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Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater For Decision Makers and Practicing Engineers Menahem Libhaber and Álvaro Orozco-Jaramillo Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater For Decision Makers and Practicing Engineers Menahem Libhaber and Álvaro Orozco-Jaramillo Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Published by IWA Publishing Alliance House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, UK Telephone: + 44 (0)20 7654 5500 Fax: + 44 (0)20 7654 5555 Email: publications@iwap.co.uk Web: www.iwapublishing.com First published 2012 © 2012 IWA Publishing Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA Publishing at the address printed above. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made. Disclaimer The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Author will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 9781780400167 (Hardback) ISBN 9781780400631 (eBook) Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Contents About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Dedication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii Part 1: Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Chapter 1 Appropriate technologies for treatment of municipal wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.1 Wastewater treatment issues in developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.1.2 Effluent quality standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.2 Wastewater Treatment Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.2 Key pollutants in municipal wastewater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2.3 Treatment processes and sequencing of treatment units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 The Appropriate Technology Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.4 Sustainability Aspects of Appropriate Technology Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.5 Proposed Strategy for Wastewater Management in Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.5.1 The government ’ s perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.5.2 The utility ’ s perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.5.3 The strategy pillars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.6 Anaerobic and Aerobic Processes of Decomposition of Organic Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.7 Unit Processes of Appropriate Technology for Treatment of Municipal Wastewater . . . 25 1.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user 1.7.2 Main unit processes of appropriate technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.7.3 Additional unit processes of appropriate technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 1.8 Commonly Used Combined Unit Processes of Appropriate Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 1.8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 1.8.2 A series of conventional stabilization lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 1.8.3 A series of improved stabilization lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1.8.4 UASB followed by facultative lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 1.8.5 UASB followed by anaerobic filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 1.8.6 UASB followed by dissolved air flotation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 1.8.7 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) followed by Sand Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 1.8.8 Pre-treatment of various types followed by a stabilization reservoir (Wastewater reuse for irrigation, the stabilization reservoirs concept) . . . . . . 106 1.8.9 UASB followed by anaerobic filter followed by dissolved air flotation followed by membrane filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 1.9 Additional Potential Combined Processes of Appropriate Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 1.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 1.9.2 Additional potential combined processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 1.10 The Effect of Temperature on Wastewater Treatment and Classification of Appropriate Technology Processes According to their Adequacy for Different Temperature Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 1.10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 1.10.2 Appropriate technology processes adequate for zones with seasons of very low temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 1.10.3 Appropriate technology processes adequate for zones with seasons of medium low temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 1.10.4 Appropriate technology processes adequate for zones with seasons of mild low temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 1.11 Processes Adequate for Projects in Which the Land Area Available for Wastewater Treatment is Limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 1.11.1 The size of land area occupied by various appropriate technology based wastewater treatment plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 1.11.2 Processes which occupy small land areas and are adequate for cases in which the land available for wastewater treatment is limited . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 1.12 Removal of Pathogens, Phosphorous and Nitrogen in Appropriate Technology Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 1.12.1 Removal of pathogenic organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 1.12.2 Removal of phosphorous and nitrogen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 1.13 Recovery of Resources from Municipal Wastewater, the Potential tor Generation of Energy in Wastewater Treatment Plants and its Implications Regarding the Sustainability of their Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 1.13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 1.13.2 Effluents as a water source for irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 1.13.3 Effluents as a source of fertilizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 1.13.4 Wastewater as a source of energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 1.13.5 Wastewater treatment for reducing green house gases emission . . . . . . . . . 173 Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater vi Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user 1.13.6 Contribution of resources generation to sustainability and improved management of utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 1.13.7 Example of recovery of the resources contained in wastewater . . . . . . . . . . 174 1.14 Appropriate Technology Treatment Processes Classified According to Their Adequacy for Use in Various Categories of Size of Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 1.15 Performance and Costs of Appropriate Technology Treatment Processes in Relation to Activated Sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 1.16 Selection of the Adequate Treatment Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 1.17 Sewerage Networks, the Condominial Sewerage Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 1.18 Wastewater Treatment in the Context of Global Water Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 1.18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 1.18.2 The global water crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 1.18.3 The main water consumers and the potential for water savings by consumer category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 1.18.4 Reasons for the water crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 1.18.5 Water and climate change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 1.18.6 The situation of the poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 1.18.7 Water as a human right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 1.18.8 Proposed strategy options to alleviate the water crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 1.18.9 The water crises implications on wastewater treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 1.19 The Processes for Which Design Procedures are Presented in the Following Chapters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Part 2: Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Chapter 2 Decomposition processes of organic matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 2.2 The Bioconversion Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 2.2.1 Aerobic conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 2.2.2 Anaerobic conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 2.3 Bacterial Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 2.4 Aerobic Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 2.5 Anaerobic Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 2.6 Differences Between Aerobic and Anaerobic Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 2.7 Kinetics and Stoichiometry of Carbonaceous BOD Decomposition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Chapter 3 Calculation of the wastewater flow and BOD load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 3.1 Design Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 3.2 BOD Design Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 3.3 Sample Calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 3.3.1 Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 Contents vii Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Chapter 4 Rotating Micro Screens (RMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 4.1 Process Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 4.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 4.1.2 Process basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 4.1.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 4.2 Basic Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 4.2.1 General design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 4.2.2 Orderly design method (ODM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 4.3 Basic Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Chapter 5 Treatment in stabilization lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 5.1 Process Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 5.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 5.1.2 Basics of the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 5.1.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 5.2 Basic Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 5.2.1 General design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 5.2.2 Orderly design method – ODM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 5.3 Basic Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 Chapter 6 Anaerobic treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.1 Process Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 6.1.2 Basics of the processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 6.1.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 6.2 Basic Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 6.2.1 General design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312 6.2.2 Orderly design method, ODM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 6.3 Basic Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Chapter 7 Stabilization reservoirs, concepts and application for effluent reuse in irrigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 7.1 Process Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 7.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 7.1.2 Basics of the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 7.1.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352 7.2 Basic Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater viii Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user 7.2.1 General design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353 7.2.2 Orderly Design Method, ODM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354 7.3 Basic Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 Chapter 8 Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SSFCW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 8.1 Process Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 8.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383 8.1.2 Basics of the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385 8.1.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 8.2 Basic Design Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 8.2.1 General design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 8.2.2 Orderly Design Method, ODM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390 8.3 Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396 Chapter 9 Chemically Enhanced Primary Treatment (CEPT) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 9.1 Process Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 9.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 407 9.1.2 Basics of the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 9.1.3 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 9.2 Basic Design Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 9.2.1 General design considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 421 9.2.2 Orderly design method, ODM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422 9.3 Basic Design Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 424 Chapter 10 Complementary processes to combine with appropriate technology processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433 10.2 Sand Filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 10.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 434 10.2.2 Basics of the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437 10.2.3 Basic design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 10.3 Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 10.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445 10.3.2 Basics of the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446 10.3.3 Basic design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 10.4 UV Disinfection (By Ultraviolet Rays) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 10.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 Contents ix Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user 10.4.2 Basics of the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 10.4.3 Basic design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453 10.5 Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 10.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 10.5.2 Basics of the process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 10.5.3 Basic design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Chapter 11 Combinations of unit processes of appropriate technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 11.2 Combination 1: Rotating Micro Screens Followed by UASB Followed by Facultative Lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 11.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467 11.2.2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 11.2.3 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 11.3 Combination 2: Rotating Micro Screens Followed by UASB Followed by Anaerobic Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 11.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475 11.3.2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 11.3.3 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 11.4 Combination 3: Rotating Micro Screens Followed by UASB Followed by Sand Filtration Followed by UV Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 11.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 11.4.2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 11.4.3 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479 11.5 Combination 4: Rotating Micro Screens Followed by CEPT Followed by Sand Filtration Followed by UV Disinfection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 11.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 11.5.2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 11.5.3 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 11.6 Combination 5: Rotating Micro Screens Followed by UASB Followed by Anaerobic Filter Followed by DAF Followed by Membrane Filtration (Micro Filtration and if Necessary Ultra Filtration) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 11.6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 11.6.2 Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 11.6.3 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Chapter 12 Global warming and wastewater treatment impact on climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 12.1 Global Warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 12.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492 12.1.2 Earth ’ s temperature and warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495 12.1.3 CO 2 emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater x Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user 12.1.4 GCM: global climate models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502 12.1.5 The data of vostok and other analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 12.1.6 The Kyoto Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 12.1.7 IPPC proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 508 12.1.8 Geoengineering proposals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511 12.1.9 Final reflections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 12.2 Wastewater Treatment Impact on Climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 12.2.1 Emission factors (EF) of green house gases in wastewater treatment systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516 12.2.2 Methodologies of quantification of green house gases in wastewater treatment systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 519 12.2.3 The impact of wastewater on global warming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520 12.3 Clean Development Mechanisms (CDM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 12.3.1 The kyoto protocol and the CDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523 12.3.2 Requirements of the CDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524 12.3.3 A CDM case study: Santa Cruz, Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Contents xi Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user About the Authors Menahem Libhaber, PhD, Consulting Engineer . Dr. Libhaber received an MSc in Chemical Engineering and a PhD in Water Resources and Environmental Engineering from the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Prior to joining the World Bank in 1991, he worked for 18 years for the consulting firm Tahal Consulting Engineers as a water and sanitation engineer in Israel and many other countries including Brazil, Costa Rica, Peru, El Salvador, Chile, Mexico, Honduras, Turkey, Spain, Yugoslavia, and Nigeria. He served for three years as a consultant to UNEP - United Nations Environmental Program, the Mediterranean Action Plan. He joined the World Bank in 1991 as a Lead Water and Sanitation Engineer in the Latin America Region. He has served as task manager of water and sewerage projects in Colombia, Bolivia, Argentina, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. He has also worked on other projects in Brazil, Paraguay, St. Lucia, Guyana, Venezuela, Jamaica, Honduras, Panama, Haiti, India, and China. Many of these projects involved design and construction of wastewater treatment plants. Dr. Libhaber is Coauthor of the Book “ Marine Wastewater Outfalls and Treatment Systems ” (2010). He also published numerous articles and reports and delivered numerous presentations in international conferences and seminars. Dr. Libhaber retired from the World Bank in July 2009. He is presently a private consulting engineer to the World Bank and other institutions. E-mail: mlibhaber@gmail.com Alvaro Orozco-Jaramillo, MSc, Consulting Engineer . Civil Engineer of the School of Mining, National University of Colombia (1971) and MSc in Sanitary Engineering of the Pennsylvania State University (1976). Worked in the fields of environmental engineering, water treatment, solid wastes management and global warming. Winner of the Award Diódoro Sánchez of the Colombian Society of Engineers in 1986 and Mention of Honor of the same award in 1981. Was also granted the Merit Award “ World Water Year ” in 2003 from the Commission of Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Sanitary Engineering of the Colombian Society of Engineers, Category Academic-Investigator. Works as an International Consultant for the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, Biwater and other institutions in various countries, including Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Bolivia, Central America, the Caribbean, Peru and Colombia. Was a professor in the Los Andes University in Bogota, Colombia, for 20 years and in the University of Antioquia, Colombia, in various opportunities. Author of the Textooks “ Bioingeniería de Aguas Residuales ” (2005) (Wastewater Bioengineering), “ Desechos Sólidos ” (1980) (Solid Wastes) and Coauthor of the book “ Tratamiento Biológico de las Aguas Residuales ” (1985) (Biological Wastewater Treatment). Also published numerous articles and delivered international presentations in conferences and seminars. E-mail: alvaro.orozco.jaramillo@hotmail.com Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater xiv Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Acknowledgements Many people contributed to the writing of this book. The authors are particularly indebted to SAGUAPAC, the outstanding water and sanitation utility of the city of Santa Cruz, Bolivia, especially to its Senior Mangers, the General Manager Fernando Ibanez Cuellar and the Director of Projects and Works Fernando Yavari Mendez, as well as to the Engineers Tito Calvimonte and Fernando Trigo for involving the authors in selecting the processes of upgrading the wastewater treatment plants of the city, for authorizing the publication of performance data of these treatment plants and for supplying and authorizing the publication of photographs and illustrations of the treatment plants. The authors are grateful to Klaus Dieter Neder, Adviser to the President of CAESB, the water and sanitation utility of the city of Brasilia, Brazil, for his support, important advice, hospitality in presenting the wastewater treatment plants of Brasilia during the authors ’ visit to the city and for authorizing the publication of photographs of these treatment plants. Similarly, the authors are grateful to Cleverson Vitorio Andreoli, Research Engineer in SANEPAR, the water and sanitation utility of the State of Parana, Brazil, and Professor in the Federal University of Parana, for his hospitality in presenting the wastewater treatment plants of SANEPAR during the authors ’ visit in the State of Parana. Thanks are due to Yechiel Menuchin, CEO of Environmental Protection Technologies for his advice and ideas, to Cicero Onofre de Andrade Neto, Professor at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil, for his contribution on Anaerobic Filters and to Marcio Schittini and Luiz Pereira, of ACESA Bioengeneria in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for their advice and contribution on utilization of biogas for generation of energy. The authors are grateful to Albert Gordon, President of the National Water Commission (NWC) of Jamaica, and to Vernon Barrett, Vice-president of NWC, for providing information on the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Kingston, Jamaica, and authorizing the publication of this information. Several colleagues contributed, each in his own way, to the writing of this book. They include, among others: Haim Weinberg, Fernando Troyano, Miguel Vargas-Ramirez, Luz Maria Gonzalez, David Sislen, Franz Drees-Gross, Paula Dias Pini and Renan Alberto Poveda. Thanks are due to each of them. The Authors are thankful to Marcelo Juanico, CEO of Environmental Consultants Ltd. for authorizing the publication of illustrations from his articles and book. In addition, one of the Authors (Orozco) extends his thanks to the School of Mining ’ s former Professor Alvaro Pérez Arango, who was the first person to teach Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user him the importance of developing a design algorithm or Orderly Design Method based on process fundamentals, and not on trial and error methods so common in engineering design. The Authors are thankful and acknowledge the contribution and authorization of Huber Technology and its CEO, George Huber, to publish photographs and illustrations of its products, especially related to equipment of Rotating Micro Screens, and the contribution and authorization of Gurney Environmental and its CEO, John Gillett, to publish photographs and illustrations of the products of this company, especially mixers for lagoons. Sustainable Treatment and Reuse of Municipal Wastewater xvi Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Dedication This book is dedicated to: – The memory of my beloved parents Shifra and Jacob Libhaber – My son Barak Libhaber – My sister Klara Glesinger, her husband David and her Children Ronen, Iris and Merav – Paula Dias Pini – And to the memory of my dear friend, mentor and teacher Dr. Emanuel Idelvitch, who was taken from us before his time Menahem Libhaber – To my loving wife, Beatriz Munera, for a life of companionship and patience – My daughters Lina and Fernanda and her husband, Rainer Viertel – Last but not least, to my adored grandsons Friedrich and Martin Viertel-Orozco Alvaro Orozco-Jaramillo Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/613435/wio9781780400631.pdf by IWA Publishing user Preface The uncontrolled disposal to the environment of municipal, industrial and agricultural liquid, solid and gaseous wastes constitutes one of the most serious threats to the sustainability of the human race by contaminating water sources, land and air, and by its potential contribution to global warming. With increasing population and economic growth, treatment and safe disposal of wastewater is essential to preserve public health and reduce intolerable levels of env