Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6656 Commenced Publication in 1973 Founding and Former Series Editors: Gerhard Goos, Juris Hartmanis, and Jan van Leeuwen Editorial Board David Hutchison Lancaster University, UK Takeo Kanade Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA Josef Kittler University of Surrey, Guildford, UK Jon M. Kleinberg Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Alfred Kobsa University of California, Irvine, CA, USA Friedemann Mattern ETH Zurich, Switzerland John C. Mitchell Stanford University, CA, USA Moni Naor Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel Oscar Nierstrasz University of Bern, Switzerland C. Pandu Rangan Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Germany Madhu Sudan Microsoft Research, Cambridge, MA, USA Demetri Terzopoulos University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA Doug Tygar University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA Gerhard Weikum Max Planck Institute for Informatics, Saarbruecken, Germany John Domingue Alex Galis Anastasius Gavras Theodore Zahariadis Dave Lambert Frances Cleary Petros Daras Srdjan Krco Henning Müller Man-Sze Li Hans Schaffers Volkmar Lotz Federico Alvarez Burkhard Stiller Stamatis Karnouskos Susanna Avessta Michael Nilsson (Eds.) The Future Internet Future Internet Assembly 2011: Achievements and Technological Promises 1 3 Volume Editors John Domingue Alex Galis Anastasius Gavras Theodore Zahariadis Dave Lambert Frances Cleary Petros Daras Srdjan Krco Henning Müller Man-Sze Li Hans Schaffers Volkmar Lotz Federico Alvarez Burkhard Stiller Stamatis Karnouskos Susanna Avessta Michael Nilsson Acknowledgement and Disclaimer The work published in this book is partly funded by the European Union under the Seventh Framework Programme. The book reflects only the authors’views. The Union is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. ISSN 0302-9743 e-ISSN 1611-3349 ISBN 978-3-642-20897-3 e-ISBN 978-3-642-20898-0 DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-20898-0 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011926529 CR Subject Classification (1998): C.2, H.3.5-7, H.4.3, H.5.1, K.4 LNCS Sublibrary: SL 5 – Computer Communication Networks and Telecommuni- cations ' The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2011. The book is published with open access at Springer- Link.com Open Access. This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This work is subject to copyright for commercial use. 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Typesetting: Camera-ready by author, data conversion by Markus Richter, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) List of Editors John Domingue Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, STI International, Milton Keynes, UK and STI International, Vienna, Austria j.b.domingue@open.ac.uk Alex Galis Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, UK a.galis@ee.ucl.ac.uk Anastasius Gavras Eurescom GmbH, Heidelberg, Germany gavras@eurescom.eu Theodore Zahariadis Synelixis/TEI of Chalkida, Greece zahariad@synelixis.com Dave Lambert Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK d.j.lambert@gmail.com Frances Cleary Waterford Institute of Technology – TSSG, Waterford, Ireland fcleary@tssg.org Petros Daras CERTH-ITI, Thessaloniki, Greece daras@iti.gr Srdjan Krco Ericsson Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia srdjan.krco@ericsson.com Henning Müller Business Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland, Sierre, Switzerland henning.mueller@hevs.ch VI List of Editors Man-Sze Li IC Focus, London, UK msli@icfocus.co.uk Hans Schaffers ESoCE Net, Dialogic, Aalto University School of Economics (CKIR), Aalto, Finland hschaffers@esoce.net Volkmar Lotz SAP Research, Sophia Antipolis, France volkmar.lotz@sap.com Federico Alvarez Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain fag@gatv.ssr.upm.es Burkhard Stiller University of Zürich, Switzerland stiller@ifi.uzh.ch Stamatis Karnouskos SAP Research, Karlsruhe, Germany stamatis.karnouskos@sap.com Susanna Avéssta Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris 6, France susanna.avessta@lip6.fr Michael Nilsson Centre for Distance-Spanning Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden michael.nilsson@cdt.ltu.se Foreword The Internet will be a catalyst for much of our innovation and prosperity in the future. It has enormous potential to underpin the smart, sustainable and inclusive growth objectives of the EU2020 policy framework and is the linchpin of the Digital Agenda for Europe. A competitive Europe will require Internet connectivity and services beyond the capabilities offered by current technologies. Future Internet research is therefore a must. Since the signing of the Bled declaration in 2008, European research projects are developing new technologies that can be used for the Internet of the Future. At the moment around 128 ongoing projects are being conducted in the field of networks, trustworthy ICT, Future Internet research and experimentation, services and cloud computing, networked media and Internet of things. In total they represent an invest- ment in research of almost 870 million euro, of which the European Commission funds 570 million euro. This large-scale research undertaking involves around 690 different organizations from all over Europe, with a well-balanced blend of 50% private industries (SMEs and big companies with equal share), and 50% academic partners or research insti- tutes. It is worth noting that it is a well-coordinated initiative, as these projects meet twice a year during the Future Internet Assembly, where they discuss research issues covering several of the domains mentioned above, in order to get a multidisciplinary viewpoint on proposed solutions. Apart from the Future Internet Assembly, the European Commission has also launched a Public Private Partnership program on the Future Internet. This 300- million-euro program is focused on short- to middle-term research and runs from 2011 to 2014. The core of this program will be a platform that implements and inte- grates new generic but fundamental capabilities of the Future Internet, such as interac- tions with the real world through sensor/actuator networks, network virtualization and cloud computing, enhanced privacy and security features and advanced multimedia capabilities. This core platform will be based on integration of already existing re- search results developed over the past few years, and will be tested on large-scale use cases. The use cases that are part of the Public Private Partnership all have the poten- tial to optimize large-scale business processes, using the properties of the core Future Internet platform. Examples of these use cases are a smarter electricity grid, a more efficient international logistics chain, a more intelligent food value chain, smart mo- bility, safer and smarter cities and a smarter content creation system for professional and non-professional users. Future Internet research is an important cornerstone for a competitive Europe. We believe that all these efforts will help European organizations to be in the driving seat of many developments of the Future Internet. This book, already the third in this series, presents some of the results of this endeavor. The uniqueness of this book lies in the breadth of the topics, all of them of crucial importance for the Future Internet. VIII Foreword We sincerely hope that reading it will provide you with a broader view on the Future Internet efforts and achievements in Europe! Budapest, May 2011 Luis Rodríguez-Roselló Mário Campolargo Preface 1 The Internet Today Whether we use economic or societal metrics, the Internet is one of the most impor- tant technical infrastructures in existence today. One easy measure of the Internet’s impact and importance is the number of Internet users which as of June 2010 was 2 billion 1 . But of course, this does not give one the full picture. From an economic viewpoint, in 2010 the revenue of Internet companies in the US alone was over $70 billion 2. In Europe, IDC estimated that in 2009 the broader Internet revenues (taking business usage into account) amounted to €159 billion and that this is projected to grow to €229 billion by 2014 3. The recent political protests in Egypt give us an indication of the impact the Inter- net has in societal terms. At the start of the demonstrations in Egypt the Internet was closed down by the ruling government to hinder the activities of opposition groups. Later, as the protests were having an effect, a picture emerged in the world’s media of a protester holding up a placard saying in Arabic “Thank You Facebook 4.” Protesters in Egypt used social media to support communication and the associated Facebook page had over 80,000 followers at its peak. It is interesting to note that here we are talking about the power of the Internet in a country where currently Internet penetra- tion is 21% 5 compared to say 79% for Germany 6. 2 Current Issues The Internet has recently been in the news with stories covering two main issues which are commonly known in the Internet research community. Firstly, recent stories have highlighted the issue of the lack of address space associated with IPV4, which can cater for 4 billion IP addresses 7 . Some headlines claim that the IPV4 address space has already run out 8. Technically, the issue has been solved through IPV6 al- though there is still the matter of encouraging take up. 1 http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm 2 http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2010/industries/225/index.html 3 http://www.fi3p.eu 4 http://www.mediaite.com/tv/picture-of-the-day-cairo-protester-holds-sign-that-says- thank-you-facebook/ 5 http://www.internetworldstats.com/africa.htm#eg 6 http://www.internetworldstats.com/europa.htm#de 7 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10105978 8 http://www.ndtv.com/article/technology/internet-will-run-out-of-ip-addresses-by-friday- 83244 X Preface A second major news item has been on net neutrality, specifically, on legislation on net neutrality in the US and UK, which take differing views. At the time of writing the US House of Representatives voted to block a proposal from the Federal Commu- nications Commission to partially enforce net neutrality 9 . In the UK at the end of 2010 the Culture Minister, Ed Vaizey, backed a proposal to allow ISPs to manage traffic, which advocates of net neutrality argued would lead to a “two-speed Inter- net 10.” Vint Cerf, Sir Tim Berners-Lee and Steve Wozniak (one of the founders of Apple) have argued in favor of retaining net neutrality 11. These two problems have gained prominence in the world’s media since they are most directly linked to the political and regulatory spheres. Other issues are centered on the fact that the Internet was originally designed in a very different context and for different purposes than it is used today. Of the changes that have occurred in the dec- ades since the Internet’s inception, the main alterations which are of concern are: • Volume and nature of data – the sheer volume of Internet traffic and the change from simple text characters to audio and video and also the demand for very im- mediate responses. For example, Cisco’s latest forecast predicts that global data traffic on the Internet will exceed 767 Exabytes by 2014. Online video and high- definition TV services are expected to dominate this growth. Cisco state that the average monthly traffic in 2014 will be equivalent to 32 million people continu- ously streaming the 2009 Avatar film in 3D 12. • Mobile devices – the Internet can now be accessed from a wide variety of mobile devices including smart phones, Internet radios, and vehicle navigation systems, which is a radically different environment from the initial Internet based on physi- cal links. Data traffic for mobile broadband will double every year until 2014, in- creasing 39 times between 2009 and 2014 13 • Physical objects on the net – small devices enable the emergence of the “Internet of Things” where practically any physical object can now be on the net sending lo- cation and local context data when requested. • Commercial services – as mentioned above the Internet is now a conduit for a wide variety of commercial services. These business services rely on platforms which can support a wide variety of business transactions and business processes. • Societal expectations – in moving from an obscure technology to a fundamental part of human communication, societal expectations have grown. The general population demand that the Internet is at least: secure, trustworthy, ubiquitous, ro- bust, responsive and also upholds privacy. 9 http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110217-718244.html 10 http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-11773574 11 See http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/11/vint-cerf-speaks-out-on-net-neutrality.html, http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=long-live-the-web, http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/12/steve-wozniak-to-the-fcc-keep-the- internet-free/68294/ 12 http://www.ispreview.co.uk/story/2010/06/10/cisco-forecasts-quadruple-jump-in-global- internet-traffic-by-2014.html 13 http://www.ispreview.co.uk/story/2010/06/10/cisco-forecasts-quadruple-jump-in-global- internet-traffic-by-2014.html Preface XI 3 FIA Overview This book is based on the research that is carried out within the Future Internet As- sembly (FIA). FIA is part of the European response to the problems outlined above. In short, FIAs bring together over 150 research projects that are part of the FP7 Chal- lenge 1 ICT Programme to strengthen Europe’s Future Internet research activities and also to maintain the EU’s global competitiveness in the space. The projects are situ- ated within established units which cover the following areas: • The network of the future • Cloud computing, Internet of services and advanced software engineering • Internet-connected objects • Trustworthy ICT • Networked media and search systems • Socio-economic considerations for the Future Internet • Application domains for the Future Internet • Future Internet research and experimentation (FIRE) Researchers and practitioners associated with the Future Internet gather at the FIAs every six months for a dialogue and interaction on topics which cross the above areas. In conjunction with the meetings the FIA Working Groups sustain activity throughout the year working toward a common vision for the Future Internet based on scenarios and roadmaps. Since the opening FIA in the spring of 2008, we have now held FIAs in the following cities: Bled, Madrid, Prague, Stockholm, Valencia and Ghent, with the next meetings scheduled for Budapest and Poznan. An overview of FIAs and the FIA working groups can be found at the EU Future Internet portal: http://www.future- internet.eu/. 4 Book Overview This book, the third in the series, contains a sample of the results from the recent FIAs. Our goal throughout the series has been to support the dissemination of results to all researchers as widely as possible. Therefore, as with the previous two books, the content is freely available online as well as in print form 14 The selection process for the chapters in this text was as follows. In the middle of 2010 a call was issued for abstracts of up to 2 pages covering a relevant Future Inter- net topic. Accompanying this was a description of the authors indicating their experi- ence and expertise related to FIA and Challenge 1 projects. Of the 67 abstracts sub- mitted a subset were selected after each was reviewed by at least two editors, and the authors were then asked to produce a full chapter. A second reviewing process on the 14 The previous two FIA books can be found online at http://www.booksonline.iospress.nl/ Content/View.aspx?piid=12006 and http://www.booksonline.iospress.nl/Content/View.aspx? piid=16465. XII Preface full papers, where each chapter was subjected to at least two reviews, resulted in a final set of 32 chapters being selected. The book is structured into the following sections each of which is preceded by a short introduction. • Foundations ─ Architectural Issues ─ Socio-economic Issues ─ Security and Trust ─ Experiments and Experimental Design • Future Internet Areas ─ Networks ─ Services ─ Content • Applications FIA Budapest will be the seventh FIA since the kickoff in Bled and in that time a community has emerged which continues to collaborate across specific topic areas with the common goal of investigating the issues related to the creation of a new global communications platform within a European context. This text holds a sample of the latest results of these endeavors. We hope that you find the contents valuable. Budapest, May 2011 John Domingue Alex Galis Anastasius Gavras Theodore Zahariadis Dave Lambert Frances Cleary Petros Daras Srdjan Krco Henning Müller Man-Sze Li Hans Schaffers Volkmar Lotz Federico Alvarez Burkhard Stiller Stamatis Karnouskos Susanna Avéssta Michael Nilsson Table of Contents Part I: Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues Introduction to Part I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Towards a Future Internet Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Theodore Zahariadis, Dimitri Papadimitriou, Hannes Tschofenig, Stephan Haller, Petros Daras, George D. Stamoulis, and Manfred Hauswirth Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Alex Galis, Stuart Clayman, Laurent Lefevre, Andreas Fischer, Hermann de Meer, Javier Rubio-Loyola, Joan Serrat, and Steven Davy Flat Architectures: Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 L· aszl· o Bokor, Zolt· an Faigl, and S· andor Imre Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architectures 51 Mart· ın Serrano, Steven Davy, Martin Johnsson, Willie Donnelly, and Alex Galis An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-World Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Alex Gluhak, Manfred Hauswirth, Srdjan Krco, Nenad Stojanovic, Martin Bauer, Rasmus Nielsen, Stephan Haller, Neeli Prasad, Vinny Reynolds, and Oscar Corcho Towards a RESTful Architecture for Managing a Global Distributed Interlinked Data-Content-Information Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Maria Chiara Pettenati, Lucia Ciofi, Franco Pirri, and Dino Giuli A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Marco Castrucci, Francesco Delli Priscoli, Antonio Pietrabissa, and Vincenzo Suraci Title Model Ontology for Future Internet Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Joao Henrique de Souza Pereira, Flavio de Oliveira Silva, Edmo Lopes Filho, Sergio Takeo Kofuji, and Pedro Frosi Rosa Part II: Future Internet Foundations: Socio-economic Issues Introduction to Part II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 XIV Table of Contents Assessment of Economic Management of Overlay Traffic: Methodology and Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Ioanna Papafili, George D. Stamoulis, Rafal Stankiewicz, Simon Oechsner, Konstantin Pussep, Robert Wojcik, Jerzy Domzal, Dirk Staehle, Frank Lehrieder, and Burkhard Stiller Deployment and Adoption of Future Internet Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Philip Eardley, Michalis Kanakakis, Alexandros Kostopoulos, Tapio Lev¤ a, Ken Richardson, and Henna Warma An Approach to Investigating Socio-economic Tussles Arising from Building the Future Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 Costas Kalogiros, Costas Courcoubetis, George D. Stamoulis, Michael Boniface, Eric T. Meyer, Martin Waldburger, Daniel Field, and Burkhard Stiller Part III: Future Internet Foundations: Security and Trust Introduction to Part III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 Security Design for an Inter-Domain Publish/Subscribe Architecture . . . . . . . . . . 167 Kari Visala, Dmitrij Lagutin, and Sasu Tarkoma Engineering Secure Future Internet Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Wouter Joosen, Javier Lopez, Fabio Martinelli, and Fabio Massacci Towards Formal Validation of Trust and Security in the Internet of Services . . . . 193 Roberto Carbone, Marius Minea, Sebastian Alexander M¤ odersheim, Serena Elisa Ponta, Mathieu Turuani, and Luca Vigan‘ o Trustworthy Clouds Underpinning the Future Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 R¤ udiger Glott, Elmar Husmann, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, and Matthias Schunter Data Usage Control in the Future Internet Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Michele Bezzi and Slim Trabelsi Part IV: Future Internet Foundations: Experiments and Experimental Design Introduction to Part IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 A Use-Case on Testing Adaptive Admission Control and Resource Allocation Algorithms on the Federated Environment of Panlab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Christos Tranoris, Pierpaolo Giacomin, and Spyros Denazis Multipath Routing Slice Experiments in Federated Testbeds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 Tanja Zseby, Thomas Zinner, Kurt Tutschku, Yuval Shavitt, Phuoc Tran-Gia, Christian Schwartz, Albert Rafetseder, Christian Henke, and Carsten Schmoll Table of Contents XV Testing End-to-End Self-Management in a Wireless Future Internet Environment 259 Apostolos Kousaridas George Katsikas, Nancy Alonistioti, Esa Piri, Marko Palola, and Jussi Makinen Part V: Future Internet Areas: Network Introduction to Part V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Challenges for Enhanced Network Self-Manageability in the Scope of Future Internet Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Ioannis P. Chochliouros, Anastasia S. Spiliopoulou, and Nancy Alonistioti Efficient Opportunistic Network Creation in the Context of Future Internet . . . . . 293 Andreas Georgakopoulos, Kostas Tsagkaris, Vera Stavroulaki, and Panagiotis Demestichas Bringing Optical Networks to the Cloud: An Architecture for a Sustainable Future Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Pascale Vicat-Blanc, Sergi Figuerola, Xiaomin Chen, Giada Landi, Eduard Escalona, Chris Develder, Anna Tzanakaki, Yuri Demchenko, Joan A. Garc· ıa Esp· ın, Jordi Ferrer, Ester L· opez, S· ebastien Soudan, Jens Buysse, Admela Jukan, Nicola Ciulli, Marc Brogle, Luuk van Laarhoven, Bartosz Belter, Fabienne Anhalt, Reza Nejabati, Dimitra Simeonidou, Canh Ngo, Cees de Laat, Matteo Biancani, Michael Roth, Pasquale Donadio, Javier Jim· enez, Monika Antoniak-Lewandowska, and Ashwin Gumaste Part VI: Future Internet Areas: Services Introduction to Part VI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 SLAs Empowering Services in the Future Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Joe Butler, Juan Lambea, Michael Nolan, Wolfgang Theilmann, Francesco Torelli, Ramin Yahyapour, Annamaria Chiasera, and Marco Pistore Meeting Services and Networks in the Future Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Eduardo Santos, Fabiola Pereira, Jo ̃ ao Henrique Pereira, Luiz Cl· audio Theodoro, Pedro Rosa, and Sergio Takeo Kofuji Fostering a Relationship between Linked Data and the Internet of Services . . . . . 351 John Domingue, Carlos Pedrinaci, Maria Maleshkova, Barry Norton, and Reto Krummenacher Part VII: Future Internet Areas: Content Introduction to Part VII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 XVI Table of Contents Media Ecosystems: A Novel Approach for Content-Awareness in Future Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 H. Koumaras, D. Negru, E. Borcoci, V. Koumaras, C. Troulos, Y. Lapid, E. Pallis, M. Sidib· e, A. Pinto, G. Gardikis, G. Xilouris, and C. Timmerer Scalable and Adaptable Media Coding Techniques for Future Internet . . . . . . . . . 381 Naeem Ramzan and Ebroul Izquierdo Semantic Context Inference in Multimedia Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391 Qianni Zhang and Ebroul Izquierdo Part VIII: Future Internet Applications Introduction to Part VIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Future Internet Enterprise Systems: A Flexible Architectural Approach for Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 Daniela Angelucci, Michele Missikoff, and Francesco Taglino Renewable Energy Provisioning for ICT Services in a Future Internet . . . . . . . . . 419 Kim Khoa Nguyen, Mohamed Cheriet, Mathieu Lemay, Bill St. Arnaud, Victor Reijs, Andrew Mackarel, Pau Minoves, Alin Pastrama, and Ward Van Heddeghem Smart Cities and the Future Internet: Towards Cooperation Frameworks for Open Innovation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Hans Schaffers, Nicos Komninos, Marc Pallot, Brigitte Trousse, Michael Nilsson, and Alvaro Oliveira Smart Cities at the Forefront of the Future Internet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Jos· e M. Hern· andez-Mu ̃ noz, Jes· us Bernat Vercher, Luis Mu ̃ noz, Jos· e A. Galache, Mirko Presser, Luis A. Hern· andez G· omez, and Jan Pettersson Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Part I: Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues Part I: Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues 3 Introduction The Internet has evolved from a slow, person-to-machine, communication channel to the most important medium for information exchange. Billions of people all over the world use the Internet for finding, accessing and exchanging information, enjoying multimedia communications, taking advantage of advanced software services, buying and selling, keeping in touch with family and friends, to name a few. The success of the Internet has created even higher hopes and expectations for new applications and services, which the current Internet may not be able to support to a sufficient level. On one hand, the increased reliability, availability and interoperability requirements of the new networked services, and on the other hand the extremely high volumes of multimedia content challenge the today’s Internet. As a result, the “Future Internet” research and development threads have been gaining momentum all over the world and as such the international race to create a new generation Internet is in full swing. The current Internet has been founded on a basic architectural premise, that is: a simple network service can be used as a universal means to interconnect both dumb and intelligent end systems. The simplicity of the current Internet has pushed com- plexity into the endpoints, and has allowed impressive scale in terms of inter- connected devices. However, while the scale has not yet reached its limits, the growth of functionality and the growth of size have both slowed down and may soon reach both its architectural capability and capacity limits. The current Internet capability limit will be stressed further by the expected growth, in the next years, in order of magnitude of more Internet services, the likely increase in the interconnection of smart objects and items (Internet of Things) and its integration with enterprise applications. Although the current Internet, as a ubiquitous and universal means for communica- tion and computation, has been extraordinarily successful, there are still many un- solved problems and challenges some of which have basic aspects. Many of these aspects could not have been foreseen when the first parts of the Internet were built, but these do need to be addressed now. The very success of the Internet is now creat- ing obstacles to the future innovation of both the networking technology that lies at the Internet’s core and the services that use it. We are faced with an Internet that is good at delivering packets, but shows a level of inflexibility at the network and service layers and a lack of built-in facilities to support any non-basic functionality. In order to move forward new architectures that can meet the research and societal challenges and opportunities of Digital Society are needed. Incremental changes to existing architectures, which are enhancing the existing Internet, are also of significant importance. Such new architectures, enhancements related artefacts would be based on: • Emerging promising concepts, which have the potential reach beyond current Internet core networking and servicing protocols, components, mechanisms and requirements. • Integration models enabling better incorporation and usage of the communication- centric, information-centric, resource-centric, content-centric, service/computation- centric, context-centric faces and internet of things-centric facets. 4 Part I: Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues • Structures and infrastructures for control, configuration, integration, composition, organisation and federation. • Unification and higher degree of integration of the communication, storage, con- tent and computation as the means of enabling change from capacity concerns to- wards increased and flexible capability with operation control. • Higher degree of virtualisation for all systems: applications, services, networks, storage, content, resources and smart objects. • Fusion of diverse design requirements, which include openness, economic viability, fairness, scalability, manageability, evolvability and programmability, autonomicity, mobility, ubiquitous access, usage, security including trust and privacy. The content of this area includes eight chapters covering some of the above architec- tural research in Future Internet. The “ Towards a Future Internet Architecture ” chapter identifies the fundamental limitations of Internet, which are not isolated but strongly dependent on each other. Increasing the bandwidth would significantly help to address or mitigate some of these problems, but would not solve their root cause. Other problems would neverthe- less remain unaddressed. The transmission can be improved by utilising better data processing & handling and better data storage, while the overall Internet performance would be significantly improved by control & self-* functions. As an overall result this chapter proposes the following: extensions, enhancements and re-engineering of today’s Internet protocols may solve several challenging limitations. Yet, addressing the fundamental limitations of the Internet architecture is a multi-dimensional prob- lem. Improvements in each dimension combined with a holistic approach of the prob- lem space are needed. The “ Towards In-Network Clouds in Future Internet ” chapter explores the archi- tectural co-existence of new and legacy services and networks, via virtualisation of connectivity and computation resources and self-management capabilities, by fully integrating networking with cloud computing in order to create In-Network Clouds. It also presents the designs and experiments with a number of In-Network Clouds plat- forms, which have the aim to create a flexible environment for autonomic deployment and management of virtual networks and services as experimented with and validated on large-scale testbeds. The “ Flat Architectures: Towards Scalable Future Internet Mobility ” chapter pro- vides a comprehensive overview and review of the scalability problems of mobile Internet nowadays and to show how the concept of flat and ultra flat architectures emerges due to its suitability and applicability for the future Internet. It also aims to introduce the basic ideas and the main paradigms behind the different flat networking approaches trying to cope with the continuously growing traffic demands. The analy- sis of these areas guides the readers from the basics of flat mobile Internet architec- tures to the paradigm’s complex feature set and power creating a novel Internet archi- tecture for future mobile communications. The “ Review and Designs of Federated Management in Future Internet Architec- tures ” chapter analyses issues about federated management targeting information sharing capabilities for heterogeneous infrastructure. An inter-operable, extensible, Part I: Future Internet Foundations: Architectural Issues 5 reusable and manageable new Internet reference model is critical for Future Internet realisation and deployment. The reference model must rely on the fact that high-level applications make use of diverse infrastructure representations and not use of re- sources directly. So when resources are not being required to support or deploy ser- vices they can be used in other tasks or services. As an implementation challenge for controlling and harmonising these entire resource management requirements, the federation paradigm emerges as a tentative approach and potentially optimal solution. This chapter provides, in a form of realistic implementations, research results and solutions addressing the rationale for federation, and all these activities are developed under the umbrella of the federated management work in the Future Internet. The “ An Architectural Blueprint for a Real-World Internet ” chapter reviews a num- ber of architectures developed in projects in the area of Real-World Internet (RWI), Internet of Things (IoT), and Internet Connected Objects. All of these systems are faced with very similar problems in their design with very limited interoperability among these systems. To address these issues and to speed up development and deployment while at the same time reduce development and maintenance costs, reference architec- tures are an appropriate tool. As reference architectures require agreement among all stakeholders, they are usually developed through an incremental process. This chapter presents the current status of the development of a reference architecture for the RWI as an architectural blueprint. The “ Towards a RESTful Architecture for Managing a Global Distributed Inter- linked Data-Content-Information Space ” chapter analyses the concept of “Content- Centric” architecture, lying between the Web of Documents and the generalized Web of Data, in which explicit data are embedded in structured documents enabling consis- tent support for the direct manipulation of information fragments. It presents the In- terDataNet (IDN) infrastructure technology designed to allow the RESTful manage- ment of interlinked information resources structured around documents. IDN deals with globally identified, addressable and reusable information fragments; it adopts an URI-based addressing scheme; it provides a simple, uniform Web-based interface to distributed heterogeneous information management; it endows information fragments with collaboration-oriented properties, namely: privacy, licensing, security, prove- nance, consistency, versioning and availability; it glues together reusable information fragments into meaningful structured and integrated documents without the need of a predefined schema. The “ A Cognitive Future Internet Architecture ” chapter proposes a novel Cognitive Framework as a reference architecture for the Future Internet (FI), which is based on so-called Cognitive Managers. The objective of the proposed architecture is twofold. On one hand, it aims at achieving a full interoperation among the different entities constituting the ICT environment, by means of the introduction of Semantic Virtual- ization Enablers. On the other hand, it aims at achieving an internetwork and inter- layer cross-optimization by means of a set of Cognitive Enablers, which are in charge of taking consistent and coordinated decisions according to a fully cognitive approach, availing of information coming from both the transport and the service/content layers of all networks. Preliminary test studies, realized in a home environment, confirm the potentialities of the proposed solution.