-BY-NC-ND license. To view a copy of the license, please visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ A free open access version of the book is available at http://dx.doi. org/10.21435/sflin.14 or by scanning this QR code with your mobile device. The open access publication of this volume has received part funding via Helsinki University Library. 5 FOREWORD .................................................................................................. 7 CONTRIBUTORS .......................................................................................... 9 TRANSCRIPTION AND GLOSSING SYMBOLS....................................... 11 /CTMMW *CCMCPC /KPPC .CCMUQ ,CP .KPFUVTÑO INTRODUCTION: COMPARATIVE DIMENSIONS OF TALK IN INTERACTION ....................................................................................... 15 +NMMC #TOKPGP ON COMPARATIVE METHODOLOGY IN STUDIES OF SOCIAL INTERACTION.............................................................................................. 48 2CWN &TGY “QUIT TALKING WHILE I’M INTERRUPTINGŒ: A COMPARISON BETWEEN POSITIONS OF OVERLAP ONSET IN CONVERSATION .................................................................................... 70 'NK\CDGVJ %QWRGT-WJNGP A SEQUENTIAL APPROACH TO AFFECT: THE CASE OF ‘DISAPPOINTMENT’ ......................................................... 94 #WNK *CMWNKPGP /CTLC.GGPC 5QTLQPGP DESIGNING UTTERANCES FOR ACTION: VERB REPEAT RESPONSES TO ASSESSMENTS ................................... 124 /CTMMW *CCMCPC 5CNNC -WTJKNC OTHER-CORRECTION IN EVERYDAY INTERACTION: SOME COMPARATIVE ASPECTS ............................................................. 152 ,CP .KPFUVTÑO %COKNNC .KPFJQNO ‘MAY I ASK’ QUESTION FRAMES IN INSTITUTIONAL INTERACTION ................... 180 CQPVGPVU 6 ,QJCPPC 4WWUWXWQTK .KKUC 8QWVKNCKPGP COMPARING AFFILIATING RESPONSES TO TROUBLES-TELLINGS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF HEALTH CARE ENCOUNTERS .................. 206 *GNGPC -CPICUJCTLW PREFERENCE FOR DISAGREEMENT! A COMPARISON OF THREE DISPUTES .................................................................................. 231 5CTC 4QWVCTKPPG UPTAKE MAKES A DIFFERENCE COMPARING EVALUATION UPTAKE IN TWO LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS ......................................................................................... 254 /KPPC .CCMUQ 6WWNC 6[MM[N¼KPGP GENDERED PRACTICES OF NEGOTIATION! COMPARING GIRLS AND BOYS’ PRACTICES OF MAKING PROPOSALS IN SAME-SEX PEER PLAY ................................................. 279 5VGXGP ' %NC[OCP ,QJP *GTKVCIG QUESTION DESIGN AS A COMPARATIVE AND HISTORICAL WINDOW INTO PRESIDENT–PRESS RELATIONS ................................. 299 7 T JKU XQNWOG KU C EQNNGEVKQP QH EQPXGTUCVKQP CPCN[VKECN UVWFKGU QH KPVGTCEVKQPCN RTCEVKEGU CPF UVTWEVWTGU. 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BGECWUG QH KVU OGVJQFQNQIKECN PCVWTG, YG JQRG VJCV VJG EQNNGEVKQP ECP CNUQ DG WVKNK\GF KP VGCEJKPI CPF KP NGCTPKPI VJG FKUEQXGT[ RTQEGFWTGU V[RKECN QH CA. SQOG QH VJG EJCRVGTU JCXG C OQTG RGFCIQIKECN FKOGPUKQP VJCP VJG QVJGTU. EURGEKCNN[ VJG KPVTQFWEVKQP CPF VJG EJCRVGT D[ INMMC ATOKPGP RTGUGPV CPF FKUEWUU VJG HQTOU CPF RQUUKDKNKVKGU QH EQORCTCVKXG CPCN[UKU KP C OQTG IGPGTCN HCUJKQP. TJG XQNWOG KU RWDNKUJGF D[ FKPPKUJ LKVGTCVWTG SQEKGV[ KP VJG UGTKGU 5VWFKC (GPPKEC KP KVU UWD-UGTKGU .KPIWKUVKEC . TJG CKO QH VJG UGTKGU KU VQ RTQOQVG TGUGCTEJ OCFG KP FKPNCPF (QP FKPPKUJ EWNVWTG/-U) KPVGTPCVKQPCNN[. TJWU, OQUV QH VJG EQPVTKDWVQTU KP VJG XQNWOG CTG FKPPKUJ CPF UVWF[ KPVGTCEVKQPU VJCV CTG EQPFWEVGF KP NCPIWCIGU URQMGP KP FKPNCPF (JGTG, FKPPKUJ CPF SYGFKUJ). HQYGXGT, CU VJG NKUV QH VJG CWVJQTU UJQYU, VJG EQNNGEVKQP JCU CP KPVGTPCVKQPCN FKOGPUKQP CU YGNN. TJG DQQM JCU KVU TQQVU KP VJG IPVGTPCVKQPCN CQPHGTGPEG QP CQPXGTUCVKQP APCN[UKU JGNF KP HGNUKPMK KP MC[ 2006 (ICCA-06). TJG VJGOG QH VJG EQPHGTGPEG YCU EQORCTCVKXG CPCN[UKU, CPF VJKU EQNNGEVKQP HQNNQYU WR VJCV VJGOG CPF KPENWFGU EJCRVGTU D[ VJG RNGPCT[ URGCMGTU QH VJG EQPHGTGPEG: SVGXGP CNC[OCP (JGTG YKVJ JQJP HGTKVCIG), ENK\CDGVJ CQWRGT-KWJNGP, PCWN DTGY CPF AWNK HCMWNKPGP & MCTLC-LGGPC SQTLQPGP. SQOG EJCRVGTU QH VJG DQQM CTG DCUGF QP YQTM RTGUGPVGF KP VJG ICCA-EQPHGTGPEG, DWV PQV CNN QH VJGO. TJG CWVJQTU RTGUGPV CPCN[UGU QH KPVGTCEVKQPU VJCV CTG EQPFWEVGF KP EPINKUJ, FKPPKUJ, GGTOCP CPF SYGFKUJ. WJGP VJG FCVC CTG KP C NCPIWCIG QVJGT VJCP EPINKUJ, FQTGYQTF 8 VJG VTCPUETKDGF GZVTCEVU CTG RTGUGPVGF YKVJ VTCPUNCVKQPU KPVQ EPINKUJ CPF RTQXKFGF YKVJ C INQUU QH VJG NGZKECN CPF ITCOOCVKECN HGCVWTGU QH VJG WVVGTCPEGU. TJG VTCPUETKRVKQP CPF INQUUKPI U[ODQNU CTG RTGUGPVGF KP VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG XQNWOG. WG YQWNF NKMG VQ VJCPM FKPPKUJ LKVGTCVWTG SQEKGV[ HQT RWDNKUJKPI VJKU XQNWOG, CPF VJG VYQ CPQP[OQWU TGXKGYGTU HQT VJGKT JGNRHWN EQOOGPVU QP VJG OCPWUETKRV. 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IH INQUUKPI KU PQV PGEGUUCT[ HQT VJG WPFGTUVCPFKPI QH VJG WVVGTCPEG QPN[ VYQ NKPGU CTG WUGF, VJCV KU, VJG INQUU NKPG ECP DG QOKVVGF. IP VJG HQNNQYKPI, C NKUV QH VTCPUETKRVKQP U[ODQNU CPF C NKUV QH CDDTGXKCVKQPU WUGF KP VJG ITCOOCVKECN INQUUKPI CTG RTQXKFGF. Transcription symbols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– IH VJG CWVJQTU WUG U[ODQNU QVJGT VJCP VJGUG, VJG VTCPUETKRVKQP EQPXGPVKQPU CTG GZRNCKPGF KP VJG EJCRVGTU. 12 2TQUQFKE UJKHVU GORJCUKU CPF RCEG QH URGGEJ PQ TJG WPFGTNKPGF YQTF QT U[NNCDNG KU WVVGTGF YKVJ GORJCVKE UVTGUU Ĺ TJG YQTF HQNNQYKPI VJG CTTQY KU WVVGTGF YKVJ C JKIJGT RKVEJ VJCP VJG UWTTQWPFKPI VCNM Ļ TJG YQTF HQNNQYKPI VJG CTTQY KU WVVGTGF YKVJ C NQYGT RKVEJ VJCP VJG UWTTQWPFKPI VCNM PQ SKNGPVN[ RTQPQWPEGF YQTF QT WVVGTCPEG NO A YQTF QT WVVGTCPEG RTQPQWPEGF NQWFGT VJCP VJG UWTTQWPFKPI VCNM PQ TCNM KPUKFG CTTQY JGCFU KU UCKF CV C RCEG HCUVGT VJCP VJG UWTTQWPFKPI VCNM PQ TCNM KPUKFG CTTQY JGCFU KU UCKF CV C RCEG UNQYGT VJCP VJG UWTTQWPFKPI VCNM PQ A YQTF GPFU CDTWRVN[ NQ A ECRKVCN KP VJG DGIKPPKPI QH C YQTF KPFKECVGU VJG DGIKPPKPI QH CP KPVQPCVKQP WPKV &WTCVKQP YJC- A EWV-QHH YQTF (C J[RJGP KPFKECVGU UGNH-KPVGTTWRVKQP QH VJG YQTF) PQ: A UVTGVEJ (C EQNQP KPFKECVGU NGPIVJGPKPI QH C UQWPF) LC:C LGICVQ RTQPWPEKCVKQP (C EQNQP DGVYGGP KFGPVKECN UQWPFU KPFKECVGU C DKPFKPI QH VJG UQWPFU VQIGVJGT) 1VJGT "GK" ANVGTGF XQKEG SWCNKV[ (G.I., CPKOCVGF XQKEG) dGKd SOKNKPI XQKEG GK CTGCM[ XQKEG LQQ A YQTF RTQPQWPEGF YKVJ KPDTGCVJ JJ IPDTGCVJ (GCEJ J KPFKECVKPI QPG VGPVJ QH C UGEQPF) JJ OWVDTGCVJ (MQKTC) SKPING RCTGPVJGUGU KPFKECVG VTCPUETKDGT’U FQWDV (-) AP WPENGCTN[ JGCTF YQTF QT WVVGTCPEG (ŗ) OOKVVGF UVTGVEJ QH VCNM ĺ AP CTTQY KP VJG NGHV OCTIKP QH C VTCPUETKRV UKIPKsGU VJCV VJG HQEWU QH KPVGTGUV KU KP VJG EWTTGPV NKPG QH VJG GZVTCEV )GUVWTGU CPF QVJGT PQPXGTDCN CEVKQPU ((UWDFWGF)) TTCPUETKDGT’U EQOOGPVU CTG TGRTGUGPVGF YKVJKP FQWDNG RCTGPVJGUGU. * DRAWS * NQP-XGTDCN CEVKQPU ECP DG FGUETKDGF KP UOCNN ECRKVCN NGVVGTU QP C UGRCTCVG NKPG DGNQY VJG WVVGTCPEG VJG[ EQ-QEEWT YKVJ, QT QP C NKPG QH VJGKT QYP KH VJGTG KU PQ UKOWNVCPGQWU VCNM. AP CUVGTKUM ECP DG WUGF VQ OCTM VJG DGIKPPKPI (CPF VJG GPF) QH C EQ-QEEWTTKPI IGUVWTG. TJKU VTCPUETKRVKQP RTCEVKEG KU PQV UJCTGF D[ CNN CA UEJQNCTU. IP VJKU XQNWOG, UQOG CWVJQTU WUG KV CPF UQOG FQ PQV. 13 Abbreviations used in glossing (MQFKsGF HTQO SQTLQPGP 2001) TJG HQNNQYKPI CTG VTGCVGF CU WPOCTMGF HQTOU, PQV KPFKECVGF KP VJG INQUUKPI: (K) PQOKPCVKXG ECUG, (KK) UKPIWNCT, (KKK) 3 TF RGTUQP UKPIWNCT, (KX) CEVKXG XQKEG, CPF (X) RTGUGPV VGPUG. CCUG GPFKPIU CTG TGHGTTGF VQ D[ VJG HQNNQYKPI CDDTGXKCVKQPU: #DDTGXKCVKQP %CUG #RRTQZKOCVG OGCPKPI ABL ADNCVKXG ‘HTQO’ ACC AEEWUCVKXG QDLGEV ADE AFGUUKXG ‘CV, QP’ (QYPGT QH UQOGVJKPI) ALL ANNCVKXG ‘VQ’ COM CQOKVCVKXG ‘YKVJ’ ELA ENCVKXG ‘QWV QH’ ESS EUUKXG ‘CU’ GEN GGPKVKXG RQUUGUUKQP ILL INNCVKXG ‘KPVQ’ INE IPGUUKXG ‘KP’ INS IPUVTWEVKXG (XCTKQWU) NOM NQOKPCVKXG UWDLGEV PAR PCTVKVKXG RCTVKVKXGPGUU TRA TTCPUNCVKXG ‘VQ’, ‘DGEQOKPI’ ‘KPVQ’ OVJGT ITCOOCVKECN CDDTGXKCVKQPU: CLI ENKVKE CNJ EQPLWPEVKQP COMP EQORCTCVKXG CON EQPFKVKQPCN DEF FGsPKVG (CTVKENG) FRE HTGSWGPVCVKXG IMP KORGTCVKXG INF KPsPKVKXG NEG PGICVKQP PAS RCUUKXG PC RCTVKEKRNG PL RNWTCN POS RQUUGUUKXG UWHsZ PPC RCUV RCTVKEKRNG PRON RTQPQWP PRT RCTVKENG PST RCUV VGPUG Q KPVGTTQICVKXG (ENKVKE) RFL TGƀGZKXG (RTQPQWP) 4GURQPFKPI KP EQPXGTUCVKQP # UVWF[ QH TGURQPUG RCTVKENGU KP (KPPKUJ (AOUVGTFCO: BGPLCOKPU). 14 SG UKPIWNCT SUBJ UWDLWPEVKXG 0 \GTQ UWDLGEV QT QDLGEV 1 1UV RGTUQP 2 2PF RGTUQP 3 3 TF RGTUQP 4 RCUUKXG RGTUQP GPFKPI 1PCOGF 1UV PCOG, HGOCNG 1PCOGM 1UV PCOG, OCNG 15 C QPXGTUCVKQP CPCN[UKU (CA) GOGTIGF CU C OGVJQF KP VJG UQEKQNQI[ NGEVWTGU IKXGP D[ HCTXG[ SCEMU DGVYGGP 1964 CPF 1972 (RWDNKUJGF CU SCEMU 1992C,D), CPF UQOG QH VJG HWPFCOGPVCN s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sVV 1998; TCKPKQ 1997), KVU “ENCUUKEUŒ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ÖM IPVTQFWEVKQP: CQORCTCVKXG FKOGPUKQPU QH VCNM KP KPVGTCEVKQP 1 TJG VJGOG QH EQORCTCVKXG CPCN[UKU JCU EGTVCKPN[ DGGP KP VJG CKT YKVJKP VJG sGNF QH CA. IP 2006 KV YCU VJG VJGOG QH VJG KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQPHGTGPEG QP EQPXGTUCVKQP CPCN[UKU (ICCA-06) JGNF KP HGNUKPMK. TJKU XQNWOG EQPVKPWGU VJCV VJGOG CPF GCTNKGT XGTUKQPU QH UQOG QH VJG EJCRVGTU KP VJG RTGUGPV XQNWOG YGTG sTUV RTGUGPVGF CV VJCV EQPHGTGPEG. SKOWNVCPGQWUN[ CPQVJGT EQNNGEVKQP QP EQORCTCVKXG CA KU RWDNKUJGF (SKFPGNN 2009), EQPEGPVTCVKPI QP ETQUU-NKPIWKUVKE CPCN[UKU QH KPVGTCEVKQP. 16 MCTMMW HCCMCPC, MKPPC LCCMUQ & JCP LKPFUVTÑO KP VJG FCVC: C EGTVCKP V[RG QH UGSWGPEG, C EGTVCKP CEVKQP QT CP KPVGTCEVKQPCN (XGTDCN QT PQP-XGTDCN) FGXKEG. TJG KFGPVKsECVKQP QH C RQVGPVKCN RJGPQOGPQP UWDUGSWGPVN[ NGCFU VQ ICVJGTKPI C EQNNGEVKQP QH TGNGXCPV KPUVCPEGU, CPF VJG CPCN[VKECN YQTM EQPUKUVU QH C ECTGHWN CPCN[UKU QH GCEJ ECUG CU YGNN CU VJG EQORCTKUQP QH VJGUG ECUGU. TJKU EQORCTCVKXG YQTM GPCDNGU VJG CPCN[UV VQ KFGPVKH[ VJG TGEWTTGPV RCVVGTPU QH KPVGTCEVKQP CPF VQ OCMG IGPGTCNK\CVKQPU CDQWV VJG RJGPQOGPQP CPCN[\GF. TJG GUUGPVKCNN[ EQORCTCVKXG PCVWTG QH VJKU CPCN[VKE RTCEVKEG ECP CNTGCF[ DG UGGP KP VJG XGT[ sTUV NGEVWTG QH SCEMU (1992C: 3–11), GPVKVNGF 4WNGU QH EQPXGTUCVKQPCN UGSWGPEG . AU VJCV VKVNG KPFKECVGU, VJG CKO KU VQ sPF C TWNG DGJKPF URGEKsE KPUVCPEGU QH KPVGTCEVKQP. SCEMU UVCTVU D[ RTGUGPVKPI GZVTCEVU QH VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH RJQPG ECNNU VQ C UWKEKFG RTGXGPVKQP ENKPKE. TYQ QH VJQUG KPUVCPEGU CTG RTGUGPVGF JGTG: (1) A: TJKU KU MT SOKVJ OC[ I JGNR [QW B: YGU, VJKU KU MT BTQYP (2) A: TJKU KU MT SOKVJ OC[ I JGNR [QW B: I ECP’V JGCT [QW A: TJKU KU MT SOKVJ B: SOKVJ SCEMU UJQYU VJCV KP VJG DGIKPPKPI QH VJG RJQPG ECNN, VJG TGRTGUGPVCVKXG QH VJG ENKPKE sTUV RTGUGPVU JKOUGNH, CPF V[RKECNN[ VJG ECNNGT VJGP RTGUGPVU JGT/JKOUGNH (GZVTCEV 1). HQYGXGT, VJGTG YGTG QEECUKQPU YJGP UQOGVJKPI GNUG JCRRGPU: VJG ECNNGT YQWNF KPKVKCVG TGRCKT (KP GZVTCEV 2, + ECPŏV JGCT [QW , CU C UKIP QH C JGCTKPI RTQDNGO) KP VJG UNQV YJGTG UGNH-RTGUGPVCVKQP YQWNF QTFKPCTKN[ QEEWT. FTQO VJKU QDUGTXCVKQP SCEMU OQXGU QP VQ VJKPM CDQWV VJG RQUUKDKNKV[ VJCV VJG ECNNGTU UQOGVKOGU URGEKsECNN[ WUG TGRCKT KPKVKCVKQP CU C YC[ QH PQV IKXKPI VJGKT PCOG YJGP KV YQWNF DG KPVGTCEVKQPCNN[ TGNGXCPV. TJWU, SCEMU RTGUGPVU ECUGU VJCV CTG V[RKECN (TGEKRTQECN RTGUGPVCVKQPU) CPF ECUGU VJCV FGRCTV HTQO VJG DCUKE RCVVGTP. IV KU KORQTVCPV VQ PQVG VJCV VJG FGXKCPV ECUGU VJGP UGGO PQV VQ DG TCPFQO, DWV QTFGTN[: TGRCKT KPKVKCVKQP ECP DG C OGVJQF QH PQV IKXKPI QPG’U PCOG. TJG EQORCTCVKXG PCVWTG QH CA KU ENGCTN[ RTGUGPV KP VJG UGOKPCN CTVKENGU QP VWTP- VCMKPI (SSJ 1974) CPF TGRCKT (SJS 1977). TJG IGPGTCNK\CVKQPU CDQWV VJG VWTP-VCMKPI RTCEVKEGU CPF VJG RTCEVKEGU QH TGRCKT CPF VJG RTGHGTGPEG QTICPK\CVKQP RTGUGPV KP VJGO CTG CTTKXGF CV VJTQWIJ C ECTGHWN GZCOKPCVKQP QH C EQPUKFGTCDNG PWODGT QH ECUGU KP YJKEJ URGCMGT VTCPUKVKQP QEEWTU (QT FQGU PQV QEEWT) CPF KP YJKEJ URGCMGTU FGCN YKVJ C RTQDNGO QH URGCMKPI, JGCTKPI CPF WPFGTUVCPFKPI. TJG CPCN[UKU QH UKPIWNCT KPUVCPEGU ITQWRU UQOG ECUGU VQIGVJGT CPF UGRCTCVGU UQOG: QPG sPFU FKHHGTGPV XCTKCVKQPU QH VJG UCOG RJGPQOGPQP (G.I., FKHHGTGPV YC[U QH CNNQECVKPI C VWTP-CV-VCNM QT KPKVKCVKPI TGRCKT QP VJG QVJGT URGCMGT’U VWTP), CPF QP VJG QVJGT JCPF, FKHHGTKPI DWV TGNCVGF RJGPQOGPC (G.I., XCTKQWU HQTOU QH UGNH- CPF QVJGT-KPKVKCVGF TGRCKT). CQPXGTUCVKQP CPCN[UKU KU, VJWU, C EQORCTCVKXG CRRTQCEJ CV JGCTV. NQPGVJGNGUU, VJGTG CTG UGXGTCN RQUUKDNG NGXGNU QH EQORCTKUQP VJCV VJG CPCN[UV ECP GPICIG KP. FQT KPUVCPEG, KP TGCFKPI VJG ENCUUKE RCRGTU QP VWTP-VCMKPI CPF TGRCKT, QPG OKIJV UVCTV VQ YQPFGT YJGVJGT VWTP-VCMKPI QTICPK\CVKQP YQTMU KP VJG UCOG YC[ KP FKHHGTGPV KPVGTCEVKQPU (UGG G.I., DTGY & HGTKVCIG 1992C QP VWTP-VCMKPI KP KPUVKVWVKQPCN VCNM) QT JQY VWTP-VCMKPI RTCEVKEGU OC[ QT OC[ PQV FKHHGT KP FKHHGTGPV EWNVWTGU CPF KP 17 IPVTQFWEVKQP TGNCVKQP VQ VJG ITCOOCVKECN TGUQWTEGU QH VJG FKHHGTGPV NCPIWCIGU (UGG G.I., TCPCMC 1999 QP VWTP-VCMKPI KP JCRCPGUG). TJG RTCEVKEGU QH TGRCKT TCKUG OCP[ EQORCTCVKXG SWGUVKQPU: HQT KPUVCPEG, CTG VJG RTCEVKEGU QH QVJGT-EQTTGEVKQP VJG UCOG KP CNN EWNVWTGU (UGG HCCMCPC & KWTJKNC KP VJKU XQNWOG), QT FQ VJG TGRCKT RTCEVKEGU QH KPVGTCEVKQPU YKVJ PQP-PCVKXG URGCMGTU FKHHGT HTQO VJQUG QH EQPXGTUCVKQP DGVYGGP PCVKXG URGCMGTU (UGG G.I., KWTJKNC 2006)! IP HCEV, SSJ (1974) CPF SJS (1977) CNTGCF[ FKTGEV CVVGPVKQP VQ UQOG UWEJ EQORCTCVKXG FKTGEVKQPU: VJG CWVJQTU UWIIGUV VJCV QVJGT-EQTTGEVKQP OKIJV DG OQTG IGPGTCN KP EGTVCKP V[RGU QH CEVKQP UGSWGPEG (UVQT[-VGNNKPI) CPF KP KPVGTCEVKQPU DGVYGGP EGTVCKP MKPFU QH RCTVKEKRCPV (EJKNF–CFWNV) (UGG SJS 1977: 380– 381). FWTVJGTOQTG, VJG VWTP-VCMKPI RTCEVKEGU CTG FKUEWUUGF, HQT KPUVCPEG, KP VGTOU QH VJG PWODGT QH VJG RCTVKEKRCPVU (F[CFKE XU. OWNVKRCTV[ KPVGTCEVKQP; SSJ 1974: 712–724) CPF VJG FKHHGTGPV V[RGU QH KPVGTCEVKQP (SSJ 1974: 729–730). IP VJG HQNNQYKPI YG YKNN GZRNQTG UQOG QH VJGUG FKOGPUKQPU KP OQTG FGVCKN CPF FKUEWUU UQOG V[RGU QH EQORCTCVKXG CPCN[UKU KP EQPXGTUCVKQP CPCN[VKE YQTM. TJGTG KU, QH EQWTUG, C YKFG TCPIG QH EQORCTCVKXG RGTURGEVKXGU VJCV EQWNF DG CRRNKGF KP VJG CPCN[UKU QH KPVGTCEVKQP, CPF CP[ RTGUGPVCVKQP QH VJG VQRKE KU PGEGUUCTKN[ UGNGEVKXG. OWT FKUEWUUKQP EQPEGPVTCVGU QP VJTGG OCLQT VJGOGU. WG YKNN sTUV FKUEWUU EQORCTKUQPU CETQUU FKHHGTGPV V[RGU QH KPVGTCEVKQP (HQT KPUVCPEG, KPUVKVWVKQPCN XGTUWU QTFKPCT[ VCNM), VJGP OQXG QP VQ FKUEWUU VJG RCTVKEKRCPVU’ FKHHGTGPV KFGPVKVKGU CPF EQORGVGPEKGU (G.I., IGPFGT, PCVKXG XGTUWU PQP-PCVKXG URGCMGTU) CPF sPCNN[ CTTKXG CV FKUEWUUKPI KPVGTCEVKQP HTQO C ETQUU-NKPIWKUVKE CPF ETQUU-EWNVWTCN RGTURGEVKXG. TJGUG FKOGPUKQPU QH EQORCTKUQP CTG QHVGP KPVGTVYKPGF KP VJG CPCN[UKU, CU YG UJCNN UJQY CPF CU VJG EJCRVGTU KP VJKU XQNWOG YKNN VGUVKH[. %QORCTKUQP CETQUU V[RGU QH KPVGTCEVKQP PGTJCRU OQUV V[RKECNN[, C CA UVWF[ KPXGUVKICVGU C HGCVWTG QH KPVGTCEVKQP KP QPG V[RG QH KPVGTCEVKQP. TJG UVWF[ ECP CPCN[\G VJG HGCVWTG, HQT GZCORNG, KP C UGV QH “QTFKPCT[Œ GXGT[FC[ VGNGRJQPG EQPXGTUCVKQPU DGVYGGP HTKGPFU QT KP C V[RG QH KPUVKVWVKQPCN KPVGTCEVKQP (G.I., C OGGVKPI, C FQEVQT’U EQPUWNVCVKQP). TJKU KU QHVGP CV NGCUV VJG UVCTVKPI RQKPV QH VJG CPCN[UKU CPF, HQT KPUVCPEG, EQPXGTUCVKQP CPCN[VKECN FKUUGTVCVKQPU QHVGP GORNQ[ VJKU “YKVJKP (KPVGTCEVKQP) V[RGŒ (EH. VGP HCXG 1999: 131) CRRTQCEJ . APCN[UKU YKVJKP QPG V[RG QH KPVGTCEVKQP CKOU VQ FKUEQXGT VJG TGEWTTGPV HGCVWTGU CPF XCTKCVKQPU QH VJG RJGPQOGPQP DGKPI UVWFKGF. FQT KPUVCPEG, VJG UVWF[ ECP CPCN[\G VJG XCTKCVKQP QH VJG QPUGV QH QXGTNCR (UGG G.I., DTGY KP VJKU XQNWOG) QT QH VJG FKHHGTGPV HQTOCVU HQT EQTTGEVKPI VJG QVJGT URGCMGT (UGG HCCMCPC & KWTJKNC KP VJKU XQNWOG) CPF CKO VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG HCEVQTU VJCV FKHHGTGPVKCVG VJG WUG QH VJGUG 2 IP FKPNCPF, HQT GZCORNG, EQPXGTUCVKQP CPCN[VKECN FKUUGTVCVKQPU JCXG EQPEGPVTCVGF QP URGEKsE HGCVWTGU QH EGTVCKP V[RGU QH KPUVKVWVKQPCN KPVGTCEVKQPU: RTKOCT[ ECTG JGCNVJ KPVGTCEVKQPU (G.I., QP RCVKGPVU’ ECPFKFCVG FKCIPQUGU, RCGXCCTC 2000; QP IKXKPI VJG TGCUQP HQT VJG XKUKV, RWWUWXWQTK 2000; FQEVQTU’ SWGUVKQPU, LKPFJQNO 2003, KQTRGNC 2007), FKHHGTGPV V[RGU QH VJGTCRGWVKE KPVGTCEVKQPU (UGG G.I. ATOKPGP 1999 QP VJG KPVGTCEVKQP KP AA OGGVKPIU, HCNQPGP 2002 QP CFFKEVKQP VTGCVOGPV ITQWR VJGTCR[, SGNNOCP 2008 QP XQKEG VJGTCR[ KPVGTCEVKQPU) – LWUV VQ PCOG C HGY GZCORNGU. OP VJG QVJGT JCPF, UQOG PJD UVWFKGU HQEWU QP CP KPVGTCEVKQPCN QT C NKPIWKUVKE HGCVWTG QH C EGTVCKP V[RG QH GXGT[FC[ EQPXGTUCVKQP: RQWVCTKPPG (2003) CPCN[\GU RCTGPVJGUGU CPF TKUKPI KPVQPCVKQP KP KPVGTCEVKQPU DGVYGGP [QWPI IKTNU CPF SGRR¼PGP (1998) VJG WUG QH VJG FKPPKUJ FGOQPUVTCVKXG CPF VJKTF RGTUQP RTQPQWPU CU FGXKEGU HQT TGHGTTKPI VQ C EQ-RCTVKEKRCPV KP OWNVK-RCTV[ EQPXGTUCVKQPU. 18 MCTMMW HCCMCPC, MKPPC LCCMUQ & JCP LKPFUVTÑO XCTKCVKQPU. OPG YC[ QH GZRCPFKPI VJKU MKPF QH YQTM YKVJ C EQORCTCVKXG RGTURGEVKXG KU VQ CPCN[\G VJG UCOG RJGPQOGPQP KP FKHHGTGPV V[RGU QH KPVGTCEVKQPU. TJG CKO QH VJG CPCN[UKU YQWNF VJGP DG VQ FGVGEV UKOKNCTKVKGU CPF FKHHGTGPEGU KP VJG VQRKE QH VJG UVWF[ CETQUU KPVGTCEVKQP V[RGU: KH VJG RJGPQOGPQP QEEWTU KP CNN MKPFU QH KPVGTCEVKQP, QT KH KV KU OQTG V[RKECN QH EGTVCKP V[RGU QH KPVGTCEVKQPU; KH VJG RJGPQOGPQP VCMGU FKHHGTGPV, EQPVGZV-URGEKsE HQTOU, GVE. IP VJG HQNNQYKPI RCIGU, YG YKNN TCKUG UQOG KUUWGU EQPEGTPKPI UWEJ EQORCTCVKXG CPCN[UKU CETQUU FKHHGTGPV KPVGTCEVKQPU (EH. VGP HCXG 1999: 131). WJCV FQ YG OGCP YJGP YG VCNM CDQWV ‘V[RGU QH KPVGTCEVKQP’ (QT EQPXGTUCVKQP)! IPVGTCEVKQPU ECP, QH EQWTUG, DG ENCUUKsGF KP UGXGTCN YC[U. WG EQWNF FGUETKDG QPG EQPXGTUCVKQP KP XCTKQWU YC[U: KP TGURGEV VQ KVU OGFKWO QT EJCPPGN (G.I., C VGNGRJQPG ECNN), VQ KVU KPUVKVWVKQPCN QT PQP-KPUVKVWVKQPCN EJCTCEVGT (G.I., CP GXGT[FC[ VGNGRJQPG ECNN), VQ KVU RCTVKEKRCPVU’ CIG, IGPFGT, GVE. (G.I., HGOCNG–HGOCNG KPVGTCEVKQP) CPF VQ VJG RCTVKEKRCPVU’ TQNGU CPF EQORGVGPEKGU (G.I., OQVJGT–FCWIJVGT, PCVKXG–PQP-PCVKXG KPVGTCEVKQP), GVE. AU HCMWNKPGP (1999: 1) RQKPVU QWV, “PQ QPG-FKOGPUKQPCN V[RQNQI[ QH EQPXGTUCVKQPU YKNN EQTTGEVN[ ECRVWTG VJG XCTKGV[ CPF TKEJPGUU QH EQPXGTUCVKQPCN CEVKXKV[.Œ FTQO C CA RGTURGEVKXG, KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ EQPUKFGT VJG HCEVQTU VJCV CTG QDUGTXCDN[ TGNGXCPV, CPF TGNGXCPV HQT VJG URGCMGTU VJGOUGNXGU; VQ FGVGTOKPG VJG “V[RG QH KPVGTCEVKQPŒ HTQO VJG RCTVKEKRCPVU’ RGTURGEVKXG. HCMWNKPGP (1999) OGPVKQPU VJTGG GNGOGPVCT[ FKUVKPEVKQPU VJCV ECP, CPF JCXG DGGP ENCKOGF CPF UJQYP VQ, JCXG CP KORCEV QP VJG V[RG QH EQPXGTUCVKQP : VJG EJCPPGN (G.I., VGNGRJQPG XGTUWU HCEG-VQ- HCEG), PWODGT QH RCTVKEKRCPVU (F[CF XGTUWU OWNVK-RCTV[) CPF VJG KPUVKVWVKQPCN XGTUWU PQP-KPUVKVWVKQPCN PCVWTG QH VJG KPVGTCEVKQP. HGTG, YG FKUEWUU UQOG KUUWGU VJCV VJGUG VJTGG FKUVKPEVKQPU OCMG TGNGXCPV; VJKU FKUEWUUKQP KU D[ PQ OGCPU OGCPV VQ DG CP GZJCWUVKXG TGXKGY QH VJGUG FKUVKPEVKQPU. Channel: telephone vs. face-to-face IP EQORCTKPI VGNGRJQPG CPF HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQPU, VJG KUUWG QH EJCPPGN EQOGU FQYP VQ VJG HQNNQYKPI SWGUVKQP: QP VJG VGNGRJQPG, VJG KPVGTCEVCPVU ECP QPN[ WUG VJG XQECN EJCPPGN, YJGTGCU KP HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQP, VJG XKUWCN EJCPPGN KU CNUQ CXCKNCDNG – KP YJCV YC[U FQGU VJKU CHHGEV KPVGTCEVKQP ! CA YQTM QP KPVGTCEVKQP UVCTVGF QP VGNGRJQPG EQPXGTUCVKQPU (CPF RCTVN[ QP HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQPU YJKEJ YGTG PQV XKFGQVCRGF). TJKU YCU FWG VQ UGXGTCN TGCUQPU, QPG DGKPI VJCV EQPEGPVTCVKQP QP VGNGRJQPG ECNNU GPCDNGF KPVGTCEVKQP VQ DG UVWFKGF NGIKVKOCVGN[ YKVJQWV KVU EQORNGZ PQP-XGTDCN UKFG: YJKNG VCNMKPI QP VJG RJQPG, URGCMGTU ECPPQV TGN[ QP UWEJ KPVGTCEVKQPCN TGUQWTEGU CU HCEKCN GZRTGUUKQP, IC\G, CPF IGUVWTG UKPEG VJG[ CTG WPCXCKNCDNG VQ VJG TGEKRKGPV (UGG G.I., SEJGINQHH 1979: 23–25; HGTKVCIG 1989: 31– 3 HGTG YG WUG, HQNNQYKPI HCMWNKPGP (1999), VJG VGTO ‘V[RG QH KPVGTCEVKQP’. TJGUG FKUVKPEVKQPU EQWNF DG CV NGCUV RCTVN[ FKUEWUUGF YKVJ QVJGT VGTOKPQNQI[ CU YGNN; HQT KPUVCPEG, LGXKPUQP (1992) VCNMU CDQWV FKHHGTGPV MKPFU QH ‘CEVKXKV[ V[RGU’ CPF RCGXCCTC CPF SQTLQPGP (2006) FKUEWUU VJG FKHHGTGPV MKPFU QH KPVGTCEVKQPU VJTQWIJ VJG EQPEGRV QH ‘IGPTG’. 4 FQT KPUVCPEG, YJGP YG FKUEWUU ‘EJCPPGN’, YG QPN[ VCMG WR VJG FKHHGTGPEG DGVYGGP VJG KPVGTCEVKQPU QP VJG VGNGRJQPG CPF HCEG-VQ-HCEG. OVJGT KUUWGU VJCV EQWNF DG FKUEWUUGF CTG, HQT KPUVCPEG, VJG WUG QH UKIP NCPIWCIG, CPF KPVGTCEVKQP VJTQWIJ YTKVKPI, HQT KPUVCPEG, KP VJG IPVGTPGV EJCV TQQOU, D[ GOCKN, GVE. 5 TJKU KU VJG OCLQT SWGUVKQP VJCV KU QHVGP CUMGF. HQYGXGT, VJGTG OKIJV CNUQ DG QVJGT MKPFU QH FKHHGTGPEGU DGVYGGP VGNGRJQPG CPF HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQPU: HQT GZCORNG, VJGTG EQWNF DG CEVKQPU VJCV URGCMGTU RTGHGT VQ FQ HCEG-VQ-HCEG TCVJGT VJCP QP VJG RJQPG. 19 IPVTQFWEVKQP 33; HWVEJD[ 2001: 80–81). TJWU, OCP[ QH VJG DCUKE CA sPFKPIU QP KPVGTCEVKQP CTG DCUGF QP VGNGRJQPG CPF PQP-XKFGQVCRGF KPVGTCEVKQPU. WKVJ VJG CFXGPV QH XKFGQVCRGF OCVGTKCNU, VJG EQORCTCVKXG SWGUVKQP CTQUG: FQGU VJG KPVGTCEVKQP QP VJG RJQPG FKHHGT KP HWPFCOGPVCN YC[U HTQO VJG KPVGTCEVKQPU KP YJKEJ VJG RCTVKEKRCPVU JCXG XKUWCN CEEGUU VQ GCEJ QVJGT! TJG SWGUVKQP JCU DGGP CPUYGTGF KP FKHHGTGPV YC[U, DWV RGTJCRU UWTRTKUKPIN[, OCP[ JCXG EQPENWFGF VJCV UWEJ KPVGTCEVKQPU CTG SWKVG UKOKNCT. FQT KPUVCPEG, SEJGINQHH (1979: 25) YTKVGU: “.. IPFGGF, VJG ITQUU UKOKNCTKV[ QH VGNGRJQPG CPF QVJGT VCNM JCU EQPVTKDWVGF VQ QWT EQPsFGPEG VJCV C ITGCV FGCN ECP DG HQWPF QWV CDQWV VJG QTICPK\CVKQP QH EQPXGTUCVKQPCN KPVGTCEVKQP YKVJQWV PGEGUUCTKN[ GZCOKPKPI XKFGQ OCVGTKCNU (JQYGXGT KORQTVCPV CPF KPVGTGUVKPI KV KU VQ FQ UQ KP CP[ ECUG). TJG VCNM RGQRNG FQ QP VJG RJQPG KU PQV HWPFCOGPVCNN[ FKHHGTGPV HTQO VJG QVJGT VCNM VJG[ FQ.Œ AV NGCUV, YJCV UGGO VQ C NCTIG GZVGPV VQ DG UKOKNCT KP DQVJ V[RGU QH KPVGTCEVKQP CTG VJG DCUKE UVTWEVWTGU QH VWTP-VCMKPI, UGSWGPEG QTICPK\CVKQP CPF TGRCKT QTICPK\CVKQP (UGG CNUQ SEJGINQHH 1993; HQRRGT 1992; EH. HWVEJD[ 2001: 85–89). SQOG FKHHGTGPEGU JCXG DGGP RQKPVGF QWV, JQYGXGT: HQT KPUVCPEG, SEJGINQHH (1979) FKUEWUUGU VJG DGIKPPKPIU QH RJQPG ECNNU HTQO VJG RGTURGEVKXG QH KFGPVKH[KPI/TGEQIPK\KPI VJG RCTVKEKRCPVU YJKEJ UGGOU VQ DG CP KUUWG GURGEKCNN[ TGNGXCPV QP VJG RJQPG. TJG PQP-XGTDCN HGCVWTGU QH KPVGTCEVKQP JCXG DGGP UVWFKGF KP CA VQ UQOG GZVGPV CNTGCF[ SWKVG GCTN[ QP (UGG G.I., GQQFYKP 1981), CPF KP TGEGPV [GCTU VJGTG JCU DGGP C ITQYKPI KPVGTGUV KP VJG OWNVKOQFCNKV[ QH KPVGTCEVKQP (UGG G.I, MQPFCFC 2006, 2007; RCRGTU KP SEJOKVV 2007) . HQYGXGT, CU HQT KPUVCPEG SEJGINQHH (2006: 10–11) RQKPVU QWV, VJGTG KU UVKNN C EQPUKFGTCDNG COQWPV QH YQTM VQ DG FQPG KP VJKU CTGC. IV KU SWKVG CRRCTGPV VJCV VJG PQP-XGTDCN FGXKEGU VJCV CTG CXCKNCDNG KP HCEG-VQ-HCEG UKVWCVKQPU ECP UJCRG VJG CEVKQPU CPF UGSWGPEGU KP C FKUVKPEVKXG OCPPGT, CU UQOG UVWFKGU JCXG CNTGCF[ UJQYP. FQT KPUVCPEG, UOKNKPI ECP DG CP KORQTVCPV RCTV QH NCWIJKPI UGSWGPEGU (UGG G.I., GNGPP 2003; HCCMCPC 1999, 2002, HQTVJEQOKPI), FKHHGTGPV HCEKCN GZRTGUUKQPU ECP DG WUGF KP FKUVKPEV YC[U KP (G.I.) CUUGUUOGPV UGSWGPEGU (RWWUWXWQTK & PGT¼M[N¼ 2006, HQTVJEQOKPI) CPF VJGTG CTG URGEKsE FGXKEGU HQT UGGMKPI VJG TGEKRKGPV’U IC\G CPF VJGTGD[ JKU QT JGT CVVGPVKQP (UGG G.I., GQQFYKP 1981; HGCVJ 1986). TJG TGEKRKGPE[ QH VCNM-KP-RTQITGUU ECP DG UJQYP KP FKHHGTGPV YC[U KP VGNGRJQPG CPF HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQPU, CPF VJGTG KU UQOG GXKFGPEG VJCV VJG KPVGTCEVCPVU FGUKIP VJGKT CEVKQPU FKHHGTGPVN[ KP VJGUG UKVWCVKQPU. FQT GZCORNG, EIDGTV (1996) UJQYU JQY KPVGTCEVCPVU EJQQUG C FKHHGTGPV HQTO QH QVJGT-KPKVKCVKQP QH TGRCKT KP VJQUG KPVGTCEVKQPU YJGTG XKUWCN EQPVCEV KU GUVCDNKUJGF CPF KP VJQUG YJGTG KV KU PQV QT ECPPQV DG GUVCDNKUJGF (G.I., QP VJG RJQPG); VJG GGTOCP TGRCKT KPKVKCVQT DKVVG KU WUGF OWEJ OQTG KP RJQPG ECNNU VJCP KP HCEG-VQ-HCEG UKVWCVKQPU, CPF KP VJG NCVVGT, KV KU WUGF KP UKVWCVKQPU YJGP VJG URGCMGTU FQ PQV JCXG G[G EQPVCEV. IP EQORCTKPI VGNGRJQPG CPF HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQPU, KV KU KORQTVCPV VQ TGOGODGT, JQYGXGT, VJCV VJGTG KU EQPUKFGTCDNG XCTKCVKQP KP DQVJ. NQV CNN RJQPG ECNN V[RGU CTG UKOKNCT; HQT KPUVCPEG, KPUVKVWVKQPCN RJQPG ECNNU JCXG C FKHHGTGPV UJCRG VJCP RJQPG ECNNU DGVYGGP HTKGPFU (QP UQOG RTQDNGOU KP KFGPVKH[KPI VJG V[RG QH ECNN, UGG DTGY 2002). EXGT[FC[ ECNNU DGVYGGP HTKGPFU CPF HCOKN[ OGODGTU ECP VCMG 6 MWNVKOQFCN KPVGTCEVKQP KU VJG VJGOG QH VJG PGZV KPVGTPCVKQPCN EQPHGTGPEG QP CA (2010, MCPPJGKO). 20 MCTMMW HCCMCPC, MKPPC LCCMUQ & JCP LKPFUVTÑO XCTKQWU HQTOU: UQOG ECNNU JCXG C ENGCT TGCUQP HQT VJG ECNN, YJGTGCU UQOG CTG “LWUV VQ MGGR KP VQWEJŒ (QP VJKU FKHHGTGPEG CPF KVU KPVGTCEVKQPCN OCPKHGUVCVKQPU, UGG DTGY & CJKNVQP 2000). FWTVJGTOQTG, VJG V[RG QH VGNGRJQPG ECP CNUQ UJCRG VJG UVTWEVWTGU QH VJG KPVGTCEVKQP: ATOKPGP & LGKPQPGP (2006; UGG CNUQ ATOKPGP KP VJKU XQNWOG) UJQY JQY ECNN QRGPKPIU FKHHGT KP FKPPKUJ NCPFNKPG CPF OQDKNG RJQPG ECNNU. MQDKNG RJQPGU OCMG KV RQUUKDNG VQ TGEQIPK\G VJG ECNNGT DGHQTG CPUYGTKPI CPF VQ VCKNQT VJG CPUYGT CEEQTFKPIN[. (OP C OQTG IGPGTCN NGXGN, UGG HWVEJD[ 2001 QP VJG KORCEV QH VGEJPQNQI[ HQT KPVGTCEVKQPCN UVTWEVWTGU.) SKOKNCTN[, HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQPU ECP XCT[ KP UGXGTCN YC[U; QPG TGNGXCPV KUUWG KP VJGUG KU VJG PWODGT QH VJG RCTVKEKRCPVU. Number of the participants: dyadic vs. multi-person interactions CQORCTKUQP DGVYGGP RJQPG ECNNU CPF HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQPU KORNKGU CPQVJGT RQUUKDNG FKHHGTGPEG: YJGTGCU RJQPG ECNNU CTG OQUV QHVGP VYQ-RCTV[ KPVGTCEVKQPU, HCEG-VQ-HCEG KPVGTCEVKQPU ECP DG GKVJGT F[CFKE QT JCXG OQTG RCTVKEKRCPVU. TJG PWODGT QH RCTVKEKRCPVU JCU DGGP UJQYP VQ CHHGEV VJG KPVGTCEVKQP KP UGXGTCN YC[U. EXKFGPVN[, KV ECP UJCRG VJG RTCEVKEGU QH VWTP-VCMKPI CPF RCTVKEKRCVKQP (HTCOGYQTM) (QP VJG FKHHGTGPEGU UGG G.I., SSJ 1974; SEJGINQHH 1995, 1996; SGRR¼PGP 1998; HCMWNKPGP 1999). WJGP CP KPVGTCEVKQP JCU OQTG VJCP VYQ RCTVKEKRCPVU, EGTVCKP RJGPQOGPC VJCV EQWNF PQV VCMG RNCEG KP C F[CF DGEQOG RQUUKDNG. SQOG KPVGTCEVKQPCN RJGPQOGPC CNUQ FGRGPF QP VJG PWODGT QH RCTVKEKRCPVU OQTG RTGEKUGN[: EGTVCKP VJKPIU ECP VCMG RNCEG KP HQWT-RCTV[ KPVGTCEVKQPU VJCV EQWNF PQV QEEWT KP VJTGG-RCTV[ KPVGTCEVKQP. SEJKUOKPI KU C ECUG KP RQKPV: YJGP VJGTG CTG HQWT QT OQTG RCTVKEKRCPVU, VJG EQPXGTUCVKQP ECP VTCPUHQTO HTQO C UKPING EQPXGTUCVKQP VQ OWNVKRNG EQPXGTUCVKQPU (QP UEJKUOKPI, UGG EIDGTV 1997C). TJG PWODGT QH RCTVKEKRCPVU ECP CNUQ CHHGEV DQVJ VJG RTQFWEVKQP QH CEVKQPU CPF VJG TGURQPUGU VQ VJGO. FQT KPUVCPEG, SCEMU FKUEWUUGF VJG KPVGTCEVKXG KORCEV QH EQORNKOGPVU KP OWNVK-RCTV[ KPVGTCEVKQP, CPF VCNMGF CDQWV “UCHGŒ CPF “WPUCHGŒ EQORNKOGPVU (SCEMU 1992C: 597–600): C EQORNKOGPV VQ QPG RGTUQP (HQT KPUVCPEG ‘[QW NQQM RTGVV[’) ECP DG JGCTF CU C ETKVKEKUO QH VJG QVJGT RCTVKEKRCPVU. IP HCEV, EQORNKOGPVU CTG QHVGP OGPVKQPGF CU C RTKOG GZCORNG QH CP CEVKQP VJCV JCU FKHHGTGPV F[PCOKEU KP F[CFKE CPF OWNVK-RGTUQP KPVGTCEVKQPU (UGG G.I., SEJGINQHH 1996; GQNCVQ 2005), DWV QVJGT CEVKQPU ECP CNUQ XCT[ KP VJKU TGURGEV. EIDGTV (1997D) CPCN[\GU VJG URGEKsEU QH QVJGT-KPKVKCVGF TGRCKT KP C GGTOCP OWNVKRGTUQP EQPXGTUCVKQP, CPF FKUEWUUGU UGXGTCN RJGPQOGPC VJCV CTG FKUVKPEVKXG VQ UWEJ KPVGTCEVKQPU: HQT GZCORNG, WUWCNN[ VJG URGCMGT QH VJG VTQWDNG-UQWTEG VWTP TGURQPFU VQ VJG TGRCKT KPKVKCVKQP, DWV KP OWNVK-RGTUQP KPVGTCEVKQP, C RGTUQP QVJGT VJCP VJG VTQWDNG-UQWTEG VWTP URGCMGT ECP TGURQPF DGHQTG VJG VTQWDNG-UQWTEG VWTP URGCMGT’U CVVGORV VQ TGRCKT. FWTVJGTOQTG, GNGPP (1989, 2003) EQORCTGU VJG RTCEVKEGU QH NCWIJ KPKVKCVKQP KP VYQ-RCTV[ CPF OWNVK-RCTV[ KPVGTCEVKQPU CPF TGRQTVU C UVTKMKPI VTGPF: OQUV QH VJG VKOG, YJGP VYQ RGQRNG YGTG VCNMKPI, VJG EWTTGPV URGCMGT (K.G. VJG RTQFWEGT QH VJG “NCWIJCDNGŒ) YQWNF NCWIJ sTUV, YJGTGCU YJGP VJTGG QT OQTG RGQRNG YGTG VCNMKPI, UQOGQPG QVJGT VJCP VJG EWTTGPV URGCMGT (K.G. VJG RTQFWEGT QH VJG NCWIJCDNG) YQWNF NCWIJ sTUV (UGG G.I., 2003: 88). GNGPP FKUEWUUGU VJKU FKHHGTGPEG KP TGNCVKQP VQ VJG RCTVKEKRCVKQP HTCOGYQTM: KP OWNVK-RGTUQP KPVGTCEVKQP, VJGTG KU C RQUUKDKNKV[ QH CP CWFKGPEG, CPF VJG KPVGTCEVCPVU ECP CNKIP VJGOUGNXGU CU VJG URGCMGT (“VJG GPVGTVCKPGTŒ, HQT GZCORNG) CPF VJG CWFKGPEG.