Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning Second Edition OPTICAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Founding Editor Brian J. Thompson University of Rochester Rochester, New York RECENTLY PUBLISHED Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning, Second Edition, Gerald F. Marshall and Glenn E. Stutz Computational Methods for Electromagnetic and Optical Systems, Second Edition, John M. Jarem and Partha P. Banerjee Optical Methods of Measurement: Wholefield Techniques, Second Edition, Rajpal S. Sirohi Optoelectronics: Infrared-Visible-Ultraviolet Devices and Applications, Second Edition, edited by Dave Birtalan and William Nunley Photoacoustic Imaging and Spectroscopy, edited by Lihong V. Wang Polarimetric Radar Imaging: From Basics to Applications, Jong-Sen Lee and Eric Pottier Near-Earth Laser Communications, edited by Hamid Hemmati Laser Safety: Tools and Training, edited by Ken Barat Slow Light: Science and Applications, edited by Jacob B. Khurgin and Rodney S. 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Calvo and Vasudevan Lakshiminarayanan Please visit our website www.crcpress.com for a full list of titles Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning Second Edition Edited by Gerald F. Marshall and Glenn E. Stutz CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20110803 International Standard Book Number: 978-1-4398-0879-5 (Hardback) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro- duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. The Open Access version of this book, available at www.taylorfrancis.com, has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica- tion and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Handbook of optical and laser scanning / [edited by] Gerald F. Marshall, Glenn E. Stutz. -- 2nd ed. p. cm. -- (Optical science and engineering ; 147) Summary: “Revealing the fundamentals of light beam deflection control, factors in image fidelity and quality, and the newest technological developments currently impacting scanner system design and applications, this highly practical reference reviews elements of laser beam characterization and describes optical systems for laser scanners. Featuring a logical chapter organization, authoritative yet accessible writing, hundreds of supporting illustrations, and contributions from 27 international subject specialists, this book affords a valuable range of perspectives as well as global coverage of optical and laser beam scanning. “-- Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4398-0879-5 (hardback) 1. Optical scanners. 2. Scanning systems. 3. Lasers. 4. Laser recording. 5. Imaging systems. I. Marshall, Gerald F. II. Stutz, Glenn E. III. Title. IV. Series. TK7882.S3H36 2011 621.36’7--dc23 2011031715 Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com In gratitude to God for my career and my jobs that I’ve enjoyed, such that I didn’t have to work! Gerald F. Marshall To my wife Christine and daughter Erica To the memory of my parents Ed and Eileen Glenn E. Stutz Preface ..............................................................................................................................................ix Preface to Laser Beam Scanning (1985).......................................................................................xi Preface to Optical Scanning (1991)............................................................................................ xiii Preface to Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning (2004) ..................................................xv Cover Image ................................................................................................................................ xvii Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................................... xix Editors ........................................................................................................................................... xxi Contributors ............................................................................................................................... xxiii 1. Characterization of Laser Beams: The M 2 Model ............................................................1 Thomas F. Johnston, Jr., and Michael W. Sasnett 2. Optical Systems for Laser Scanners ................................................................................. 69 Stephen F. Sagan 3. Image Quality for Scanning and Digital Imaging Systems ...................................... 133 Donald R. Lehmbeck and John C. Urbach 4. Polygonal Scanners: Components, Performance, and Design .................................. 247 Glenn E. Stutz 5. Motors and Controllers (Drivers) for High-Performance Polygonal Scanners ..... 281 Emery Erdelyi and Gerald A. Rynkowski 6. Bearings for Rotary Scanners .......................................................................................... 319 Chris Gerrard 7. Pre-Objective Polygonal Scanning ................................................................................. 359 Gerald F. Marshall 8. Galvanometric and Resonant Scanners ......................................................................... 393 Jean Montagu 9. Flexural Pivots for Oscillatory Scanners ....................................................................... 449 David C. Brown 10. Holographic Barcode Scanners: Applications, Performance, and Design ..............485 LeRoy D. Dickson and Timothy A. Good 11. Acousto-Optic Scanners and Modulators ..................................................................... 525 Reeder N. Ward, Mark T. Montgomery, and Milton Gottlieb 12. Electro-Optical Scanners .................................................................................................. 593 Timothy K. Deis, Daniel D. Stancil, and Carl E. Conti Contents vii 13. Piezo Scanning .................................................................................................................... 637 Jim Litynski and Andreas Blume 14. Optical Disk Scanning Technology ................................................................................ 669 Tetsuo Saimi 15. CTP Scanning Systems ..................................................................................................... 713 Gregory Mueller 16. Synchronous Laser Line Scanners for Undersea Imaging Applications ................ 731 Fraser Dalgleish and Frank Caimi Index ............................................................................................................................................. 751 viii Contents Preface Optical and laser scanning is the controlled deflection of light, visible or invisible. The aim of Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning, Second Edition , is to provide engineers, scientists, managerial technologists, and students with a resource to be used as a reference for under standing the fundamentals of optical scanning technology. This text has evolved from three previous books, Laser Beam Scanning (1985), Optical Scanning (1991), and Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning (2004). Since their publication, many advances have occurred in optical scanning, requiring updating of previous material and introduction of additional scanning technologies. This new edition also adds a few chapters on scanning applica tions illustrating the practical use of scanning technology. Optical and laser scanning is a topic that is extremely broad in scope. It encompasses the mechanisms that control the deflection of light, optical systems that work with these mech anisms to perform scanning functions, and factors that affect the fidelity of the images generated or obtained from the scanning systems. Each of these subtopics is addressed in this book from a variety of perspectives. A scanning system can be an input or output system or a combination of both. Input systems acquire images in either two or three dimensions. These systems can operate at a fixed wavelength or over a broad spectrum. They can reacquire the original light source by gathering either the specular or diffuse reflection or by fluorescing the image and acquir ing the fluoresced light. Output systems direct light to produce images for applications such as marking, visual projection, and hard copy output. Ladar and many inspection sys tems use the same optical path to both illuminate the scene and acquire the image. A scan system requires not only optics but disciplines such as mechanics, electronics, magnetics, fluid dynamics, material science, acoustics, image analysis, firmware, software, and a host of others. This book brings together the knowledge and experience of 26 authors from England, Japan, and the United States. The continuous and rapid changes in technological developments preclude the publi cation of a definitive book on optical and laser scanning. The contributors have accom plished their tasks painstakingly well, and each could have written a volume on his own particular subject. This book can be used as an introduction to the field and as a reference for persons involved in any aspect of optical and laser beam scanning. Chapters 1 through 3 cover three basic scanning systems topics: Gaussian laser beam characterization, optical systems for laser scanners, and scanned image quality. Chapters 4 through 7 cover aspects of monogonal (single mirror facet) and polygonal scanning sys tem design, including bearings. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss aspects of galvanometric and resonant scanning systems, including flexure pivots. Chapters 10 through 12 cover holo graphic, acousto-optical and electro-optical scanning systems. Chapters 13 and 14 cover piezoelectric scanners and scanning of optical disks. Chapters 15 and 16 cover two appli cations of optical scanning technology namely computer to plate (CTP), and underwater scanning. These chapters have been inserted to illustrate the significance of scanning in society today. Gerald F. Marshall Glenn E. Stutz ix Preface to Laser Beam Scanning (1985) To the memory of my parents Albert and Ethelena. The aim of this volume is to provide engineers, scientists, and students with a guideline to the fundamentals of laser beam scanning. It brings together the knowledge and experi ence of seven specialists in the field, from England, Germany, Scotland, and the United States. The book covers the recently developed holographic scanners, the well-established polyg onal scanners, and the galvanometric and resonant scanners. It includes complementary chapters on gas bearings for rotating scanning devices, the aerodynamic considerations of polygonal scanners, Gaussian laser beam diameters, and the optical design of components and systems relating to data storage on optical disks. Gerald F. Marshall xi Preface to Optical Scanning (1991) To Irene, my wife; children, Clare Margaret and Mark Peter; Guy Nicholas and Maria Elizabeth, with love. The aim of this volume is to provide application-oriented engineers and technologists, scientists, and students, with a guideline and a reference to the fundamentals of input and output optical scanning technology and engineering. It brings together the knowledge and experience of 16 international specialists from England, Japan, Scotland, and the United States. Brief biographies of the contributors are included. The Foreword and Afterword by Leo Beiser unify the selected topics of the 13 chapters, and give an overview evaluation of the technologies within the field of optical scanning engineering. Optical scanning tech nology is a comprehensive subject that encompasses not only the mechanics of controlling the deflection of a light beam but also all aspects that affect the imaging fidelity of the output data that may be displayed on a screen or recorded on paper. A scanning system may be an input scanner, an output scanner, or a scanner that com bines both of these functional attributes. A system’s imaging fidelity depends on, and begins with, the reading of the input information and ends with the writing of the out put data. Optical scanning intimately involves a number of disciplines: optics, material science, magnetics, acoustics, mechanics, electronics, and image analysis, with a host of considerations. The book covers Gaussian laser beam diameters and divergence, optical and lens design for scanning systems, and scanned image quality. It deals with rotary scanning devices and systems, namely, holographic scanners for bar code readers and graphic arts, polyg onal scanners, windage (i.e., the aerodynamic aspects), bearings, motors, and control systems associated with high-performance polygonal scanners. Optical Scanning treats oscillatory devices and systems; specifically, galvanometric and resonant low-inertia scan ners, acousto-optical, and electro-optical scanners, and modulators. It closes with optical disk scanning technology. The dream is to produce a definitive book on optical scanning, but this is an impossi ble task to accomplish in this ever more rapidly changing era of technological develop ments. All the authors have done his best; each of them could have written a volume on his own special subject. The book is complete as an introduction to the field. With the common thread of the subject title, the disparate chapters are brought into perspective in the Afterword. To assist the reader, measured quantities are expressed in dual units wherever possible and appropriate; the secondary units are in parentheses. The metric system takes prece dence over other systems of units, except where it just does not make good sense. A strong effort has been made for a measure of uniformity in the book with respect to terminology, nomenclature, and symbology. However, with the variety of individual styles of the 16 contributing authors who are scattered across the Northern Hemisphere, I have placed greater importance on the unique contributions of the authors rather than on form. I extend my thanks to the following persons: Brian J. Thompson, Provost of the University of Rochester, for his patient confidence in inviting me to produce this additional volume xiii xiv Preface to Optical Scanning (1991) on the subject of scanning in this series; my 16 contributing co-authors for their splendid material; and the reviewers of the manuscripts and typescripts, namely, Robert Basanese Rofin-Sinar, Inc. Leo Beiser Leo Beiser, Inc. John H. Carosella Speedring Systems, Inc. Duane Grant IBM Corporation Michael J. Hayford Optical Research Associates Ron Hooper Hooper Engineering Company Charles S. Ih University of Delaware David B. Kay Eastman Kodak Company Kathryn A. McCarthy Tufts University Robert J. Schiesser Charles Stark Draper Lab, Inc. David Strand Energy Conversion Devices, Inc. William Taylor Kollmorgan Corporation Stanley W. Thomas Lawrence Livermore Laboratory Daniel Vukobratavich University of Arizona David L. Wright Spectra-Physics Lasers, Inc. Francis Yu The Pennsylvania State University Ross Zelesnick RCA, Inc. Each gave his or her ti ime to cri it ti ique a scr pt t, , made hel lp ul l comments, , and prov ded exce me to cr que a scri ip made he pf fu comments and provi ided excel l lent suggestions. I thank John H. Carosella of Speedring Systems, Inc., for his indirect support, which I much appreciate. I am also grateful for the generous help and time given, especially in proofreading and organizing the index, by my wife, Irene. I am pleased to be the coordinator of these works and value the privilege of being the one to share this treatise with my colleagues in the field. Read, scan, study, and enjoy. Gerald F. Marshall Preface to Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning (2004) With gratitude to my wife, Irene, colleagues, and friends. To the memory of my parents, Ethelena and Albert, brothers, Donald and Edward and sisters, Andrée and Kathleen. Optical and laser beam scanning is the controlled deflection of a light beam, visible or invisible. The aim of Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning is to provide application- oriented engineers, managerial technologists, scientists, and students with a guideline and a reference to the fundamentals of input and output optical scanning technology and engineering. This text has its origin in two previous books, Laser Beam Scanning (1985) and Optical Scanning (1991). Since their publication, many advances have occurred, which has made it necessary to update and include the changes of the past decade. This book brings together the knowledge and experience of 27 international specialists from England, Japan, and the United States. Optical and laser scanning technology is a comprehensive subject that encompasses not only the mechanics of controlling the deflection of a light beam, but also all aspects that affect the imaging fidelity of the output data that may be recorded on paper or film, dis played on a monitor, or projected onto a screen. A scanning system may be an input scan ner, an output scanner, or one that combines both of these functional attributes. A system’s imaging fidelity begins with, and depends on, the accurate reading and storage of the input information—the processing of the stored information—and ends with the presen tation of the output data. Optical scanning intimately involves a number of disciplines: optics, material science, magnetics, acoustics, mechanics, electronics, and image analysis, with a host of considerations. The continuous and rapid changes in technological developments preclude the publica tion of a definite book on optical and laser scanning. The contributors have accomplished their tasks painstakingly well, and each could have written a volume on his own particu lar subject. This book can be used as an introduction to the field and as an invaluable ref erence for persons involved in any aspect of optical and laser beam scanning. To assist the international scientific and engineering readership, measured quantities are expressed in dual units wherever possible and appropriate; the secondary units are in parentheses. The metric system takes precedence over other systems of units, except where it does not make good sense. A serious effort has been made for a measure of uni formity throughout the book with respect to terminology, nomenclature, and symbology. However, with the variety of individual styles from 27 contributing authors who are scat tered across the Northern Hemisphere, I have placed greater importance on the unique contributions of the authors than on form. The chapters are arranged in a logical order beginning with the laser light source and ending with a glossary. Chapters 1 through 3 cover three basic scanning systems top ics: Gaussian laser beam characterization, optical systems for laser scanners, and scanned image quality. Chapters 4 through 7 cover aspects of monogonal (single mirror-facet) and polygonal scanning system design, including bearings. Chapters 8 and 9 discuss aspects xv xvi Preface to Handbook of Optical and Laser Scanning (2004) of galvanometric and resonant scanning systems, including flexure pivots. Chapters 10 through 14 cover holographic, optical disk, acousto-optical, electro-optical scanning sys tems, and thermal printhead technology. A useful glossary of scanner terminology fol lows Chapter 14. Gerald F. Marshall Start of scan detector Detector 2 End of scan detector Polygon scanner Telescope 2 Target plane L aser 2 Kinematic mirror λ = 532 nm Detector 3 L aser 1 Dichroic beam combiner Fiber coupled Detector 1 λ = 635 nm Telescope 1 Cover Image xvii Acknowledgments Foremost, I express my gratitude to my co-editor Glenn E. Stutz, chief operating officer (COO) and chief technology officer (CTO) of Lincoln Laser Company. Glenn has done the patient spadework in bringing together all the contributing authors’ manuscripts. I com mend Steven Stewart of Lincoln Laser’s Engineering Department, who prepared and detailed the Front Cover artwork. I thank the contributing authors themselves, without whom there would be no second edition. I wish to acknowledge my indebtedness and appreciation to the supporting staff of Taylor & Francis Group. Gerald F. Marshall xix