Document Version Control Date Change By 2.0 23/03/21 Draft RP 2.1 30/03/21 Post -‐ Stakeholder Review Report (Meeting on 29/03/21) Height Safety Audit Report Sky5 809 - 821 Botany Rd, Rosebery NSW 2018 1300 301 214 – www.sky5.com.au COPYRIGHT ã This report is the property of Sky5 Pty Ltd, and is license d to the client for use on this project only. Reproductions of this document shall only be undertaken in full with the written permission of Sky5 Pty Ltd. Campbe lltown Mall 271 Queen St, Campbelltown NSW 2560 Site Reference Number: N1724 Inspection Date: 22/02/21 2 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall Table of Contents 1.0 Centre Height Safety Risk Profile 1.1 Centre Risk Profile 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Risk Management 2.2 Risk Assessment Criteria 2.3 How to use the audit document 2.4 Alternative risk mitigation 2.5 Disclai mer 2.6 Confidentiality Statement 3.0 Audit Findings 3.1 Sample Compliant System Upgrade Images 4 .0 Australian Standards Reference Guide 5.0 Audit Media (Higher Resolution Images) Conducted on 22/02/21 Prepared by Sky5 Pty Ltd Personnel P. Brown M. Freeman 3 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 1.0 Centre Ri sk Profile A summary of the Risk Rating applied to each hazard identified within the Height Safety Audit Report. Item specific findings are presented within part 3.0 of the Height Safety Audit Report Risk Ratings Number of items by Priority Rating S ignificant Moderate Minor Total Areas 8 7 7 Budgets Budgets of items by Priority Rating S ignificant Moderate Minor Total Amount 4 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 2.0 Introduction The objectives of this audit are to enable Centre Management and Facilities management to review existing fall prevention and safe access systems. The audit has be en devised to create a formal record of the roof areas / site access and fall prevention and safe access systems. A review was undertaken against the following local legislative requirements: • AS 1657:2018 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladder s • AS/NZS 1891.1:20 20 Part 1: Harnesses & Ancillary Equipment • AS/NZS 1891.2:2001 Part 2: Horizontal Lifeline and Rail Systems • AS/NZS 1891.3: 2020 Part 3: Fall Arrest Devices • AS/NZS 1891.4:2009 Part 4: Selection, use and maintenance • AS/NZS 1891.5:2020 Part 5: Lanyard Assemblies and Pole Straps • AS/NZS ISO 22846.1:2020 Fundamental Principles for a System of Work – Rope Access System • Local State Workplace Health & Safety Act • Local State Workplace Health & Safety Regulations • Managing the Risk of Falls at Workplac es: Code of Practice 2018 (QLD) • Managing the Risk of Falls at W orkplaces: Code of Practice 2019 (NSW) • Managing the Risk of Falls at Workplaces: Code of Practice 20 20 (NT) • Managing the Risk of Falls in the Workplace: Code of Practice 20 20 (SA) • Prevention of Falls from Height at Workplaces: Code of Practice 2020 (WA) • Prevention of Falls in General Construction 201 9 (VIC) 2.1 Risk Management. The audit identifies hazards and control measures that have been prioritised in accordance with o perations requiremen ts. Priority Labelled Colour Risk rating Time frame to Action 1 Significant Immediate Administration controls to be implemented until risk is mitigated 2 Moderate 6 Mon th Administration controls to be implemented until risk is mitigated 3 Minor 12 Months Administr ation controls to be implemented until risk is mitigated 5 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 2.2 Risk Assessment. Involves estimating the level of risk – estimating the probability (likelihood) of an event occurring and the magnitude of effects (Consequence) if the event does occur. Essentially risk assessment lies at the heart of risk management, because it assists in providing the information required to respond to a potential risk. In a resource management setting, the risk assessment may be used to help manage, for example: occ upational hazards (falling, system failures). Ke y to risk rating : Significant Moderate Minor Likelihood Very High 100 90 70 50 30 10 High Medium Low Very Low Negligible Negligible Very Small Small Medium Large Very Large Magnitude 6 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 2.3 How to use the audit document, and an explanation example shown below: The map reference number (MR) found in the audit findings corresponds with the same number plotted on the roof layout plans. The MR number plotted on the roof layout plan indicates the precise location of the identified hazard No fall protection to roof edge for gutter maintenance requirements – parapet 800mm high MR -‐ 20 Install guardrail ( 900 mm high) as fall protection to ro of edge for gutter maintenance requirements (60m) Appendix 22 Appendix 23 Appendix 24 Priority 1 2.4 Alternative mitigation using the hierarchy of controls can be revie wed. Centre management may review areas of roof that have minimal frequency or plant maintenance access requirements, these areas can be identified as “No Go Zones as an example. 2.5 Disclaimer The assessors believe the information contained within thi s risk assessment report to be correct at the time of printing. The assessors do not accept responsibility for any consequences arising from the use of the information herein. The report is based on matters which were observed or came to the attention of t he assessors during the day of the assessment and should not be relied upon as an exhaustive record of all possible risks or hazards that may exist or potential improvements that can be made. Information on the latest workers compensation and OHS / WHS law s can be found at the relevant State WorkCover / WorkSafe Authority. All measurements provided are approximate, and to be used as guidance only. Final measurements must be undertaken. 2.6 Confidentiality Statement In order to maintain the integrity and c redibility of the risk assessment processes and to protect the parties involved, it is understood that the assessors will not divulge to unauthorized persons any information obtained during this risk assessment unless legally obligated to do so. 7 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 3.0 Audit Findings Hazards MR # Control Measures -‐ Restricted access hazard as 90 0mm clearance is not provided in front of ladder. -‐ Ladder is to be closed off as alternative roof access via stairway is already provided as per Operations Management. (Refer to Re ference Guide 5.6 & 10.4 ) MR -‐ 01 Install “No Access” signage as interim measure until access is closed off by Operations Management A ppendix 1 Appendix 2 Priority 3 Budget -‐ Fall from heights risk as anchor points are deemed redundant due to solar panel installation above the system (2x locations) (Refer to Reference Guide 8.7 & 11.1 ) MR -‐ 02 Remove anchor points from service and install new compliant system in adjacent location away from solar panel obstruction Stakeholder Update: Install anchor points as fall protection measure. Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Sample anchor point Priority 1 Budget -‐ Fall from heights risk due to the lack of fall protection provided to roof edge for solar panel maintenance requirements. (Refer to Reference Guide 10.3 & 10.7 ) MR -‐ 03 Install guardrail as fall protection measure to roof edge. Stakeholder Update: Recommendation rejected. Install warning signage s to restrict access within 2.0m of roof fall edge. Appendix 5 Sample A -‐ Frame warning signage Priority 1 Budget -‐ 8 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall Hazards MR # Control Measures Fall from heights risk d ue to the lack of fall protection provided to skylight glass with unknown load rating. (x 4 locations) (Refer to Reference Guide 10.3 ) MR -‐ 04 Operations Management to provide documentation outlining the load rating and suitability of the surface to be deem ed trafficable. If documentation cannot be produced then it is recommended to install guardrail around skylight glass as fall protection measure. Stakeholder Update: Install skylight protective mesh Appendix 6 Appendix 7 Sample skyli ght protective mesh Priority 1 Budget -‐ Fall from heights risk due to the lack of fall protection provided to roof edge for gutter maintenance requirements. ( Refer to Reference Guide 10.3 & 10.7 ) MR -‐ 05 Install guardrail as fall protection measure to gutter roof edge. Stakeholder Update: Install guardrail as fall protection measure to roof edge for gutter maintenance requirements. Appendix 8 Sample guardrail Priorit y 1 Budget -‐ Fall from heights risk due to the lack of fall protection provided to roof edge for solar panel maintenance requirements. (Refer to Reference Guide 10.3 & 10.7 ) MR -‐ 06 Install guardrail as fall protection measure to roof edge. Stakehold er Update: Recommendation rejected. Install warning signage s to restrict access within 2.0m of roof fall edge. Appendix 9 Sample A -‐ Frame warning signage Priority 1 Budget -‐ 9 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall Hazards MR # Control Measures Restricted access to outer roof area due to pipework obstruction. (Ref er to Reference Guide 10.3 ) MR – 07 Install step over pipework to provide direct and unimpeded access to outer roof area. Appendix 10 Appendix 11 Sample compliant step over ladder Priority 3 Budget -‐ Fall and trip hazard exists due to the following: -‐ Handrail design does not comply with current Australian Standards as it forces a user’s centre of gravity further away from the ladder by gripping the handrails -‐ Top rung is not level with landing -‐ Users may sustain sprain or ankle injuries due to uneven rung spacing at the ladder’s base (Refer to Reference Guide 7.4, 6.3 & 6.4 ) MR -‐ 08 Remove and r eplace ladder with a compliant system. Appendix 1 6 Appendix 17 Sample compliant access ladder Priority 2 Budget -‐ Fall, slip and trip hazards exist due to the following: -‐ Handrail design does not comply with current Australian Standards as it for ces a user’s centre of gravity further away from the ladder by gripping the handrails -‐ Lack of proper landing forcing users to onto parapet capping, which is a potential slip hazard during wet conditions -‐ Users may sustain sprain or ankle injuries due to uneven rung spacing at the ladder’s base (Refer to Reference Guide 7.4, 6.8 & 6.4 ) MR -‐ 09 Remove and replace ladder with a compliant system. Appendix 1 8 Appendix 1 9 Sample compliant access ladder Priority 2 Budget -‐ 10 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall Hazards MR # Control Measures Fall, slip and trip hazard exists due to the following: -‐ Handrail design does not comply with current Australian Standards as it forces a user’s centr e of gravity further away from the ladder by gripping the handrails -‐ Lack of proper landing forcing users to onto parapet capping, which is a potential slip hazard during wet conditions -‐ Gap between the back of top rung and landing exceeds maximum allowa ble 100mm (50mm -‐ 100mm gap or no gap allowed) -‐ Users may sustain sprain or ankle injuries due to uneven rung spacing at the ladder’s base (Refer to Reference Guide 7.4, 6.8, 7.3 & 6.4 ) MR -‐ 10 Remove and replace ladder s with compliant system. (2x locations ) Appendix 20 Appendix 2 1 Appendix 22 Appendix 23 Appendix 24 Sample compliant access ladd er Priority 2 Budget -‐ Fall and tr ip hazards exist due to the following: -‐ Lack of proper landing forcing users to onto parapet capping, which is a potential slip hazard during wet conditions -‐ Gap between the back of top rung and landing exceeds maximum allowable 100mm (50mm -‐ 100mm gap or no gap allowed) (Refer to Reference Guide 6.8 & 7.3 ) MR -‐ 11 Install adjustable landing platform at top of ladder. Appendix 26 Appendix 27 Sample complian t access ladder Priority 3 Budget -‐ 11 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall Hazards MR # Control Measures Fall and trip hazards exist due to the following: -‐ Top and bottom landing platforms are not provided -‐ 200mm clearance is not provided between the back edge of rungs and wal l (Refer to Reference Guide 6.8 & 6.7 ) MR – 12 -‐ Install top and bottom landing platforms -‐ Adjust ladder to allow the required 200mm minimum clearance Appendix 28 Sample compliant access l adder Priority 2 Budget -‐ Fall and trip hazards exist due to the following: -‐ M idrail at top landing of ladder is loose -‐ Step hazard between the top landing and main roof level -‐ Guardrail does not provide adequate fall protection at top of ladder (Refer to Reference Guide 3.4, 4.7 & 10.4 ) MR -‐ 13 Remove and replace headway with a compliant system. Appendix 29 Appendix 30 Appendix 31 Appendix 32 Sample compliant access ladder Priority 2 Budget -‐ Users may sustain s prain or ankle injuries due to uneven rung spacing at the ladder’s base. (Refer to Reference Guide 6.4 ) MR -‐ 14 Install adjustable landing platform at the base of ladder. Appendix 28 Sample compliant access l adder Priority 3 Budget -‐ 12 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall Hazards MR # Control Measures Fal l, slip and trip hazards exist due to the following: -‐ Handrail design does not comply with current Australian Standards as it forces a user’s centre of gravity further away from the ladder by gripping the handrails -‐ Lack of proper landing forcing users t o onto parapet capping, which is a potential slip hazard during wet conditions -‐ 900mm landing platform is not provided at the base of ladder (Refer to Reference Guide 7.4 & 6.8 ) MR – 15 Remove and replace ladder with a compliant system. Appendix 34 Appendix 35 Appendix 36 Sample compliant access ladder Priority 2 Budget -‐ Fall from heights risk due to the lack of fall protection provided to roof edge for solar panel maintenance requirements. (Refer to Reference Guide 10.3 & 10.7 ) MR -‐ 16 Install guardrail as fall protection measure to roof edge. Stakehold er Update: Recommendation rejected. Install warning signage s to restrict access within 2.0m of roof fall edge. Appendix 37 Sample A -‐ frame warning signage Priority 1 Budget -‐ Trip hazards exist due to the following: -‐ 200mm clearance is not provided between the back edge of rungs and wall -‐ Users may sustai n sprain or ankle injuries due to uneven rung spacing at the ladder’ s base. (Refer to Reference Guide 6.7 & 6.4 ) MR -‐ 17 Remove and replace headway with a compliant system. Appendix 38 Appendix 39 Sample compliant access ladder Priority 3 Budget -‐ 13 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall Hazards MR # Control Measures Trip hazards exist due to the following: -‐ 200mm clearance is not provided between the back edge of rungs and wall -‐ Use rs may sustain sprain or ankle injuries due to uneven rung spacing at the ladder’s base. (Refer to Reference Guide 6.7 & 6.4 ) MR -‐ 18 Remove and replace headway with a compliant system. Appendix 40 Appendix 41 Sample compliant access ladder Priority 3 Budget -‐ Fall, slip and trip hazards exist due to the following: -‐ Lack of proper landing forcing users to onto parapet capping, which is a potential slip hazard during wet conditions -‐ Guardrail does not provide adequate f all protection at top of ladder (Refer to Reference Guide 4.7, 6.8 & 10.3) MR -‐ 1 9 Remove and replace ladder with a compliant system. Appendix 42 Appendix 43 Sample compliant access ladder Priority 2 Budget -‐ Signage has fad ed in colour. (Refer to Reference Guide 11.2) MR -‐ 20 Remove and replace with new signage. Appendix 44 Sample A -‐ frame warning signage Priority 3 Budget -‐ 14 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall Hazards MR # Control Measures Fall from heights risk due to the following: -‐ Anchor points (x2) installed within 2.0m of roof edge -‐ Non -‐ proprietary horizontal lifeline as v arious manufacturers components have been used ( Sayfa & Safetylink ) and no supporting test data for the system configuration has been provided to ensure the design com plies with AS 1891.2 (Refer to Reference Guide 9.4, 10.3 & 11.1) MR – 21 Remove anchor points and horizontal lifelines from service and install a proprietary system as fall protection where required. Stakehold er Update: Remove and replace with compliant anchor points and horizontal lifelines set back minimum 2.0m away from the roof fall edge Appendix 45 Appendix 46 Appendix 47 Sample complaint anchor point and h orizontal lifeline Priority 1 Budget -‐ Fall from heights risk as anchor points are unable to be certified due to system loaded in tension when utilised. This occurs w hen an anchor point is at an angle exceeding 20 ° from the surfsce in which it is installed. (Refer to Reference Guide 9.4, 10.3 & 11.1) MR – 2 2 Remove anchor points from service and install guardrail as preferred fall protection measure. Stakehold er Update: Install compliant access method and work positioning system on inclined roof above to safely access lower roof area i f Operations Management deems access is required If access is not required then it is recommended to install warning signages to restrict access to area. Appendix 4 8 Priority 1 Budget -‐ 15 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 3.1 Sample Compliant System Upgrade Images Sample compliant anchor point Sample compliant skylight protective mesh Sample compliant guardrail Sample compliant step over ladder Sample compliant access ladder Sample compliant horizontal lifeline 16 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 4.0 Australian Standards Reference Guide AS1657.2018 -‐ Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders – Design, construction and installation Ref No. GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 3.1 AS1657.2018: 3.1.3 – Slip Resistance -‐ Walking surfaces, including steps, treads and rungs, shall be slip resistant 3.2 AS1657.2018: 3.1.4 – Change in Level Where the level of a walkway above an adjacent walkway or floor is 300 mm or less, access from on e level to the other may be gained without the provision of an intermediate step. Where the change of level is greater than 300 mm but does not exceed 450 mm, one intermediate step shall be provided. Access between adjace nt levels where the difference exceeds 450 mm shall be in accordance with the requirements of Section 7 or by means of a sloping walkway in complying with Section 5. 3.3 AS1657.2018: 3.1.5 – Headroom The minimum headroom shall be 2000mm. In limited applications where the minimum headroom cannot be achieved; padding, highlighting, signage and/or additional lighting should be used 3.4 AS1657.2018: 3.1.6 – Fixing of Guardrail Components All gaurdrailing components shall be securely fixed, to ensure that guardrails, posts and intermediate rails or infill form an integral structure of system. 3.5 AS1657.2018: 3.3.2 – Fixings The methods of attachment shall be capable of sustaining the imposed actions and the environment in which the fixi ng will be placed (e.g thermal loading, vibration or chemical attack) 3.6 AS1657.2018: 3.3.3 – Corrosion Protection -‐ Equipment and fixings under this Standard shall be manufactured from materials that are corrosion resistant or shall be treated to mini mise corrosion that can adversely affect their performance. The design of an installation shall minimise the potential for corrosion. PLATFORMS AND LANDINGS 3.7 AS1657.2018: 4.1 General Requirements a. 4.1.1 – Maximum Slope – Platforms and landings shall be level, with a maximum slope in any direction between 0° to 3°. b. 4.1.3 – Width – The clear width of the walking/working surface of every platform and landing shall be not less than 600 mm. c. 4.1.5 – Protection – Where persons have access to t he area below a platform or landing, protection shall be provided in accordance with Clause 4.5. 3.8 4.3 PLATFORM SURFACES -‐ Surfaces shall be installed as follows: a. All elements and panels shall be securely fixed to the supporting structure and sha ll not rely on adjacent sections for the prevention of lateral movement. They shall be fixed so that the removal of any element or panel will not affect the security of the remaining sections. b. All elements and panels shall be evenly laid with a maximu m variation in height of 5mm between adjacent sections. c. Where the surface is likely to become wet, provision shall be made to prevent the retention of the liquid by drainage or other means. d. Slip resistance shall comply with Clause 3.1.3 17 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 3.9 AS1657.2018: 4.4 -‐ Guardrail complying with Section 6 shall be installed on exposed sides of platforms and landings, except at points of access from a stairway or ladder, or where there is a permanent structure not more than 100 mm distance from the edge of the platform or where fall edge is less than 300mm 4.0 AS1657.2018: 4.5 -‐ Where persons have access to or work beneath any platform or landing, the floor of such shall be designed, or provided with protection, to prevent objects falling thr ough the floor reaching the area below 4.1 AS1657.2018: 4.6 – Toeboard – Where an object could fall from a platform or landing onto an area to which access by persons is available, a toeboard complying with Clause 6.1.2 shall be provided 4.2 AS1657.2 018: 4.6 – Edges – Where unprotected edges of platforms and landings are not clear because of poor lighting or xcessive lighting (e.g. a dark factory, sun on aluminum products, etc.) such that a person may be caused to walk off the edge, the edge shall be clearly identified by highlighting. WALKWAYS 4.3 AS1657.2018: 5.1.1 Angle of Slope a. Level Walkway – The angle of slope of the walking surface shall not exceed 3° in any direction. b. Sloping Walkway – The angle of slope of the walking surface in the direction of travel shall not exceed 20°. The angle of slope of the walking surface perpendicular to the direction of travel (i.e. cross -‐ slope) shall not exceed 7° c. Where the angle of slope of the walkway exceeds 10° in the direction of travel, clea ts complying with Clause 5.3.3 shall be provided. Where the angle of slope exceeds 15°, a method of preventing excessive sliding or rolling with Clause 5.4.2 shall be provided. 4.4 AS1657.2018: 5.1.2 Access between adjacent levels Access between adjac ent levels shall be in accordance with Clause 3.1.4 (Refer to 3.2 above) 4.5 AS1657.2018: 5.1.3 Width a. The clear width of a walkway without edge protection shall be not less than 600mm b. Where guardrails are installed on both sides of a walkway, t he clear width between any elements of the guardrailing shall be not less than 550 mm c. Where a fixed structure is present on one or both sides of the walkway and is within a 100 mm distance from the walkway, the clear width measured between the structur e and the inside surface of any guardrail, or between the two structures, shall be not less than 600 mm. 4.6 AS1657.2018: 5.3.2 Slip Resistance Slip resistance shall comply with Clause 3.1.3. Where the angle of slope of the walking surface is between 10° and 20°, the surface shall have cleats fitted across the full width of the walking surface at 90° to the direction of travel. GUARDRAILING 4.7 AS1657.2018: 5.4.1 Provision of Guardrailing Guardrailing complying with Clause 6.2.1 shall be install ed on all sides and ends of a walkway except in the following situations: a. At the points of access from a stairway or ladder b. Where there is a permanent structure not more than 100 mm distant from the edge of the walkway, capable of providing protect ion at least equivalent to that of guardrailing c. On the sides and ends of a walking surface that is not more than 300 mm above an adjacent area upon which it is safe to step or stand without risk of falling. If the angle of slope of the area adjacent to the walkway is 12° or greater, guardrailing complying with Clause 6.2.1 shall be installed on the downslope side of the walkway. J2 Access to a Roof J2.1 Internal access The preferred means of access is an internal access door. Where it is not feasible t o provide an access door, an access hatch should be provided. Such a hatch should be provided with — (a) guardrail protection on three sides; and (b) access provisions that comply with the requirements of Clause 7.4.8.3. J2.2 Access from roof edge Guardrail ing should be provided for a minimum distance of 2000 mm on either side of the entry point where a fall hazard exists. A self -‐ closing gate, opening inwards towards the roof, should be installed between the guardrails at the point of entry to the roof. Ther e should be a landing of not less than 600 mm × 600 mm at the top of the stair or ladder, to permit the gate to be opened without risk of falling (see Figure J1). 18 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 4.8 AS1657.2018: 5.4.2 Requirements for walkways with slips within the range of 15° to 20° On sloping walkways between 15° and 20°, a handrail complying with Clause 5.6 shall be provided. Where there is a risk of a person sliding or rolling along the sloping surface of the walkway, a means of limiting this linear distance to 18m shall be insta lled. 4.9 AS1657.2018: 5.6.2 & 6.2.1.1 -‐ The height of a handrail, measured vertically above the floor, walkway surface or the nosing of a stair tread, shall be not less than 900mm or greater than 1100mm. 5.0 AS1657.2018: 5.6.3 -‐ Metal handrails -‐ Wh ere circular, square, rectangular or angled metal handrails are provided, they shall be not less than 30mm and not greater than 65mm external diameter. 5.1 AS1657.2018: 6.2.1.2 Where guardrailing is of post and rail construction, the following requirem ents apply: a. They shall consist of a top rail — (i) supported by posts at intervals as necessary to meet the specified imposed actions; and (ii) parallel to the floor or, where used on a sloping walkway, parallel to the slope of the walkway. b One or more intermediate rails shall be provided parallel with the top rail and spaced such that the maximum clear space between the rails or between the lowest rail and toeboard, where fitted, shall not exceed 450 mm. c. Where no toeboard is installed , the clear space between the lowest rail and the floor shall not exceed 560 mm. d. Where removable sections of guardrailing are required, the maximum gap between guardrail elements shall be in accordance with Figure 6.2. LADDERS 5.2 AS1657.2018: 7. 3 – STEP LADDERS 7.3.1 Width and angle of slope: T he width of the step -‐ type ladder between the stiles shall be not less than 450 mm but not greater than 750 mm. Angle of slope between 60° -‐ 70°. 5.3 7.3.2 Ladder enclosures: Where a person could fall mor e than 6m, the step -‐ type ladder installation shall be fitted with a side screen, or a ladder cage (see Clause 7.4.7), or other type of enclosure to prevent a sideways fall from the ladder. 5.4 a. 7.3.3.1 Dimension of Treads: Treads shall not be less tha n 100mm deep. The surface of every tread shall be slip -‐ resistant. The dimensions of all treads and of all risers in the same step -‐ type ladder shall be uniform and within a tolerance of ±5 mm. b. 7.3.3.2 Spacing of Treads : Treads shall be equally spaced at distances not less than 200 mm, or greater than 300 mm apart. The top tread shall be level with, or be integrated into, the landing. The allowable cross -‐ slope at the base shall be in accordance with Clause 7.4.3.5 (7°) 5.5 7.3.4 Handrails: a. Handra ils shall be provided on each side of the step -‐ type ladder. The clear space between the handrails shall be not less than 550 mm or greater than 750 mm. b. The bottom of the handrails shall commence at a point no more than 900 mm above the landing 5.6 7 .3.5 Clearances: a. The minimum clearance between the ladder and all permanent objects that are not part of the ladder installation shall be as follows: a.1 From the nosing of the tread, 200 mm a.2 In front, from the nosing of the tread measured perpen dicular to the slope of the ladder, 900 mm when the ladder is inclined at 70° to the horizontal, increasing proportionally to 1000 mm when the ladder is inclined at 60° to the horizontal. 19 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 5.7 7.3.6 Landings: a. Any landing at a point of acc ess to the ladder and any intermediate landing on the ladder shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 4.2 and 4.3 and the following: a.1 The minimum length of the landing shall be not less than 900 mm, measured ho rizontally from the front of the ladder. a.2 The width of the landing shall be not less than the width of the ladder or 600 mm a.3 Landing shall have minimum headroom of 2000mm a.4 Every access landing shall provide standing space of not less than 600 mm clear of cross -‐ traffic, door swing or any other structure. b. The vertical distance between landings shall not exceed 6.0m. Where the vertical height of the installation exceeds 6.0m, and the installation consists of more than one ladder, successi ve ladders shall — (i) change direction by 180° at each landing; or (ii) be staggered at each landing. c. Where a change of direction of 180° or staggering is not possible, other means (e.g. a barrier or a landing not less than 1.5 m long) shall be provide d to prevent a person falling more than 6.0m. 5.8 AS1657.2018 7.4 – TWIN -‐ STILE RUNG -‐ TYPE LADDERS 7.4.1 – Angle of Slope: The angle of slope of twin -‐ stile rung -‐ type ladders shall be in accordance with Section 2. Angle between 70° -‐ 90°. 5.9 7.4.2.1 Wi dth of Stiles The clear width between stiles shall be not less than 375 mm and not greater than 525mm. 6.0 7.4.2.2 Cross -‐ section of Stiles The cross -‐ section profile of the stile may be of any shape, provided it fits within a circle not greater than 80 mm and not less than 40 mm diameter. 6.1 7.4.3.1 General: Rungs a. The surface of rungs shall be slip resistant (e.g. corrugated, serrated, knurled, dimpled or coated with a slip -‐ resistant material). b. Rungs shall be securely connected to the stiles and shall not rotate. c. Rungs shall be not less than 20 mm diameter and not greater than 50 mm diameter. d. Where the ladder is of steel construction, the completed ladder shall be either hot -‐ dip galvanized or treated with an effective corrosion -‐ preven tive material appropriate to the location. 6.2 7.4.3.2 Spacing of rungs Rungs shall be spaced as follows: a. For ladders having a length greater than 1 m, a rung spacing of not less than 250 mm, or greater than 300 mm. b. For ladders having a length less than or equal to 1 m, rungs shall be evenly spaced but not greater than 300 mm apart. 6.3 7.4.3.3 Variation of top rung/tread spacing The top rung/tread shall be level with the top landing 6.4 7.4.3.4 Variation of bottom rung/tread spacing The distance between the bottom rung/tread and the bottom landing shall be not less than 90% and not greater than 100% of the rung/tread spacing 6.5 7.4.3.5 Allowable cross -‐ slope at base of ladder A bottom landing cross -‐ slope of up to 7° total is permissi ble, to cater for a typical low slope surface for the bottom landing (e.g. a roof) without the need for a levelling platform. 20 Height Safety Audit N1724 – Campbelltown Mall 6.6 7.4.4 Fastenings -‐ The ladder shall be secured with fastenings at the top and at the foot of the ladder, and se cured at intervals that are sufficient to comply with the requirements of Clause 7.1.2. 6.7 7.4.5 Clearances -‐ As a minimum, clearances between the ladder and all permanent objects that are not part of the ladder installation shall be the following: a. At the back edge of the rung, 200 mm. b. In front, from the nosing of the rung measured at perpendicular to the ladder, 750 mm. c. At the sides, 350 mm from the centre -‐ line of the ladder, except as provided in d. From a line drawn from the stile at an angle of not less than 135° to the front of the rung. 6.8 7.4.6 Landings a. Any landing at a point of access to the ladder and any intermediate landing on the ladder shall be designed and constructed in accordance with the requirements of Clauses 4.2 a nd 4.3 and the following: a.1 The minimum length of the landing shall be not less than 900 mm, measured horizontally from the front of the ladder. a.2 The width of the landing shall be not less than the width of the ladder or 600 mm a.3 Landing sh all have minimum headroom of 2000mm a.4 Every access landing shall provide standing space of not less than 600 mm clear of cross -‐ traffic, door swing or any other structure. b. The vertical distance between landings shall not exceed 6.0m. Where the vert ical height of the installation exceeds 6.0m, and the installation consists of more than one ladder, successive ladders shall — (i) change direction by 180° at each landing; or (ii) be staggered at each landing. c. Where a change of direction of 180° or st aggering is not possible, other means (e.g. a barrier or a landing not less than 1.5 m long) shall be provided to prevent a person falling more than 6.0m. 6.9 AS 1657.2018 7.4.7 – Ladder Cage a. A ladder cage complying with this Clause shall be provi ded where a person could fall more than 6 m from a rung -‐ type ladder, irrespective of landings. b. Where installation of a ladder cage is not possible (e.g. lighting and transmission towers, wind turbines towers, pits and the like), a fall -‐ arrest system co mplying with AS/NZS 1891 series shall be provided. c. Where a ladder cage is provided, it shall comply with the following: c.1 The inside of the cage shall be free from projections c.2 The cage shall extend not less than 1000 mm or to the height of the guardrail (if provided) above the top of the platform landing. c.3 The bottom of the cage shall terminate not less than 2000 mm or more than 2200 mm above the base of the ladder. c.4 Where the bottom of the ladder terminates at a platform fitted with guardrailing that is less than 900mm horizontally from the front of the ladder or 500mm laterally from the outside of either ladder stile, the area between the cage and the top of the guardrailing shall be guarded to provide sufficient edge protection c.5 The rear half of the cage shall be approximately semicircular. The sectional dimensions of the cage shall provide an internal width of 700 mm and a clearance of 750 mm between the back of the cage and the front of the rungs, measured at 90° to the slope of the ladder. c.6 Connections shall be either welded or mechanically fastened. c.7 For ladders erected in highly scenic or other locations that are accessible to the public, consideration should be given to preventing unauthorized access.