Áine Ní Léime · Jim Ogg · Martina Rašticová · Debra Street · Clary Krekula · Monika Bédiová · Ignacio Madero-Cabib Editors Extended Working Life Policies International Gender and Health Perspectives Extended Working Life Policies Á ine N í L é ime • Jim Ogg • Martina Ra š ticov á • Debra Street • Clary Krekula • Monika B é diov á • Ignacio Madero-Cabib Editors Extended Working Life Policies International Gender and Health Perspectives Editors Á ine N í L é ime Institute for Life Course and Society National University of Ireland, Galway Galway, Ireland Jim Ogg CNAV l ’ Unit é de Recherche sur le Vieillisseme Paris, France Martina Ra š ticov á Department of Law and Humanity Sciences Faculty of Business and Economics Mendel University in Brno Brno, Czech Republic Debra Street Department of Sociology University at Buffalo, State University Buffalo, NY, USA Clary Krekula Department of Social and Psychological Studies Karlstad University Karlstad, Sweden Monika B é diov á Department of Law and Social Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics Mendel University in Brno Brno, Czech Republic Ignacio Madero-Cabib Institute of Sociology and Department of Public Health Ponti fi cia Universidad Cat ó lica de Chile Santiago, Chile ISBN 978-3-030-40984-5 ISBN 978-3-030-40985-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40985-2 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2020. 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This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Across OECD countries there has been a concerted push over the past decade and a half to get older people to delay retirement. This is in contrast to the earlier post-war period, when organisations, social partners and sometimes governments responded to an overall decrease in demand for labour by promoting early retirement/exit. This recent change has been in fl uenced by demographic projections of population ageing and by the advocacy of international organisations such as the World Bank and the OECD. Such a policy focus has been presented positively in terms of helping to support extended working lives, and giving people greater choice over working longer. At an EU level, a positive development has been legislation to protect individuals from age discrimination, a move that began earlier in the USA. However, as this excellent volume convincingly argues, much of the policy in this area is inadequate, treats older people as a homogenous group, and does not con- sider the gendered consequences of pressures to work longer. Writing in the UK context, one does not have to look very far to see how contentious pressures to extend working lives are. A recent survey has suggested that the prospect of extended working lives has caused signi fi cant concerns among the adult population. In the political fi eld, one of the debates in the UK general election of 2020 was the treatment of women born in the 1950s who have been affected by rapidly rising state pension ages. In 2010 state pension age for women was 60, but this had risen to 65 in 2019 (matching male pension age) and will rise to 66 in 2020 (and beyond this in later years). The ‘ Women Against State Pension Age Increases ’ movement has argued that female state pension age increases were poorly communicated to the public. As a result, some women made fi nancial plans based on a state pension of 60, and now fi nd themselves out of work and having to wait until 66 for a pension. The impact of fi nancial pressures to work longer have arguably been particularly acute for women, given that women often amass lower pensions than men but are increasingly fi nding themselves single or remarried in older age. Such changes illustrate why this book on gender and extended working lives is so timely and so important. v The fi rst fi ve chapters of the book provide a conceptual and empirical overview of policies to extend working lives across the countries covered in subsequent chapters. These earlier chapters draw out a number of important insights. For example, Krekula and Vickerstaff highlight the tendency across countries to base policies on assumptions of a male ‘ ideal worker ’ ; these are clearly at odds with the employment and caring trajectories of many women. Likewise, Street and N í L é ime emphasise the precarity and insecurity facing many women, and, crucially, argue that the focus of policy has been about getting people to delay retirement, rather than supporting individuals to work longer. In related policy debates, health improvements among the older population are often given as a justi fi cation for delaying retirement. However, as these chapters point out, the reality is more complex than this. In some sectors of employment older people continue to be exposed to hazardous working conditions or hours of work. Health problems among older people continue to place limits on the capacity of some individuals to work, with ‘ healthy life expectancy ’ rising at a slower rate than life expectancy itself. It also is noteworthy that women have longer average life expectancy than men, which has implications for poverty in older age. Chapters 6 – 39 gives individual accounts of extended working in 34 countries, covering both the policies themselves and a discussion about research on their impact. This represents an extremely valuable resource for anyone interested in developments in this area. The chapters show that across the countries covered the primary policy focus has been about delaying access to pensions, although some countries have done more than others to try and support extended working lives. Evidently, none of the countries discussed has done enough to address the problems associated with extended working lives, however, and the knowledge acquired from this volume gives us some of the tools to make the case for taking a more equitable approach. David Lain Newcastle University Business School Newcastle upon Tyne, England vi Foreword Preface As populations across the globe are ageing, international organisations including the OECD have strongly encouraged national governments to adopt policies designed to impel citizens to work longer in a bid to reduce anticipated increased state pension costs. These policies include increasing state pension age, penalising early retirement and rewarding later retirement. These initiatives are frequently simplistic, one-size- fi ts all policies that were frequently introduced quickly and without adequate consideration of their implications for diverse groups of workers. A group of scholars from diverse disciplines (sociology, economics, gender studies, political science, business studies) in individual countries began to explore the different gender and health implications of these policies for women and men and for workers in physically demanding and/or stressful jobs and for those in precarious work. In 2015, their collective efforts were advanced when they were awarded funding for a COST (Cooperation in Science and Technology) Action IS1409 — to create a research network running for four years from April 2015 to April 2019. This enabled the original group to invite other researchers to join them to investigate extended working life policies across all 34 countries involved in the network. This book is the outcome of the COST Action IS 1409 collaboration, involving early career and experienced researchers. It offers a multidisciplinary, cross-national compendium of extended working life policy that is unprecedented in scope and depth. Part I of the book contextualises the country chapters presented in Part II. Part I provides a wealth of information and analysis that problematises and complicates the typically simplistic narrative that is used to justify the introduction of extended working life policies. Chapter 1 sets out the empirical landscape of later working life, encompassing gender and health perspectives and drawing on international sources. Chapter 2 offers an overview of theoretical perspectives on and a critical discussion of the level and nature of political debate on the issue of extending working life. Chapter 3 presents the databases and indicators available for research on the topic. In Chap. 4 promising workplace policies are the topic. The concluding chapter for Part I argues that researchers and policy-makers should distinguish between ‘ delaying retirement ’— which is the focus of current policies with negative vii implications and ‘ extending working life ’— a more positive approach, which requires application of both pension and carefully considered employment policies. Part II includes 34 individual country chapters discussing extended working life at the national level. The book will be essential reading for academics, non-governmental organisa- tions and policy-makers who have an interest in ageing, gender, health and work. It provides both theoretical and empirical insights into this topical and increasingly important area of public policy. Galway, Ireland Á ine N í L é ime Paris, France Jim Ogg Brno, Czech Republic Martina Ra š ticov á Buffalo, USA Debra Street Karlstad, Sweden Clary Krekula Brno, Czech Republic Monika B é diov á Santiago, Chile Ignacio Madero-Cabib viii Preface Acknowledgements The editors wish to acknowledge that this book is based on the work of COST Action IS1409 and open access is funded by COST Final Action Dissemination Grant. COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology) is a funding agency for research and innovation networks. Our Actions help connect research initiatives across Europe and enable scientists to grow their ideas by sharing them with their peers. This boosts their research, career and innovation. The editors would like to acknowledge Á ine Teahan, and Maggie O ’ Neill who did an excellent job of proofreading and collating chapters and Christine de Largy who provided support throughout the process. They would also like to acknowledge all members of COST Action IS1409 whose work contributed to this book. ix Contents Part I Challenges and Opportunities for Extended Working Lives 1 Introduction: Key Issues and Policies for Extending Working Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Jim Ogg and Martina Ra š ticov á 2 The ‘ Older Worker ’ and the ‘ Ideal Worker ’ : A Critical Examination of Concepts and Categorisations in the Rhetoric of Extending Working Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Clary Krekula and Sarah Vickerstaff 3 Data Issues and Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Tindara Addabbo, Michaela Gstrein and Renata Siemie ń ska 4 Policy Toolkits on Employment and Ageing: A Conceptual Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Nata Duvvury, Jonas Radl, E. K. Sarter, Simone Scherger and Jeroen Spijker 5 Problems and Prospects for Current Policies to Extend Working Lives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Debra Street and Á ine N í L é ime Part II Extended Working Life Policies: Country Experiences 6 Albania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 Merita Vaso Xhumari 7 Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Elizabeth Brooke 8 Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Barbara Haas, Michaela Gstrein and Roland Bildsteiner xi 9 Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Nathalie Burnay and Patricia Vendramin 10 Bosnia and Herzogovina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Nurka Pranji ć and Maja Ra č i ć 11 Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Tihomira Trifonova and Kamellia Lillova 12 Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Ignacio Madero-Cabib, Jos é De-Amesti and Mar í a-Soledad Herrera 13 Croatia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Sini š a Zrin šč ak, Maja Vehovec and Drago Č engi ć 14 Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Petroula M. Mavrikiou 15 Czech Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Martina Ra š ticov á , Monika B é diov á , Jana Miku š ov á , Aneta Krej č ov á and Ji ř í Č ern ý 16 Denmark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Per H. Jensen 17 Estonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Marge Unt, Margarita Kazjulja and Viivi Kr ö nstr ö m 18 Finland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Laura Salonen, Antti K ä h ä ri and Ilkka Pietil ä 19 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Julie Rochut and Jim Ogg 20 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Laura Romeu-Gordo and E. K. Sarter 21 Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Antigone Lyberaki and Thomas Georgiadis 22 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Á ine N í L é ime, Dinali Wijeratne and Nata Duvvury 23 Israel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 Orly Benjamin, Sarit Nisim and Dikla Segel-Karpas 24 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Tindara Addabbo 25 Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 Jolanta Pivoriene and Kristina Ambrazeviciute xii Contents 26 Netherlands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 Maria Fleischmann and Thijs van den Broek 27 New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Judith A. Davey, Hannah Phillips and Fiona Alpass 28 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Renata Siemie ń ska 29 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 Paula Albuquerque, Sara Falc ã o Casaca, Helo í sa Perista and Pedro Perista 30 Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 Daniela Ş oitu and Con ţ iu Tiberiu Ş oitu 31 Serbia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 Mihajlo Jakovljevic, Mirjana Jovanovic, Olivera Milovanovic and Svetlana Radevic 32 Slovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Anna Pilkov á and Juraj Miku š 33 Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 Tanja Rener and Ana Kralj 34 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427 Jeroen Spijker, Juan Manuel Garc í a Gonz á lez and Dolores Puga 35 Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 Lars-Gunnar Engstr ö m, Satu Heikkinen and Clary Krekula 36 Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Nicky Le Feuvre, Maurice Avramito and Val é rie Hugentobler 37 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 Murat A. Mercan 38 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 Laura Airey and Jakov Jandri ć 39 United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 Debra Street Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 Contents xiii Editors and Contributors About the Editors Á ine N í L é ime is Deputy Director of the Irish Centre for Social Gerontology at the National University of Ireland, Galway. She is a Fellow of the Gerontological Society of America and Chair of COST Action IS1409, an international research network on Gender, Health and Extended Working Life (2015 – 2019). Her current research focuses on older workers, gender and extended working life. She is cur- rently Principal Investigator for Ireland on a NORFACE-funded project comparing experiences of older workers in Ireland, the Czech Republic, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. She is Editor of Gender, Ageing and Extended Working Life: Cross-National Perspectives (2017), a Special Issue of Ageing & Society and several journal articles on these topics. Jim Ogg is Head of the Ageing Research Unit at the National Pension Fund ( Caisse nationale d ’ assurance vieillesse ), Paris, France and Honorary Research Fellow at the College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University. His research focuses on the sociology of the family in the context of ageing populations, the transition to retirement, social exclusion and housing environments. He is the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Retraite et Soci é t é and was previously the Deputy Editor of Ageing & Society Martina Ra š ticov á is Head of Department of Law and Social Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic. Her recent research is in age management, extended working life and work – life balance. Debra Street is Professor of Sociology at the State University of New York at Buffalo, United States of America. Author of 80+ articles, chapters and working papers; a monograph; and co-editor of three books, Street researches the challenges of ageing societies, particularly health and income security over the life course. She xv is a Fellow of the Gerontological Society of America, an elected member of the National Academy of Social Insurance and recipient of the UB Gender Institute Janice L. Moritz Distinguished Lecturer and the CISP Outstanding Contributions to International Education awards. Street ’ s research has been funded by the National Science Foundation, the National Institute on Aging, the International Council for Canadian Studies and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. Clary Krekula is Professor of Sociology at Karlstad University. Her research focuses on critical age studies, ageing from an intersectional perspective, and time and temporality. She runs the national network AgeS: The Swedish Research Network on Age. She is currently conducting research on dynamics of inequality across the life course, self-employment later in life and the social and corporeal aspects of dancing among older people. She is co-editor of Gender, Ageing and Extended Working Life. Cross-National Perspectives (2017) and Introduction to Critical Age Studies (2017). Monika B é diov á is a Researcher at the Department of Law and Humanity Sciences, Mendel University in Brno, Czech Republic. She has been working on research projects, publishing and her main research areas include diversity man- agement and the issue of active ageing in the Czech Republic. She is the co-author of the monograph Work or Retire? (2018). Ignacio Madero-Cabib is Assistant Professor of Sociology and Public Health at Ponti fi cia Universidad Cat ó lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. He serves as Deputy Director of the Center ‘ Millennium Nucleus for the study of the Life Course and Vulnerability (MLIV) ’ (http://mliv.cl). His current research focuses on the impact of cumulative social advantages and disadvantages on vulnerability among older people in different countries. Contributors Tindara Addabbo Department of Economics Marco Biagi, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy Laura Airey University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, UK Paula Albuquerque SOCIUS/CSG, ISEG-Lisbon School of Economics and Management, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Fiona Alpass School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Kristina Ambrazeviciute The Law Institute of Lithuania, Vilnius, Lithuania xvi Editors and Contributors Maurice Avramito HESSO, Applied University of Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland Monika B é diov á Department of Law and Social Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel Universityin Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Orly Benjamin Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel Roland Bildsteiner BEST Institute of Continuous Vocational Quali fi cation Training and Personnel Training, Vienna, Austria Elizabeth Brooke Demography and Aging Unit, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia Nathalie Burnay Transitions Institute, University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; IACCHOS Institute, Universit é of Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Drago Č engi ć Institute of Social Sciences Ivo Pilar, Zagreb, Croatia Ji ř í Č ern ý Department of Law and Social Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel Universityin Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Judith A. Davey Institute for Governance and Policy Studies, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand Jos é De-Amesti Ponti fi cia Universidad Cat ó lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Nata Duvvury School of Political Science and Sociology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Lars-Gunnar Engstr ö m Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden Sara Falc ã o Casaca SOCIUS/CSG, ISEG-Lisbon School of Economics and Management, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal Maria Fleischmann Department of Health Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Thomas Georgiadis Department of Economics and Regional Development, Panteion University, Athens, Greece Juan Manuel Garc í a Gonz á lez Department of Sociology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain Michaela Gstrein WPZ Research, Vienna, Austria Barbara Haas Department of Socioeconomics, Vienna University of Economics and Business, Vienna, Austria Editors and Contributors xvii Satu Heikkinen Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden Mar í a-Soledad Herrera Institute of Sociology, Ponti fi cia Universidad Cat ó lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Val é rie Hugentobler HESSO, Applied University of Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland Mihajlo Jakovljevic Department of Global Health Economics and Policy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Jakov Jandri ć University of Edinburgh Business School, Edinburgh, UK Per H. Jensen Centre for Comparative Welfare Studies, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark Mirjana Jovanovic Department of Psychiatry, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Antti K ä h ä ri Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland Margarita Kazjulja School of Governance, Law and Society, Institute of International Social Studies, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia Ana Kralj Faculty of Social Work, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Aneta Krej č ov á Department of Law and Social Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel Universityin Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Clary Krekula Department of Social and Psychological Studies, Karlstad University, Karlstad, Sweden Viivi Kr ö nstr ö m School of Governance, Law and Society, Institute of International Social Studies, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia Nicky Le Feuvre Faculty of Political and Social Sciences, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland Kamellia Lillova Institute for Population and Human Studies, So fi a, Bulgaria Antigone Lyberaki Department of Economics and Regional Development, Panteion University, Athens, Greece Ignacio Madero-Cabib Institute of Sociology and Department of Public Health, Ponti fi cia Universidad Cat ó lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile Petroula M. Mavrikiou Department of Business Administration, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus Murat A. Mercan Faculty of Business Administration, Department of Economics, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey xviii Editors and Contributors Juraj Miku š Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Jana Miku š ov á Department of Law and Social Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Olivera Milovanovic Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Á ine N í L é ime Irish Centre for Social Gerontology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Sarit Nisim Poverty Research Unit, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel Jim Ogg Ageing Research Unit, National Pension Fund (Cnav), Paris, France Helo í sa Perista CESIS-Centre for Studies for Social Intervention, Lisbon, Portugal Pedro Perista CESIS-Centre for Studies for Social Intervention, Lisbon, Portugal Hannah Phillips School of Psychology, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand Ilkka Pietil ä Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland Anna Pilkov á Faculty of Management, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia Jolanta Pivoriene Institute of Educational Sciences and Social Work, Mykolas Romeris University, Vilnius, Lithuania Nurka Pranji ć Department of Occupational Medicine, University of Tuzla, Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina Dolores Puga Spanish National Research Council — CSIC, Madrid, Spain Maja Ra č i ć Department of Family Medicine, University of East Sarajevo, Fo č a, Bosnia and Herzegovina Svetlana Radevic Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Social Medicine, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia Jonas Radl University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain; WZB Berlin Social Science Center, Berlin, Germany Martina Ra š ticov á Department of Law and Social Sciences, Faculty of Business and Economics, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic Tanja Rener Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia Julie Rochut Ageing Research Unit, National Pension Fund (Cnav), Paris, France Editors and Contributors xix Laura Romeu-Gordo Deutsches Zentrum f ü r Altersfragen (DZA), Berlin, Germany Laura Salonen Department of Social Research, University of Turku, Turku, Finland E. K. Sarter Faculty of Business and Society, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, UK Simone Scherger Bremen International Graduate School of Social Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany Dikla Segel-Karpas Department of Gerontology, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel Renata Siemie ń ska Institute of Sociology, M. Grzegorzewska University, Warsaw, Poland; R. Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland Daniela Ş oitu Department of Sociology and Social Work, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania Jeroen Spijker Centre for Demographic Studies (CED), Barcelona, Spain Debra Street Department of Sociology, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA Con ţ iu Tiberiu Ş oitu Department of Sociology and Social Work, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Iasi, Romania Tihomira Trifonova So fi a University “ St. Kliment Ohridski ” , So fi a, Bulgaria Marge Unt School of Governance, Law and Society, Institute of International Social Studies, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia Thijs van den Broek Erasmus School of Health Policy and Management, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Maja Vehovec Institute of Economics, Zagreb, Croatia Patricia Vendramin IACCHOS Institute, Universit é of Louvain-la-Neuve, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium Sarah Vickerstaff School of Social Policy, Sociology and Social Research, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK Dinali Wijeratne Irish Centre for Social Gerontology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland Merita Vaso Xhumari University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania Sini š a Zrin šč ak Faculty of Law, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia xx Editors and Contributors List of Figures Fig. 1.1 Employment rate 55 – 59 year age group (%). Source Eurostat (2019b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Fig. 1.2 Employment rate of 60 – 64 year age group (%). Source Eurostat (2019b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Fig. 1.3 Effective retirement age, OECD average. Source OECD (2019) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Fig. 1.4 Employment rates (%) by gender in age group 65 – 69 years. Source Eurostat (2019b). Last extract 19/12/2017 . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Fig. 1.5 Gender pay gap, % of average gross hourly earnings of men. Source Eurostat (2019b). The indicator measures the difference between average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees and of female paid employees as a percentage of average gross hourly earnings of male paid employees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Fig. 1.6 Gender gap in pensions, pensioners aged 65 – 79, 2016; %. Source Eurostat, EU-SILC. Notes 2010 data for HR; data sorted by data for 2016. Pensions at a Glance, Vol. 1, 2018, p. 68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Fig. 1.7 Healthy life years in absolute value at 65 — women (2010 – 2016). (1) 2011 instead of 2010. (2) 2015 instead of 2016. Source Eurostat (online data code: hlth_hlye) . . . . . . . . 16 Fig. 1.8 Health life years in absolute value at 65 — men (2010 – 2016). (1) 2011 instead of 2010. (2) 2015 instead of 2016. Source Eurostat (online data code: hlth_hlye) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Fig. 1.9 Labour market fl exibility and employment rate of older workers. Source (Breinek et al. 2018; Eurostat 2017) data base, Fraser Institute (2016) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Fig. 1.10 Dimensions of precariousness by gender and educational attainment (15 – 64, EU-28, 2014). Source Madarova et al. 2017, p. 2018, according to LFS, calculations based on 2014 microdata. Note excluding those whose main status is a student (except for DE and UK due to data availability) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 xxi Fig. 3.1 Factors impacting on extended working life or the retirement decision. Source Authors ’ own additions (highlighted) or emphasized to Hasselhorn and Apt (2015: 24), Fig. 2 . . . . . . . . 57 Fig. 15.1 Reasons for retirement in the Czech Republic. Source Š imandlov á (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Fig. 15.2 Health reasons diminishing chances of fi nding a job. Source Š imandlov á (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Fig. 15.3 Stereotypes and external barriers in the labour market according to Czech seniors in the age group 50 – 64. Source Š imandlov á (2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 Fig. 15.4 The reasons for discrimination in the Czech Republic. Source STEM (2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 xxii List of Figures