P h i l i P h a r r i s o n • G r a e m e G ot z a l i s o n to d e s • C h r i s W r ay edited by Changing spaCe, Changing City J O H A N N E S B U R G A F T E R A P A R T H E I D - O P E N A C C E S S S E L E C T I O N Published in South Africa by Wits University Press 1 Jan Smuts Avenue Johannesburg, 2001 www.witspress.co.za Open Access selected edition © Wits University Press 2018 Original published edition © Wits University Press 2014 Published edition © Wits University Press 2014 Compilation © Edition editors 2014 Chapters © Individual contributors 2014 Images and maps © Individual copyright holders 2014 Editors: Philip Harrison, Graeme Gotz, Alison Todes, Chris Wray First published 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org.10.18772/22014107656 ISBN: 978 1 77614 239 2 (Open Access PDF) ISBN: 978 1 86814 765 6 (Hardback) ISBN: 978 1 86814 766 3 (Web PDF) ISBN: 978 1 86814 813 4 (EPUB) ISBN: 978 1 77614 137 1 (Mobi) All rights reserved. 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Cover artwork: Windows, Ponte City, 2008–2010 by Mikhael Subotzky and Patrick Waterhouse, courtesy Goodman Gallery Design and layout by Peter Bosman Indexed by Cli ff ord Perusset Copyedited by Lee Smith The original publication (ISBN: 978 1 86814 7656) was the winner of The Humanities and Social Sciences: Book, Creative and Digital Awards (2017) awarded by the National Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences (www.nihss.ac.za). This Open Access publication was made possible with their support. Supported by Open Access publication made possible by Contents of o pen a ccess s elected edition seCtion B: area-Based transformations seCtion C: spatial identities Graeme Gotz, Chris Wray and Brian Mubiwa 4 The impact of policy and strategic spatial planning 83 Alison Todes 9 Public housing in Johannesburg 176 Sarah Charlton 14 The wrong side of the mining belt? 269 Spatial transformations and identities in Johannesburg’s southern suburbs Philip Harrison and Tanya Zack 16 Kliptown: Resilience and despair in the face of a hundred years of planning 319 Hilton Judin, Naomi Roux and Tanya Zack 23 Footprints of Islam in Johannesburg 456 Yasmeen Dinath, Yusuf Patel and Rashid Seedat 26 The Central Methodist Church 494 Christa Kuljian 29 Phantoms of the past, spectres of the present: Chinese space in Johannesburg 512 Philip Harrison, Khangelani Moyo and Yan Yang 30 The notice 527 Caroline Wanjiku Kihato 32 Waste pickers/informal recyclers 539 Sarah Charlton Cartography x 1 Materialities, subjectivities and spatial transformation in Johannesburg 2 Philip Harrison, Graeme Gotz, Alison Todes and Chris Wray seCtion a: the maCro trends 2 The ‘thin oil of urbanisation’? 42 Spatial change in Johannesburg and the Gauteng city-region 567 568 569 570 571 573 Contributors Photographic credits Acronyms List of plates List of figures List of tables Contents from original edition (2014) Preface vii Cartography x 1 Materialities, subjectivities and spatial transformation in Johannesburg 2 Philip Harrison, Graeme Gotz, Alison Todes and Chris Wray seCtion a: the maCro trends 2 The ‘thin oil of urbanisation’? Spatial change in Johannesburg and the Gauteng city-region 42 Graeme Gotz, Chris Wray and Brian Mubiwa 3 Poverty and inequality in the Gauteng city-region 63 David Everatt 4 The impact of policy and strategic spatial planning 83 Alison Todes 5 Tracking changes in the urban built environment: An emerging perspective from the City of Johannesburg 101 Peter Ahmad and Herman Pienaar 6 Johannesburg’s urban space economy 117 Graeme Gotz and Alison Todes 7 Changes in the natural landscape 137 Maryna Storie 8 Informal settlements 154 Marie Huchzermeyer, Aly Karam and Miriam Maina 9 Public housing in Johannesburg 176 Sarah Charlton 10 Transport in the shaping of space 194 Mathetha Mokonyama and Brian Mubiwa 11 Gated communities and spatial transformation in Greater Johannesburg 215 Karina Landman and Willem Badenhorst seCtion B: area-Based transformations 12 Between fixity and flux: Grappling with transience and permanence in the inner city 232 Yasmeen Dinath 13 Are Johannesburg’s peri-central neighbourhoods irremediably ‘fluid’? Local leadership and community building in Yeoville and Bertrams 252 Claire Bénit-Gbaffou 14 The wrong side of the mining belt? Spatial transformations and identities in Johannesburg’s southern suburbs 269 Philip Harrison and Tanya Zack 15 Soweto: A study in socio-spatial differentiation 293 Philip Harrison and Kirsten Harrison 16 Kliptown: Resilience and despair in the face of a hundred years of planning 319 Hilton Judin, Naomi Roux and Tanya Zack 17 Alexandra 342 Philip Harrison, Adrian Masson and Luke Sinwell 18 Sandton Central, 1969–2013: From open veld to new CBD? 370 Keith Beavon and Pauline Larsen 19 In the forest of transformation: Johannesburg’s northern suburbs 395 Alan Mabin 20 The north-western edge 418 Neil Klug, Margot Rubin and Alison Todes 21 The 2010 World Cup and its legacy in the Ellis Park Precinct: Perceptions of local residents 437 Aly Karam and Margot Rubin 22 Transformation through transportation: Some early impacts of Bus Rapid Transit in Orlando, Soweto 443 Christo Venter and Eunice Vaz seCtion C: spatial identities 23 Footprints of Islam in Johannesburg 456 Yasmeen Dinath, Yusuf Patel and Rashid Seedat 24 Being an immigrant and facing uncertainty in Johannesburg: The case of Somalis 481 Samadia Sadouni 25 On ‘spaces of hope’: Exploring Hillbrow’s discursive credoscapes 487 Tanja Winkler 26 The Central Methodist Church 494 Christa Kuljian 27 The Ethiopian Quarter 498 Hannah le Roux 28 Urban collage: Yeoville 506 Naomi Roux 29 Phantoms of the past, spectres of the present: Chinese space in Johannesburg 512 Philip Harrison, Khangelani Moyo and Yan Yang 30 The notice 527 Caroline Wanjiku Kihato 31 Inner-city street traders: Legality and spatial practice 532 Puleng Makhetha and Margot Rubin 32 Waste pickers/informal recyclers 539 Sarah Charlton 33 The fear of others: Responses to crime and urban transformation in Johannesburg 546 Teresa Dirsuweit 34 Black urban, black research: Why understanding space and identity in South Africa still matters 553 Nqobile Malaza Contributors 567 Photographic credits 568 Acronyms 569 List of plates 570 List of figures 571 List of tables 573 Index 574 Cartography Plate 1 Johannesburg within the gauteng city-region. gauteng’s boundaries include the metropolitan municipalities of Johannesburg, ekurhuleni and tshwane, as well as the district municipalities of sedibeng and West rand. data source: Mdb (2010). Cartography by Chris Wray Plate 2 Key places in the city of Johannesburg. Many of the place names mentioned in this book are shown on this map. data source: gti (2009); Mdb (2010). Cartography by Chris Wray Fo r d i sc u s s i o n s e e ch a pte r 1 Plate 3 population distribution across the gauteng city-region. data derived from Census 2011 show that 13.4 million people (one in four south africans) live within 100 km of Johannesburg’s Cbd. data sources: Mdb (2010); stats sa (2011b). Cartography by Chris Wray Fo r d i sc u s s i o n s e e c h a pte r 2 Plate 4 Land use in 1956. source: fair et al. (1957) these land use maps show the polycentric structure of the gauteng city-region, and that Johannesburg is located at the centre of two main axes of development: the north-south axis connecting pretoria to the Vaal triangle industrial complex, and the east-west axis defined by settlements and activities along the gold reef. also evident here is how african, coloured and indian residential areas were deliberately dislocated from the main urban cores. Fo r d i sc u s s i o n s e e c h a pte r 2 Plate 5 Land use in 1974. source: dpe (1974) Plate 6 urban expansion in gauteng, 1991–2009. data sources: Mubiwa (2014); Mubiwa and annegarn (2013). Cartography by brian Mubiwa Fo r d i sc u s s i o n s e e c h a pte r 2 Plate 7 urban expansion in Johannesburg, 1991–2009. data sources: Mubiwa (2014); Mubiwa and annegarn (2013). Cartography by brian Mubiwa Plate 8 new formal residential development in central gauteng per km 2 , 2001–2010. formal freehold housing units, mostly provided by government, have been built mainly on the fringes of the city while private townhouse and estate developments dominate the wealthier central areas. data sources: Csir/arC (2000); gti (2013a,b). Cartography by daniel Kibirige and Chris Wray Plate 9 gated communities in central gauteng, 2012. gated communities – sectional schemes, residential estates, commercial estates/business parks and boomed-off residential areas – make up 19 per cent of Johannesburg’s urban extent. data sources: afrigis (2012); gti (2009); Mdb (2010). Cartography by Chris Wray Fo r d i sc u s s i o n s e e c h a pte r 2 Plate 10 urban growth per km 2 from 1991 to 2001 in relation to the 2002 urban edge. in 2000, gauteng adopted an urban-edge policy to contain outward sprawl. the delineation of the edge was highly contested and the policy was eventually rescinded in 2011 but it seems to have slowed urban sprawl in some areas.