g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf -b:tfa]h_ g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf \ g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{ OlGb/f k|;fO{ k|sfzs M gO Ps]8]dL gO6f]n— &, 36\6]s'nf], cgfdgu/ kf]:6aS; M !!$$!, sf7df8fð -g]kfn_ 6]lnkmf]g M $&&!$%% df]afOn M (*%!)!^*((, (*$!@@$%(# Email : nai.com.np@gmail.com website : nai.com.np efiff;+zf]ws M njk|;fb e08f/L cIf/;fws M cfo'idfg zfSo cfj/0f ;Hhf M /d]z kf}8]n k|yd ;+:s/0f M @)*@ ;fn d'b|s M ;xf/f lk|G6 sg]S;g, l8NnLahf/, df]afOn M (*%!)&$!## gO s[ltdfnf M !() df]n M b'O{ xhf/ ?lkofF © ;'/lIft, @)*@ (2026) ISBN:978-9937-786- 25 - 6 The Role of Universities in Nepal and India in the Development of the Nepali Language and Literature Edited by Narendra Raj Prasai and Indira Prasai g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf • 5 5 5 5 5 k|sfzsLo g]kfnL jfª\dosf] >Lj[l4sf nflu @)%@ ;fn df3 !% ut] gO k|sfzg cyf{t\ gO Ps]8]dLsf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . ;|i6fåo g/]G›/fh k|;fO{ / OlGb/f k|;fO{sf] gfpFsf cufl8sf cIf/ hf]8]/ ...gO Ps]8]dLÚgfds ;flxlTos, ;f+:s[lts / ;fdflhs ;+:yfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . of] ;+:yf g]kfnL jfª\dok|]dLx¿sf] ;f ́f rf}tf/L klg xf] . ...j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\Úsf] cfbz{df cfa4 gO Ps]8]dL gfkmfljxLg u}//fhgLlts ;fdflhs ;+:yf xf] . gO Ps]8]dLn]] ;f+:s[lts d"No, dfGotf / wf/0ffnfO{ lz/f]k/ ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . b]zb]zfGt/sf k|ltefsf] vf]hL ug'{, clen]v /fVg' / ;Ddfg ug{' o; ;+:yfsf] csf]{ k|d'v p2]Zo /x]sf] 5 . gO Ps]8]dLaf6 k|fl1s dxŒjsf ljleGg sfo{x¿ x'Fb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL efiff;flxTo, snf, ;+:s[lt, 1fglj1fg, ;dfh;]jf, v]ns'bnufot ljljw If]qsf k|ltefsf] pRr d"Nofª\sg ub}{ pgLx¿sf] cr{gf ug{ of] ;+:yf ;b}j cu|;/ 5 . gO Ps]8]dLsf] of]ubfgnfO{ d"Nofª\sg u/]/ g]kfn ;/sf/n] gO k|sfzgsf] nf]uf] cª\lst b; ?lkofFsf] x'nfs l6s6 / g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\sn] Ps ;o ?lkofFsf] l;Ssf k|sfzgdf NofP/ gOsf]] pRr sb/ ul/lbPsf]df xfdL yk k|f]T;flxt ePsf 5fð . g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\saf6 g]kfnL ;flxlTos ;+:yfsf gfpFdf l;Ssf 6sd/L ePsf] of] g} klxnf] cj;/ ePsfn] xfdLnfO{ c¿ uf}/j nfu]sf] 5 . gO Ps]8]dLsf ljljw of]hgfd'tflas ...g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsfÚgfds k|:t't s[lt k|sfzgdf cfPsf] xf] . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf; / lj:tf/af/] cWoog x'g afFsL kIfx¿ k|z:t 5g\ . tLdWo]sf] Pp6f uDeL/ cg';Gw]o ljifo ljZjljBfnosf pRrlzIffdf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf] Oltxf; klg xf] . g]kfnL efiffsf] pTklQ / ljsf;sf sltko k|;ª\u klg clg0fL{t g} lyP . oLaf/] uxg cWoog x'g' cfjZos lyof] / To;}sf] kl/k"lt{sf lglDt gO Ps]8]dLn] ...g]kfn ef/t ljZjljBfno k|fWofks ;Dd]ngÚ ug{'k/]sf] xf] . x'g t o:tf] a[xt\ sfo{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno of g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgn] ug{'kg{] lyof], t/ Totfk6\l6af6 o; k|s[ltsf] sfd ;Dej x'g ;s]g . t;y{ gO Ps]8]dLn] o; ljifodf cfˆgf] sfFw yfKg' g}lts st{Jo 7fg]sf] 6 6 6 6 6 • g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf xf] . To;}n] ;Lldt ;|f]t / ;fwg eP klg o; sfo{nfO{ ;fsf/ kfg{ xfdL cl3 ;/]sf xf}F . o;}df ;dlk{t eP/ cl3 ;bf{ ...g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsfÚgfds k|:t't u|Gy g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljZjljBfnoLo k7gkf7gsf Oltxf;sf] dxŒjk"0f{ b:tfa]h aGg ;s]sf] xf] . gO Ps]8]dLn] dxf;dfnf]rs k|f=8f=jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] k|fl1s g]t[Tjdf tLglbg] ...g]kfn ef/t ljZjljBfno k|fWofks ;Dd]ngÚsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] xf] . o; dxfg\ sfo{sf] dfu{bz{ssf] kfZj{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ k|f=lqkf7Lsf] k|fl1s of]ubfg o; ;Dd]ngsf nflu :jl0f{d ag]sf] 5 . clg o; ;Dd]ngsf] kl/sNkgfsf ;Gbe{df sLlt{z]if k|f=/fh]Gb| ;'j]bLsf] klg ljz]if e"ldsf lyof] . ...g]kfn ef/t ljZjljBfno k|fWofks ;Dd]ngÚh:tf] ljz]if ;Dd]ngnfO{ o; prfOdf Nofpg ;Dd]ngsf ;+of]hs k|f=8f=dxfb]j cj:yLsf] ljlzi6 of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . ;fy} k|f=s]zj ;'j]bL / k|f=8f=sljtf nfdfsf] ;Nnfx, ;' ́fj / ;xof]usf sf/0f o; ;Dd]ngnfO{ o; k|sf/sf] prfOdf k'¥ofpg ;lsPsf] xf] eGg] xfd|f] ljZjf; 5 . ...g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsfÚgfds u|Gysf nflu :jgfdwGo k|f1x¿af6 cfcfˆgf ljZjljBfno;Fu ;Da4 ax'd"No b:tfa]hx¿ o; ;ª\u|xdf ;dfj]z ug{ kfPsf]df gO wGo ePsf] 5 . @)&@ ;fncl3b]lv cf/De ePsf] o; sfo{nfO{ ljljw Jojwfgsf sf/0f k/k/ ;fb}{ hfFbf b; jif{ nfUg k'Uof] . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg ;DalGwt k|f1x¿af6 ;s];Dd cBfjlws ePkl5 dfq oL b:tfa]h o; u|Gydf k|sfzgdf cfPsf x'g\ . o;sf nflu klg ;a} ljåfg\ljb'ifLk|lt gO Ps]8]dL k'gM cfef/ k|s6 ub{5 . gO Ps]8]dLsf] kl/sNkgf / Joj:yfkgdf ...g]kfn ef/t ljZjljBfno k|fWofks ;Dd]ngÚsf] cfof]hgf ePsf] xf] . o;sf cltl/St g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{ tyf OlGb/f k|;fO{s} ;Dkfbgdf ...g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsfÚgfds k|:t't u|Gy;d]t k|sfzgdf cfPsf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf gfds s[lt k|sfzg ug{ kfpg' gO Ps]8]dLsf nflu Pp6f ljz]if uf}/jsf] cj;/ ePsf] 5 . • gO Ps]8]dL ljifo;"rL • ;DkfbsLo g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ¿k/]vf • ( != k|f=8f=Clif/fd zdf{ • !% g]kfnL efiff lzIff kf7Øqmdsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;qmd @= k|f=8f=slknb]j nfld5fg] • #^ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, dfgljsL ;ª\sfodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gsf] 9fFrf #= k|f=8f=sljtf nfdf • &) l;lSsd ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7g / cg';Gwfg $= k|f=s]zj ;'j]bL • (& lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL :gftsf]Q/ tx k7gkf7gsf] k[i7e"ld %= k|f=8f=s[i0f/fh 3tfgL • !@) ef/tLo ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cWoog / cg';Gwfg ^= k|f=v]d/fh hf]zL • !$@ ;'b"/klZrd ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] lzIf0f / cg';Gwfg &= k|f=8f=rqmkfl0f vgfn • !^$ k"jf{~rn ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTo *= k|f=8f=r"8fdl0f aGw' • !&# g]kfnL nf]s;flxTosf] ;+j4{gdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] of]ubfg (= k|f=8f=hª\ua rf}xfg • !(% sf7df8fð ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7g !)= 8f=6]saxfb'/ 5]qL • @!* s~rghª\3f /fHo ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] lzIff tyf zf]wsf] ;Defjgf !!= k|f=8f=tf/fsfGt kf08]o • @#$ g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cg';Gwfgdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf !@= k|f=8f=bof/fd >]i7 • @$& g]kfnL ;flxTosf] cg';Gwfgdf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] of]ubfg !#= k|f=8f=lbjfs/ k|wfg • @%@ ef/tdf ljZjljBfno;Dd g]kfnL efiff lzIff !$= 8f=b}jsLb]jL ltlD;gf • @^! g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] lj:tf/df pQ/ k"jf{~rn ef/tsf kfFr ljZjljBfnox¿sf] e"ldsf !%= k|f=8f=k'ik zdf{ • #)$ g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7g / cg';Gwfgdf pQ/ aª\u ljZjljBfnosf] b]g !^= k|f=8f=e/ts'df/ e66\/fO{ • ##^ g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] pknlAw !&= 8f=/hgL sfˆn] 9sfn • #&@ g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gdf g]kfnL s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] e"ldsf !*= 8f=/fhs'df/ IfqL • #*& bflh{lnª ljZjljBfno / bflh{lnªdf g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf; !(= k|f=8f=nId0fk|;fb uf}td • $)) g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cWoogcWofkgdf ;Dk"0ff{gGb ;+:s[t ljZjljBfno, jf/f0f;L / l;4fy{ ljZjljBfnosf] of]ubfg @)= k|f=8f=n]vk|;fb lg/f}nf • $!# g]kfn ;+:s[t ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7g tyf cg';Gwfg k/Dk/f @!= dxf;dfnf]rs k|f=8f=jf;'b]j lqkf7L • $%^ g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] pRrlzIffsf] ljsf;sf] kl/;Gbe{ @@= k|f=lzjuf]kfn l/;fn • &%% lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf :gftsf]Q/ tx g]kfnL cWoog / cWofkg @#= k|f=8f=;~ho /fO{{ tyf 8f=c?0ff /fO{{ • &^( ef/tsf] klZrdL If]qdf g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIf0f Joj:yf / l:ylt M ;Gbe{ agf/; @$= 8f=;fwgf kGt ...k|tLIff’ • &*@ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL ljifosf] ljBfjfl/lw / bz{gfrfo{ sfo{qmd @%= 8f=xs{axfb'/ zfxL • *)( dWoklZrdf~rn ljZjljBfnodf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] lzIf0f • ;dLIff M k|f=8f=dxfb]j cj:yL g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf of]ubfgsf] ;dLIff • *#( g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf • 9 9 9 9 9 ;DkfbsLo o'uk'?if >L % dx]Gb|sf] b"/bzL{tfk"0f{ /fli6«o b[li6sf]0fsf kl/0ffd:j¿kaf6 @)!$ ;fndf /f]on g]kfn Ps]8]dL cyf{t\ g]kfn /fhsLo k|1fk|lti7fg / @)!^ ;fndf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . :yfkgfsfnb]lv g} oL b'j} ;+:yfn] g]kfnsf ljljw efiffsf ;fy} g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff g]kfnL efiffnfO{ cfcfˆgf lz/df af]St} cfPsf 5g\ . ;fy} oL ;+:yfn] g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cWoogcWofkg, cg';Gwfg / ;[hgfTds ;+j4{gdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpFb} cfPsf 5g\ . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cWoogcWofkgsf] z[ª\vnf g]kfndf dfq xf]Og g]kfnaflx/ ljz]iftM ef/tsf ljleGg ljZjljBfnodf ;d]t lbgfg'lbg lj:tfl/t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;afx]s l5d]sL ldq/fi6« rLg, ;+o'St clw/fHo a]nfot tyf cd]l/sfsf sltko pRrlzIff ;+:yfx¿df klg g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cg';Gwfgsf] z[ª\vnf lj:tfl/t x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;/L b]zleq / b]zaflx/;d]t g]kfnL efiff;flxTo pRrlzIff / cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo aGb} hfg' g]kfn / g]kfnL hfltsf lglDt uf}/jsf] ljifo xf] . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gsf] ljut Oltxf;tk{m kms]{/ x]bf{ o; k/Dk/fn] Ps ztfAbL nfdf] ;dofjlw kf/ ul/;s]sf] 5 . !(&% ;fndf lqrGb| sn]hsf] :yfkgf;Fu} pRr lzIffdf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gsf] k|fylds z[ª\vnf ;'? ePsf] lyof] eg] To;sf] k'ugk'u rf/ bzskl5 :jb]zd} lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf;Fu} g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] :gftsf]Q/:t/Lo k7gkf7gsf] k/Dk/f k|f/De ePsf] lyof] . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gsf] ;an k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ug{df slj /fhf >L % dx]Gb|sf] /fi6«jfbL b[li6sf]0f Pjd\ efg'eSt cfrfo{, df]tL/fd e6\6, n]vgfy kf}8Øfn, afns[i0f ;d, nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6f, l;l4r/0f >]i7, ejfgL leIf', ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf, ;"wkf, dxfgGb ;fksf]6f, dfwj l3ld/], ;Todf]xg hf]zL, hgsljs]z/L wd{/fh yfkf, uf]kfnk|;fb l/dfn, O{Zj/ a/fn, df]xg sf]O/fnf, OGb|axfb'/ /fO{, O{Zj/jNne, uf]ljGb dNn uf]7fn], ljho dNn, afns[i0f kf]v/]n, tf/fgfy zdf{, zª\s/ nfld5fg], kfl/hft, jfgL/f lu/L, xl/eSt s6'jfnnufotsf cg]sfð k|ftM:d/0fLo ;|i6fx¿sf ;[hgfTds of]ubfgaf6 lgld{t ;d[4 ;[hgfTds k/Dk/f / ltgsf pknlAwsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] z[ª\vnf lgdf{0f / lj:tf/ x'Fb} cfPsf] xf] . o;/L g]kfnleq / g]kfnaflx/sf g]kfnL hflt / g]kfnL efiffnfO{ Åbob]lv dfof ug]{ :jgfdwGo cg]s ;|i6fx¿sf] efiff;flxTok|ltsf] cljrlnt 10 10 10 10 10 • g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf lgi7f / ;b\efjs} sf/0f g]kfnL efiff;flxTo k7gkf7g / cg';Gwfgsf lglDt k|fl1s cf/fwgfsf] dxŒjk"0f{ ljifo aGb} cfPsf] xf] . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfsfnb]lv cfhsf lbg;Dd cfOk'Ubf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gsf] ;d[4 k/Dk/fsf] lgdf{0f t eof] t/ To;sf] Oltxf; s] s:tf] 5 / ljz]iftM g]kfn tyf ef/tdf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7g / cg';Gwfgsf ultljlw s] s:tf 5g\ eGg] ljifodf xfn;Dd lqe'jg ljZjljBfno jf g]kfn k|1fk|lti7fgaf6 ;d]t vf]hLlgtL ug]{ k|fylds k|of; klg x'g ;s]sf] lyPg . o; l:yltdf gO Ps]8]dLsf] cu|;/tfdf g]kfn / ef/tsf ljZjljBfnox¿df g]kfnL ljifosf] k7gkf7gdf ;+nUg k|fWofksx¿sf] ;Dd]ng cfof]hgfsf ;fy} ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuLx¿;dIf k|:t't ug]{ p2]Zon] ...g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsfÚgfds k|:t't u|Gy tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] . g]kfn / ef/tsf ljZjljBfnox¿df g]kfnL ljifosf] k|fWofkg / cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;+nUg ;fwsx¿af6 g]kfnL ljifosf] k7gkf7gsf] Oltxf;, ltgsf kf7Øqmd tyf cg';Gwfgsf] cBfjlws Oltj[Q ;d]l6Psf] k|:t't u|Gy g]kfn / ef/tsf ljZjljBfnox¿sf lglDt dxŒjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s b:tfa]h aGg] g} 5 . o; dxŒjk"0f{ sfo{sf lglDt cfcfˆgf k|fl1s of]ubfg, ;fwgf / lgi7f ;dk{0f ug]{ ;a} n]vsx¿k|lt xfdL pRr ;Ddfg k|s6 ub{5fð . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gsf] Oltxf; lgdf{0f ug{df oxfFx¿n] k'¥ofpg'ePsf] of]ubfgnfO{ g]kfnL k|fl1s hut\n] lr/sfn;Dd cfb/k"j{s ;D ́gf ul//xg]5 eGg];d]t xfdLn] ljZjf; lnPsf 5fð . ...g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnox¿sf] e"ldsfÚgfds o; u|Gydf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7g / cg';Gwfgsf] gofF cWofo k|f/De ug]{ dxf;dfnf]rs k|f=8f=jf;'b]j lqkf7L, lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf;Fu} g]kfnL ljifosf] :gftsf]Q/:t/Lo k7gkf7gsf] yfngL ug{ u/fpgdf / g]kfnL sfJo;flxTosf] cf/fwgfdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg lbg] k|f=lzjuf]kfn l/;fn, g]kfnL efiff, nf]s;flxTo / afn;flxTosf] k7gkf7g / cg';Gwfgsf] hu a;fNg] k|f=8f=r"8fdl0f aGw', g]kfnL syf;dfnf]rgfsf] gofF o'u k|f/De ugf{sf ;Fu} g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cg';Gwfg bz{g lgdf{0fdf cfˆgf] hLjg ;dlk{t ug]{ k|f=8f=bof/fd >]i7 Pjd\ pxfFx¿sf ;'of]Uo lziox¿ / g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gdf lgi7fk"j{s ;dlk{t Pjd\ k|ltli7t k|fWofks k|f1x¿af6 ;Da4 ljifodf cfcfˆgf k|fl1s ;fwgf / s7f]/ kl/>daf6 tof/ kfl/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ca o;af6 g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnox¿df xfn;Dd x'Fb} cfPsf] g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7g / cg';Gwfgsf] Oltxf; lnlka4 ug]{ gOsf] ;ª\sNkn] d"t{ ¿k k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . o;/L xfd|f] ;kgf / efiff;flxTo;]jfsf] cf/fwgfnfO{ d"t{ ¿k k|bfg ug{ oxfFx¿n] lgi7fk"j{s k"/f ug'{ePsf] k|fl1s pQ/bfloTjnfO{ eljiosf] k':tfn] ;wð >4fk"j{s ;D ́gf / ;Ddfg ul//xg]5 . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf • 11 11 11 11 11 gO Ps]8]dLn] ...g]kfn ef/t ljZjljBfno k|fWofks ;Dd]ngÚsf] cfof]hgf;DaGwL vfsf @)&) ;fncl3 g} sf]/]sf] lyof] . ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgfsf] tof/L eg] @)&@ ;fnlt/} yflnPsf] xf] . Tolt a]nf gOnfO{ dg, jrg / sd{n] ;fy lbg] k|f=/fh]Gb| ;'j]bL lyP . sf]/f]gfsf sf/0f pgsf] c;fdlos b]xfj;fg eof] . @)&) ;fnkl5sf lbgx¿df g]kfnn] a]xf]g{'k/]sf ljljw k|fs[lts ljklQsf ;fy} b]zleqsf] t/n /fhgLlts cj:yfsf sf/0f k|yd ...cGt/f{li6«o g]kfnL efiff;flxTo ;Dd]ng -@)^^_Ú / ...ljZj gf/L g]kfnL ;flxTo ;Dd]ng -@)&!_Ú ́}F o; ;Dd]ngnfO{ rflxF g]kfn ;/sf/sf] b[li6df hf]8\g ;lsPg . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg of] of]hgf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf nflu ;~hLjgLt'No /x]sfn] b; jif{cl3 u/]sf] jfrfnfO{ k"0f{ ug{ xfdL dg, jrg / sd{n] cl3 ;/]sf xf}F . gO Ps]8]dLn] dxf;dfnf]rs k|f=8f=jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] ;jf]{Rr k|fl1s g]t[Tjdf tLglbg] ...g]kfn ef/t ljZjljBfno k|fWofks ;Dd]ngÚ cfof]hgf u/]sf] xf] . dxfslj nIdLk|;fb b]jsf]6fkl5sf ;a}eGbf alnof, :yflkt / prfO k|fKt u/]sf ;|i6f 8f=lqkf7Lsf] dfu{bz{g ;b\efjgf / k/fdz{sf sf/0f o; ;Dd]ngnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg xfdLnfO{ an k|fKt ePsf] xf] . ...g]kfn ef/t ljZjljBfno k|fWofks ;Dd]ngÚsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ lg0f{o ePkl5 o;sf] ;+of]hg ug]{ bfloTj k|f=8f=dxfb]j cj:yLnfO{ ;'lDkPsf] lyof] . To;kl5 8f=cj:yLn] o; ;Dd]ngsf nflu cxf]/fq ;dlk{t eP/ cfˆgf] of]ubfg ck{0f u/]sf 5g\ . k|f=s]zj ;'j]bLsf] ;xof]u / ;' ́fj ;Dd]ngsf nflu Pp6f alnof] sf/s ePsf] 5 . To;} u/L k|f=8f=sljtf nfdfsf] kx'Fr, d2t / ;Nnfx klg xfd|f nflu pRr:t/df ufFl;Psf] a]xf]/f x'Fb} xf] . o; dxfg\ sfo{sf] ;3fpk3fpsf nflu k|f=8f=Clif/fd zdf{sf] e"ldsf klg lal;{g;Sg's} 5 . cGttM ...g]kfn ef/t ljZjljBfno k|fWofks ;Dd]ngÚsf ;+of]hs k|f=8f=dxfb]j cj:yLn] o; ;Dd]ngnfO{ ;fy{s laGb'df k'¥ofpg] sfo{ u/]sf] a]xf]/fsf] ;fIfL of] u|Gy klg x'Fb} xf] . dxf;dfnf]rs k|f=8f=jf;'b]j lqkf7Lsf] uxg cWoog / cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t a[xQ/ cfofdsf] ...g]kfnL efiff / ;flxTosf] pRrlzIffsf] ljsf;sf] kl/;Gbe{Ú zLif{ssf] cfn]v k|:t't u|Gysf] Pp6f ljlzi6 k|flKt ePsf] 5 . 8f=lqkf7Lsf] o; cfn]vn] g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] Pp6f ;Un} ;+;f/sf] a[xt\ /]vfª\sg u/]sf] 5 . ...g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsfÚgfds k|:t't u|Gysf b:tfa]hdWo] k|f=8f=tf/fsfGt kf08] / k|f=v]d/fh hf]zLsf cfn]vx¿nfO{ pgLx¿sf] c;fdlos b]xfj;fgsf sf/0f eg]h:tf] u/L xfdLn] cBfjlws :j¿k lbg ;s]sf 5}gf}F . olt x'Fbfx'Fb} klg tL b:tfa]hn] efjL cWo]tfsf lglDt ;an w/ftn lgdf{0f eg] kSs} ul/lbPsf 5g\ . ;+;f/sf ;a}h;f] efiffx¿sf] hggL ;+:s[taf6 k|fs[t x'Fb} k|fb'ef{j ePsf] k|frLg v;af6 qmdzM cl3 a9]sf] g]kfnL efiffsf] Oltxf; ljljw sfnv08 kf/ ub}{ efg'eSt cfrfo{sf] 12 12 12 12 12 • g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf .../fdfo0fÚ;Dd cfOk'Ubf lgs} ljsl;t eO;s]sf] b]lvG5 . efg'eStLo /fdfo0f;Fu} g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf s'gfsGb/f / ef/tLo g]kfnL hflt;Dd lj:tf/ ePsf] xf] . efg'eSteGbf w]/} cl3 g} g]kfnL efiff;flxTodf /fd|f slj, n]vsx¿ eP klg .../fdfo0fÚn] g} g]kfnL efiff / efjgfsf] PsLs/0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] xf] . g]kfndf dfq geP/ ef/th:tf] ljzfn b]zdf ;d]t ;d:t g]kfnL hfltnfO{ Ps ;"qdf afFWg] sfd efg'eStsf] .../fdfo0fÚn] g} ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . oftfoftsf] b|'tt/ ljsf;, b"/;~rf/sf] If]qdf ce"tk"j{ k|ultsf ;fy} ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf] cTolws k|of]u / lj:tf/, ljZjahf/Ls/0fh:tf sf/0f;d]t hf]l8gfn] g]kfnL efiffdf klg ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds b'j} k|sf/sf k|efj kg'{ :jfefljs} xf] . x'g t clxn] ;+;f/sf s'g} klg b]z ;Dk"0f{ ¿kn] cfTdlge{/ 5}gg\ . ljZjsf ljsl;t Pjd\ ;d'Ggt /fi6«sf klg cfcfˆgf lsl;dsf k/lge{/tf 5g\ eg] g]kfnh:tf] xfd|f] ;fgf] / cljsl;t b]zsf] cfˆg} k|sf/sf] k/lge{/tf x'g' cgf}7f] ePg . cWoog / ljljw Joj;fosf lglDt g]kfnLx¿ k/fk"j{sfnb]lv l5d]sL /fi6« ef/t k|jf;df hfg] u/]sf lyP eg] clxn]sf] o'udf g]kfnLx¿ ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zdf k'u]sf 5g\ . lglZrt ;dosf lglDt ljb]z k'u]sf dfq geP/ pt} 3/hd ug]{sf] ;ª\Vof klg pNn]Vo ¿kdf j[l4 x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 . o;/L ljleGg sf/0fn] g]kfnL hflt h'gh'g b]zdf k'u]sf 5g\, ToxLFToxLF cfˆgf] efiff / ;+:s[lt klg ;fy} af]s]/ uPsf 5g\ . ljljw dft[efiff ePsf xfdL g]kfnLsf] /fi6«efiff g]kfnL ;f ́f cyjf dfWod efiff ePsf sf/0f klg g]kfnL hfltdf ́ g]kfnL /fi6«efiffsf ¿kdf k|ltli7t 5 . o;/L g]kfnL efiff b]zleq dfq xf]Og ljZje/ 5l/g k'u]sf] 5 / o;}n] ;+;f/el/sf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ hf]8]sf] 5 . h] xf];\Ù ...r/}j]lt r/}j]ltÚsf] l;4fGt cFufn]/ lxFl8/x]sf] xfd|f] Oltxf; ;Eotfn] lgb]{zg u/]cg'¿k g]kfnL efiffsf] lj:tf/nfO{ yk kl/isf/, kl/dfh{g ug{ / yk lj:tf/ ug{ g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf ku]{Ng] ;do cfO;s]sf] cfef; xfdLnfO{ eof] . ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnL hfltsf] /fi6«efiff g]kfnLk|ltsf] bfloTj lgjf{x ug'{ x/]s g]kfnL efifLx¿sf] st{Jo x'Fb} xf] . ;do 5Fb} clxn];Ddsf ultljlwnfO{ ;'/lIft ug{ g;s] efjL k':tfn] xfd|f] efiff;flxTosf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] Oltxf; k|fKt ug{ ljutsf] ue{nfO{ plwg]/ lgsfNg'kg]{ lgs} si6s/ cj:yf cfpg ;S5 eGg] s'/fn] xfdLnfO{ yk ;Gq:t;d]t kf/]sf] xf] . To;}n] of] ux|'ª\uf] k|fl1s ef/ xfdL gOn] cfˆgf] lkl7pFdf af]s]sf xf}F . xfd|f] xf]:6]df x}F;] ykL o; sfo{nfO{ d"t{ ¿k k|bfg ug{ cys ldlxg]t u/]/ ...g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsfÚgfds o; u|Gydf cfcfˆgf cGj]if0fsf b:tfa]h k|:t't ug'{x'g] xfd|f cfb/0fLo cu|h u'?x¿ / cg'h ljåfg\ ljb'ifLx¿k|lt xfdL s[t1tf ck{0f ub{5f}F / eljiosf] k':tfnfO{ Oltxf;sf] lrgf] pkxf/:j¿k of] u|Gy ;dk{0f ub{5fð . • g/]Gb|/fh k|;fO{ • OlGb/f k|;fO{ g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf • 15 15 15 15 15 g]kfnL efiff lzIff kf7 Ø qmdsf] lgdf{0f / ljsf;qmd k|f=8f=Clif/fd zdf{ ;f/ k|:t't sfo{kq lqe'jg ljZjljBfnocGtu{t g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljifosf] kf7Øqmd lgdf{0f, ljsf;qmd / jt{dfg cj:yfsf af/]df tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o;df g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf] k[i7e"ld, k|f/De, pRrlzIffsf k|of;, dfgljsL / sn]h ck\m Ph's];gsf] :yfkgfh:tf /fli6«o lzIff k4lt @)@* nfu" x'g'k"j{sf] z}lIfs cj:yfsf ;fy} /fli6«o lzIff k4ltkZrft\ lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfodf g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fsf ;Gbe{df ePsf ljleGg k|of;x¿, kf7Øqmd lgdf{0f, cfof]u u7g / kf7Øqmd kl/dfh{gh:tf ljifox¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ . o;df g]kfnL efiff lzIff kf7Øqmdsf] laP8 / PdP8 txsf] cWofkgsf] ;Gbe{ / :yfg tyf g]kfnL efiff lzIff lzIf0fdf cxd\ of]ubfg ug{'x'g] JolStTjx¿sf] gfdfjnL klg k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ;du|df o; n]vdf g]kfndf g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf] ;ª\lIfKt ljxª\ufjnf]sg ul/g'sf ;fy} :gfts, :gftsf]Q/ / Pdlkmn / lkPr8L ;Ddsf] cWoog cg';Gwfgsf] P]ltxfl;s cfnf]sdf g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf] jt{dfg cj:yf / o;sf] ;fGble{stf cfðNofOPsf] 5 . ljifok|j]z cg]s hflt hghfltx¿sf] /d0fLo k"mnaf/L, ax';f+:s[lts / ax'eflifs d'n's g]kfnleq k/fk"j{sfnb]lv Pscsf{df dgsf ax ;f6f;f6 ug{ af]lnFb} cfPsf To:tf tdfd efiff 5g\ h;n] g]kfnL ;dfhnfO{ ax';f+:s[ltstfsf] ;'uGw k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ . tL cg]s efiffefifLx¿sf aLr efjgfTds ;DaGw ufF:g, ljrf/x¿ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ / ;a} efiffefifLdf Pstfsf] efjgf ;'b[9 ug{ g]kfnL efiffn] cxd\ e"ldsf lgjf{x u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] /fi6«efiff dfq geO{ of] g]kfnsf tdfd dft[efifLx¿nfO{ g]kfnL hfltTjsf] dfnfdf ufF:g] ;f ́f / ;Dks{ efiff klg xf] . g]kfnL hflt ljZjsf s'gfs'gfdf hxfFhxfF k'u]sf] 5 of] efiff ToxLFToxLF k'u]sf] 5 / o;n] tt\tt\ :yfgdf cfˆgf] b/f] klxrfg :yflkt ubf]{ 5 . 16 16 16 16 16 • g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf g]kfnL efiffn] cf]u6]sf] If]q ljzb 5, of] lzIffsf] dfWodsf ¿kdf k|of]u eO/x]sf] 5Ù t/ s'g} klg ¿v x's{g t la?jf 5Fb} To;df /fd|/L dnhn / x]/rfx ug{' h?/L eP ́ð g]kfnL efiffsf] ;d'Tyfg / ljsf;sf nflu klg o; efiffnfO{ klxnf], bf];|f] / ax'efiffsf ¿kdf cWoog ubf{ g} o;df eflifs z'4tfsf] hn xfNbf / eflifs ;+/rgfsf] 1fg tyf eflifs k|sfo{ / o;sf k|of]hgk/s e]baf/]sf] dn xfNbf dfq o; efiffsf] af]6 x/fe/f x'g] s'/f] :jfefljs} xf] . g]knL hflt hxfFhxfF k'u]sf] 5 o;sf ;'Gb/ nx/fx¿ ToxfFToxfF k'Ug ;S5g\ . o; ;Gbe{nfO{ b[li6ut ub}{ cfw'lgsLs[t / dfgsLs[t g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIff lbg / o;sf] ;'Jojl:yt lzIf0f ug{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnodf lzIffzf:q s]G›Lo ljefucGtu{t ...g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljefuÚ u7g ePsf] 5 / o;n] d'n'se/sf cfª\lus / ;fd'bflos lzIff SofDk;x¿df g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf] k|fl1s g]t[Tjsf] sfo{ef/ ;dfn]sf] 5 . o;n] d'n'se/ g]kfnL efiff lzIf0f ug]{ lzIfsx¿ pTkfbg ug]{ / g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf dfWodaf6 ;du|df g]kfnL efiffs} ljsf; / ;d[l4df of]ubfg lbO/x]s} 5 . g]kfnL efiff lzIff kf7Øqmdsf] lgdf{0f, ljsf;qmd / jt{dfg cj:yfsf] ljZn]if0fdf o; n]vnfO{ s]lGb|t ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffsf] cfhsf] cj:yf /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)&* cg';f/ g]kfndf /x]sf ;ft k|b]zx¿dWo] 5 k|b]zdf tL k|b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] clwstd hg;ª\Vofn] o; efiffnfO{ af]Ng] u/]sf] kfOPaf6 o; efiffsf] jt{dfg cj:yfsf] b[Zo /fd|/L ́lNsg k'u]sf] 5 . of] efiff g]kfndf ;a}eGbf a9L jStf;ª\Vof /x]sf] / g]kfn /fHoe/ jStf;ª\Vof lj:tfl/t /x]sf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff xf] . of] efiff k':tsn]vgsf] efiff, P]g, ;+ljwfg, lgod, lgodfjnL n]vgsf] efiff x'gfsf ;fy} ;fdflhs ;~hfndf k|of]u ul/g], ;~rf/ If]qdf ;d]t ;d[4 tyf g]kfnsf] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yfcg';f/ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff xf] . of] efiff g]kfnsf k|b]zsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'gfsf ;fy} ;Dk"0f{ g]kfnLx¿sf] aLrdf ;Dks{ sfod ug]{ dfWodefiff klg xf] . of] cfh k|fljlws If]qdf k|of]u x'Fbf] 5Ù o;sf] l8lh6nLs/0f eO/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnL efiffdf ;d[4 ;flxToe08f/ 5 / ljZjsf pNn]vgLo efiffx¿dWo] of] Ps dxŒjk"0f{ efiff ag]sf] 5 . g]kfndf dfq xf]Og, g]kfnL efiffsf] k7gkf7g ljZjsf ;a} dxfb]zx¿df s'g} g s'g} ¿kdf x'Fb} u/]sf] x'Fbf g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf] k7gkf7gsf] cleefjsLo cleef/f lqe'jg ljZjljBfnocGtu{tsf] g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljefun] a]xf]g'{ :jfefljs g} b]lvG5 . g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf] k[i7e"ld g]kfndf g]kfnL efiff / ;flxToljifos lzIffsf] kf7Øqmd lgdf{0fsf ;'b"/ ctLttkm{ lgofNbf ;'?df o;df ;+:s[t / af}4 lzIffsf] k|efjsf ;fy} d'unsfnLg ef/tdf k|rlnt kmf/;L lzIffsf] k|efj lelqPsf] kfOG5 . oL tLg efiffdWo] klg g]kfnsf] efiff lzIffdf ;jf{lws ¿kdf / ;dli6df ;+:s[t lzIffs} ulx/f] k|efj /x]sf] / To; a]nf k9fOg] tt\tt\ ljifosf cflwsfl/s g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf • 17 17 17 17 17 kf7ØqmdeGbf klg ;DalGwt ljifo cWofkg ug]{ u'? / lzIfssf thlahdf g} tt\tt\ ljifosf] cWofkg u/fOFb} cfPsf] a'‰g ;lsG5 . o;} k[i7e"lddf hª\uaxfb'/sf] a]nfOtofqf -lj=;+=!(!)_ kl5 hª\uaxfb'/ /f0ff / pgsf pQ/flwsf/L zf;sx¿n] cfˆgf efOef/bf/x¿nfO{ kfZrfTo lzIff lbnfO{ cª\u|]hx¿;Fu k|ToIf ;DaGw sfod ug{ / pgLx¿sf] ;Eotf;Fu kl/lrt u/fpg g]kfndf ...b/af/ :s'nÚsf] :yfkgf u/]sf] b]lvG5 . o; :s'ndf lbOg] cª\u|]hL lzIffdf rflxF ;j{;fwf/0f g]kfnLsf] kx'Fr lyPg . b/af/ :s'ndfk{mt cª\u|]hL lzIff g]kfndf lelqPkl5 To;sf] k|efj g]kfnL efiffdf klg k¥of] . kmn:j¿k Ps y/L ljåfg\x¿rflxF lzIffsf] dfWod cª\u|]hL x'g'k5{ eGg] b]lvP eg] hok[YjLaxfb'/h:tf ljåfg\x¿ g]kfnL efiff g} lzIffsf] dfWod x'g'k5{ eGg]df cl8u /x] . aNnedl0f bfxfnn] afa'/fd cfrfo{sf] ;|f]t lbFb} n]v]sf 5g\— .../fhf hok[YjLn] ef/tsf] k|ofu ljZjljBfnosf] sn]hdf k9\bf cª\u|]hL cf}klgj]lzs zf;gn] ef/tdf /fli6«otfsf] d"n tŒjsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] /fi6«efiffnfO{ tx;gx; u/L P]ltxfl;s k/Dk/fsf] PstfnfO{ aaf{b kfl/lbPsf] b]v]/ cª\u|]hL efiffsf] lj/f]w u/]sf lyP .Ú o; k|sf/ cfˆgf] efiffdf cfˆgf] ;+:s[lt x'G5 / efiff lal;{of] eg] ;+:s[lt klg rsgfr"/ x'G5, efiff / ;+:s[lt x/fPsf] b]z cfTdf gePsf] z/L/h:tf] x'G5 eGg] s'/f ef/tdf cª\u|]hx¿n] ef/tLo efiffsf] cl:tTj ;dfKt kf/L cª\u|]hL efiffsf] e"t r9fP/ uPsf] jf:tljstf hok[YjLn] k|ToIf cg'ej u/]sf lyP eGg] k|:6 x'G5 . /f0ff zf;gsfnsf] g]kfndf sf7df8fðsf] /fgLkf]v/Ll:yt ;+:s[t k|wfg kf7zfnfsf ;fy} u'NdLsf] l/8L, w/fgsf] lk08]Zj/, hgsk'/sf] dl6xfgL, tfg;]gsf] b]jjf0fL, tf}lnxjfsf] tf}n]Zj/gfyh:tf ;+:s[t kf7zfnfx¿ klg lyP / ltgn] ;+:s[t lzIffsf] dfq xf]Og g]kfnL efiffsf] ljsf;df ;d]t k/f]If ¿kdf of]ubfg lbOPsf] dfGg}k5{ . o;} hudf 7l8Fb} cfh;Dd cfOk'Ubf lqljcGtu{tsf] lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfodf ePsf] g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljifosf] kf7gkf7gsf nflu lzIffzf:q ljefu u7g x'g'k"j{ g} g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] cWoogcWofkgdf k|j[Q dfgljsL ;ª\sfocGtu{t g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] k7gkf7gsf] P]ltxfl;s dxŒj / of]ubfgnfO{ clt ;ª\lIfKt ¿kd} eP klg hf]8\g' h?/L b]lvG5 . g]kfnL efiff lzIff kf7Øqmdsf] k[i7e"ld / k|f/De g]kfndf ljBfno txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf] cf}krfl/s z'ef/DerflxF lj=;+=!(%* b]lv ePsf] dflgG5 . lj=;+=!(%* df b]jzdz]/sf k|of;af6 g]kfnnfO{ ljleGg If]qdf :yfkgf ePsf kf7zfnfx¿nfO{ efiff kf7zfnf elgG5 . g]kfndf ;j{;fwf/0fnfO{ g]kfnL efiffsf dfWodaf6 k|f/lDes lzIff lbg] of] klxnf] hdsf]{ lyof] -clwsf/L, @)^#, k[=#_ . efiff kf7zfnf ;fIf/tfd"ns 9ª\un] vf]lnPsf] s'/f To;df k9fOg] ...cIf/fª\s lzIffÚ k':tsdf /flvPsf ljifoj:t'af6 klg 1ft x'G5 . a ́fªL /fhf hok[YjLaxfb'/ l;+xsf] ;Tk|of;åf/f lgld{t ...cIf/fª\s lzIffÚ -lj=;+=!(%*_ gfds klxnf] kf7Øk':tsaf6 k|fylds txdf cf/De 18 18 18 18 18 • g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf ePsf] g]kfnL efiffsf] lzIffsf] ljsf;qmd clxn] :gftsf]Q/ tx x'Fb} ljBfjfl/lw -lkPr8L_ tx;Dd lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5 . dxfljBfno / ljZjljBfno txdf g]kfnL efiff lzIff ljifosf] kf7Øqmd lgdf{0fsf] sfd t d"ntM lj=;+=@)!^ df lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgfkl5 g} eof] . x'g t lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf x'g'eGbf klxn] g} g]kfndf s]xL sn]hx¿ v'ln;s]sf lyP h;df ljb]zL ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwgk|fKt u/L g]kfnL ljifosf] k9fO x'GYof] . tL dxfljBfnox¿ ef/tsf ljleGg ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwgk|fKt lyP / ToxLFaf6 pkflw;d]t k|bfg ul/GYof] . lj=;+=!(^* df ef/tsf] Onfxfafb af]8{n] Dofl6«s k/LIffdf ;j{k|yd g]kfnLnfO{ P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg', lj=;+=!(&% df snsQf ljZjljBfnon] g]kfnLnfO{ P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg' / ;f]xL ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DaGwgk|fKt b/af/ :s'ndf P]lR5s / egf{s'n/ ljifosf ¿kdf g]kfnL lzIf0f yflng', lj=;+=!(() df ...g]kfn P;Pn;L af]8{sf] :yfkgf x'g'h:tf 36gfn] g]kfnL efiffsf] k7gkf7gdf ;lqmotf cfpg yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf ;Gbe{df rflxF lj=;+=@))( df k|fylds txdf ljljw ljifosf ;fy} g]kfnL ljifo cWofkg ug]{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ ;]jfsfnLg / k"j{;]jfsfnLg tflnd lbg egL gd{n :s'nsf] :yfkgf eof] . lj=;+=@)!# ;fndf ...sn]h ck\m Ph's];gÚsf] :yfkgf ePkZrft\ tL ;a} gd{n :s'nx¿ sn]h ck\m Ph's];gdf uflePsf] h:tf] kl/36gf;Fu} lzIf0fdf gjLg k|ljlwx¿ lelqPsf] / g]kfnL efiff lzIf0fdf klg gofF klZrdL k|ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u x'g yfn]sf] a'l ́G5 . g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf lglDt ePsf k|of;x¿ g]kfndf lzIffsf] ljsf; / k7gkf7gsf nflu ;/sf/L :t/af6 ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf] / tL k|of;x¿leq g]kfnL efiff lzIffsf] k7gkf7g / kf7Øqmd lgdf{0fsf] k|;ª\u klg k/]sf] b]Vg ;lsG5 . o;cGtu{t pRrlzIffsf] ljsf;sf] k|of;, /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]G› @)!! / sn]h ck\m Ph's];g @)!# sf] :yfkgfnfO{ g]kfnL efiff lzIff / k7gkf7gsf dxŒjk"0f{ husf ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 . pRrlzIff ljsf;sf] k|of; lj=;+=!(&% df lqrG› sn]hsf] :yfkgfaf6 g]kfndf cfw'lgs pRrlzIffsf] ;'?jft ePsf] xf] / o;df ;j{k|yd dfgljsL / ;dfhzf:qtkm{ OG6/ldl8o6 :t/sf] cWoogcWofkg k|f/De ul/of] . o;} lqrG› sn]hsf] :yfkgfaf6 g]kfndf pRrlzIffsf] hu a;]sf] lyof] . ;'?df ef/tsf] snsQf ljZjljBfno;Fusf] ;DaGwgk|fKt lqrG› sn]hn] lj=;+=!(*! b]lv ef/tsf] k6gf ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DaGwgk|fKt u/]sf] xf] . g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf • 19 19 19 19 19 /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]Gb| @)!! k|hftGqsf] k|jt{g, xjfO{ oftfoft / ;~rf/sf ;fwgsf] ljsf;, hgtfsf] hfu¿stfh:tf sf/0fn] @))& ;fnkl5 g]kfndf kf7zfnfx¿ v'Ng yfn] . tL kf7zfnfsf cg'kftdf tflndk|fKt lzIfssf] sdL b]lvPkl5 lzIfs tflndsf nflu /fli6«o lzIff of]hgf cfof]usf] sfof{nod} /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]G›sf] :yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . cfwf/ lzIff rnfpg ;+jt\ @))$ h]7df tfxfrndf cfwf/ lzIf0f s]G› ;~rfng x'g yfn]kl5 ;'? ePsf] klxnf] k|of;kl5 ;+jt\ @)!! ebf} @$ ut] cfwf/ lzIf0f s]G›sf] ejgdf /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]G›sf] pb\3f6g eof] . To; ;dodf g]kfne/ tflndk|fKt lzIfsdWo] PdP8— !, laP jf laP8— ^, Dip. B.Ed. jf a]l;s tflndk|fKt !@ hgf dfq lyP . cfwf/ lzIf0f s]G›sf lzIfsx¿nfO{ /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]G›df sfh v6fO{ afFsL c¿ gk'u k|lzIfsdf cg'ejL lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 gofF k|lzIffyL{ egf{ ul/Psf] lyof] . tL k|lzIffyL{x¿ k|To]s lbg laxfg cd]l/sL k':tsfno gofF ;8s sf7df8fðdf cd]l/sL ;Nnfxsf/ tyf lzIffljb\ 8f=Xo'=la= p8af6 k|lzIf0f lnO{ lbpF;f] tfxfrndf Snf; lng hfGy] . sn]h ck\m Ph's];g @)!# g]kfndf bIf tflndk|fKt lzIfssf] cefj kl/k"lt{ ug]{ p2]Zo lnO{ ljBfno lzIffsf] cj:yf k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg cd]l/sL ;xof]udf ;g\ !(%^ -lj=;+=@)!#_ df sn]h ck\m Ph's];g, sLlt{k'/sf] :yfkgf ePsf] xf] . k|lzIf0f dxfljBfno cyf{t\ sn]h ck\m Ph's];g dfWolds ljBfnosf lzIfs, k|wfgfWofks, lzIff lg/LIfs / lzIff k|zf;s tof/ ug{ ;+jt\ @)!# ebf} @$ ut] -( ;]K6]Da/, !(%^_ sf lbg :yfkgf eof] . /fli6«o lzIfs lzIf0f s]G›sf k|lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 5 hgfsf] 6f]nLnfO{ pRrlzIff tyf tflnd xfl;n ug{ ;+o'St /fHo sfo{sf/L d08n (United States Operation Mission) dfkm{t cf]/]ug ljZjljBfno o'lhg o'=P;=P=df ;+jt\ @)!! r}tdf k7fOof] . ToxfFaf6 tflnd xfl;n u/L kms]{sf] 6f]nLaf6 g} sn]h ck\m Ph's];g r]tejg, sf7df8fðdf :yfkgf ul/Psf] xf] . sn]h ck\m Ph's];gnfO{ /fli6«o :t/df ljZjljBfno :yfkgf gx'Gh]n;Dd lzIffIf]qsf] k|yd pkflw (Degree) k|bfg ug]{ clwsf/ lbg] ;DaGwdf tTsfnLg >L % sf] ;/sf/ tyf ;+o'St /fHo sfo{sf/L d08nsf 8fO/]S6/sf aLr ;D ́f}tf ePsf] lyof] . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnoeGbf klxn] pkflw k|bfg ug]{ klxnf] dxfljBfno sn]h ck\m Ph's];g xf] . sn]h ck\m Ph's];gdf :gftsn] rf}wdlxg], OG6/ldl8P6n] tLga;]{ / P;Pn;Ln] rf/a;]{ sf];{ k9L laP8 pQL0f{ ug]{ Joj:yf lyof] . bf];|f] jif{kl5 tLga;]{ laP8 sfo{qmd aGb eO{ Extension course, workshop / winter term class rNg yfn]sf] lyof] . ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnLcg';f/ cWoog ug]{ / ;a} ;]d]:6/ ;kmntfsf ;fy ;DkGg ug]{ 5fq5fqfn] clGtd ;]d]:6/kl5 sn]hsf k|fWofks ;'kl/j]Ifssf ;fd'Gg] :yfgLo s'g} xfO{:s'ndf kfFr xKtfsf] 20 20 20 20 20 • g]kfnL efiff;flxTosf] ljsf;df g]kfn tyf ef/tsf ljZjljBfnosf] e"ldsf cWofkg cEof; ug]{, To;sf nflu lzIf0f ;fdu|L tof/ u/L k|bz{g kf7df pkl:yt;d]t x'g] u/L cEof; ug{'kb{Yof] . sn]h ck\m Ph's];gsf] k|yd bLIffGt ;df/f]x @)!% ;fn j}zfv !@ ut] lqrG› sn]hsf k"j{lk|lG;kn g/]G›dl0f cf=bL=sf bLIffGt efif0faf6 ;DkGg ePsf] lyof] / ;f] ;df/f]xdf Ps hgf :gftsn] laP8sf] pkflw k|fKt u/]sf lyP . @)!^ ;fndf lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] zfxL a8fkq 3f]if0ff eof] . o;kl5 pRrlzIff k|bfg ug]{ hlt dxfljBfnox¿ lyP tL ;a} lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] k|fl1s ;+/rgfleq ;dfj]z eP . o;kl5 sn]h ck\m Ph's];gsf] k|fl1s sfo{snfkdf s]xL x]/km]/ eof] . lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] :yfkgf ePkl5 k'/fgf] sfo{qmdsf] ;6\6f Psa;]{, b'O{a;]{ laP8 / b'O{a;]{ cfO{P8sf] sfo{qmd dfq sfod /x] . o; ljZjljBfnosf] clGtd k/LIffdf sn]h ck\m Ph's];gsf 5fqx¿n] &)% cª\ssf] dfq k/LIff lbGy] . afFsL #)% cª\s ljleGg ;]d]:6/ k/LIffdf cfGtl/s k/LIff (Internal Assessment) sf] ¿kdf kfPsf] cª\snfO{ clGtd k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] cª\sdf hf]8L k/LIffsf] glthf k|sfz ul/GYof] . sn]h ck\m Ph's];gsf] l8u|Ldf ljjfb sn]h ck\m Ph's];gaf6 k|bfg ul/Psf] Psa;]{ laP8sf] pkflwnfO{ ef/tLo ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflwk|fKt lqrG› sn]hsf k|fWofksx¿ ;xh ¿kn] :jLsf/ ug{ tof/ lyPgg\ . sn]hsf] ;]d]:6/ k|0ffnL / k9fOsf] :t/af6 pgLx¿ c;Gt'i6 lyP . cd]l/sL ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt ug]{x¿k|lt klg uDeL/ b]lvPsf s]xL k|fWofksx¿df Superiority Complex n] 9fs]sf] lyof] . lzIff k|zf;gnfO{ klg cd]l/sL lzIff k4ltaf6 :gftsf]Q/ pkflw k|fKt u/L sn]h ;~rfng u/]sf] s'/f ;lhnf];Fu krfpg ufx«f] k/]sf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf sn]h ck\m Ph's];gsf] cl:tTjdfly g} k|ZglrXg nfUg] cj:yf cfpg nfu]sf] lyof] . Tolt a]nf sd{7 tyf nugzLn lk|lG;kn, k|fWofks ju{sf ;fy} ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ klg of] r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{'kg]{ 7"nf] xfFs lyof] . To;}n] sn]h ck\m Ph's];gaf6 laP8 pkflwk|fKt 5fqnfO{ ef/tLo ljZjljBfnoaf6 laP8 ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Central Institute of Education, Delhi df Master of Education sf lglDt Admission sf nflu k7fOPsf] lyof] . Delhi University, Central Institute of Education n] sn]h ck\m Ph's];gn] k|bfg u/]sf] laP8 pkflwnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ PdP8df k|j]z lbPsf] lyof] . o;/L sn]h ck\m Ph's];gsf] cl:tTj sfod /Xof] . To; a]nf t/fO{ e]usf 5fq5fqfnfO{ cfO{P8sf] ;'ljwf k|bfg ug{ @)!! ;fnb]lv jL/uGhdf sn]h ck\m Ph's];g PS;6]G;g ;]G6/ -Ps k|sf/sf] 3'DtL ;+:yf_ ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . ToxfF cfOP8sf] dfq sfo{qmd ;~rfng eof] . laP8sf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePg . @)@@ ;fn ;fpgb]lv ;]jfsfnLg cfOP8 / @)@# ;fnb]lv ;]jfsfnLg Ps tyf b'O{a;]{ laP8 sfo{qmd klg @)@^ ;fnsf] ;q;Dd ;~rfng eP . lhNnflhNnfdf sfo{/t lhNnf lzIff lg/LIfsx¿ Tolt a]nf tflnd sfo{qmddf efu lng sfhdf sf]6fsf] cfwf/df sn]h ck\m Ph's];gdf