COMPENDIUM OF KEY DOCUMENTS RELATING TO PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA Editor: Monica Juma Assistant editors: Rafael Velásquez García & Brittany Kesselman 2006 Compendium of Key Documents Relating to Peace and Security in Africa Published by: Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) The Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) is a publisher that is based in Africa, launched and managed by the Centre for Human Rights and the Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, South Africa. PULP endeavours to publish and make available innovative, high–quality texts, which have been peer– reviewed, and which specifically focus on human rights as well as other aspects of public international law, in Africa. For more information on PULP, see: www.chr.up.ac.za/pulp Printed and bound by: ABC Press Cape Town Cover design: Yolanda Booyzen and Lizette Besaans, Centre for Human Rights Part of the UPEACE Series on Peace and Conflict in Africa Series Editor: Christof Heyns Titles in the Series include: • Compendium of Key Human Rights Documents of the African Union (also available in French and Arabic); • Compendium of Key Documents Relating to Peace and Security in Africa; • Human Rights, Peace and Justice in Africa: A Reader; and • Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution in Africa: A Reader. To order, contact: PULP or Faculty of Law University of Pretoria South Africa 0002 Tel: +27 12 420 4948 Fax: +27 12 362 5125 pulp@up.ac.za www.chr.up.ac.za/pulp ISBN: 0–9585097–3–5 University for Peace Main Campus and Headquarters PO Box 138–6100 San José Costa Rica Tel: 506 205–9000 Fax: 506 249–1929 publications@upeace.org www.upeace.org iii Table of Contents FOREWORD vii PREFACE ix INTRODUCTION x SECTION 1 – THE ORGANIZATION OF AFRICAN UNITY DURING THE COLD WAR (1963 – 1989) OAU Charter (1963/1963) 3 Resolution on Apartheid and Racial Discrimination (1964) 5 Convention on Mercenarism in Africa (1977/1985) 13 SECTION 2 – TRANSITION PERIOD (1990 – 1999) Cairo Declaration (1993) 19 Declaration on the Establishment of a Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution (1993) 22 Pelindaba Nuclear Weapon–Free Zone Treaty (1995/) 26 OAU Convention on Terrorism (1999/2003) 31 Bamako Declaration on Small Arms and Light Weapons (2000) 39 SECTION 3 – THE NEW AFRICAN VISION (2000 – PRESENT) 1. Treaties, Protocols and Declarations 48 Constitutive Act of the AU (2000/2001) 48 NEPAD Framework (2001) 56 Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic and Corporate Governance (2002) 58 Protocol Relating to the Peace and Security Council (2002/2003) 63 Protocol on Amendments to the Constitutive Act (2003/) 80 Solemn Declaration on a Common African Defence and Security Policy (2004) 83 Protocol to the OAU Convention on Terrorism (2004/) 100 AU Non–Aggression and Common Defence Pact (2005/) 105 Common African Position on the Proposed Reform of the UN (The Ezulwini Consensus) (2005) 113 2. Peace Support Operations 121 Policy Framework for the Establishment of the African Standby Force (2003) 121 Roadmap for the Operationalisation of the African Standby Force (2005) 152 3. Reports of the Chairperson of the AU Commission 161 Report of the Interim Chairperson (2003) 161 iv Report of the Commission on the Establishment of a Continental Peace and Security Architecture (2004) 194 Report of the Chairperson (2005) 205 SECTION 4 – MECHANISMS FOR PEACE AND SECURITY IN AFRICA 1. AU Peace and Security Structures 225 (a) Assembly of Heads of State and Government 225 (b) Executive Council 226 (c) Permanent Representatives Committee (PRC) 226 (d) The Peace and Security Council (PSC) 226 (e) African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) 227 APRM Base Document (2002) 228 Objectives, Standards, Criteria and Indicators for the APRM (2003) 232 APRM Organisation and Process (2003) 238 Memorandum of Understanding on the APRM (2003) 247 (f) Economic, Social and Cultural Council (ECOSOCC) 250 Statutes of ECOSOCC (2004) 250 (g) Pan–African Parliament (PAP) 251 Protocol Relating to the Pan–African Parliament (2001/2003) 252 2. Africa’s Regional Organisations 254 (a) Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) 256 Treaty Establishing the AMU (1989) 256 (b) Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) 257 Treaty Establishing COMESA (1993/1994) 257 (c) East African Community (EAC) 258 Treaty Establishing the EAC (1999/2000) 258 (d) Economic Community of Central African States (ECCAS) 262 Treaty Establishing ECCAS (1983) 262 Standing Orders of the Defence and Security Commission (2002) 263 Standing Orders of the Central African Multinational Force (FOMAC) (2002) 267 Standing Orders of the Central African Early Warning Mechanism (MARAC) (2002) 273 (e) Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) 275 Treaty of ECOWAS (1993) 276 Protocol on Non–Aggression (1978) 277 Protocol Relating to Mutual Assistance in Defence (1981) 278 Declaration of a Moratorium on Light Weapons in West Africa (1998) 284 Protocol Relating to the Mechanism for Conflict Prevention, Management, Resolution, Peacekeeping and Security (1999) 285 Protocol on Democracy and Good Governance (2001) 303 (f) Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) 315 Agreement Establishing IGAD (1996) 315 Protocol on the Conflict Early Warning and Response v Mechanism (CEWARN) (2002) 317 Policy Framework for the Eastern Africa Standby Brigade (EASBRIG) (2005) 323 (g) Southern African Development Community (SADC) 329 Treaty of SADC (1992/1993) 329 Protocol on Politics, Defence and Security Co–operation (2001/2004) 331 SADC Mutual Defence Pact (2003/) 338 Protocol on the Control of Firearms (2001/2004) 341 Strategic Indicative Plan for the Organ on Politics, Defence and Security Co–operation (SIPO) (2004) 348 SECTION 5 – INTERNATIONAL PARTNERSHIPS 1. United Nations 368 UN Charter 368 An Agenda for Peace (1992) 373 UNSG Report on the Causes of Conflict and Promotion of Peace in Africa (1998) 388 UN Declaration on NEPAD (2002) 417 Report of the Panel on UN Peace Operations (Brahimi Report) (2000) 418 Report of the High Level Panel on Threats, Challenges and Change (2004) 429 2. Group of Major Industrialised Nations (G8) 441 G8 Kananaskis Summit Africa Action Plan (2002) 441 G8 Evian Summit Summary Report (2003) 453 Joint Africa/G8 Plan to Enhance African Capabilities to Undertake Peace Support Operations (2003) 459 G8 Sea Island Summit Action Plan (2004) 464 G8 Gleneagles Summit Africa Report (2005) 467 Consultation between the AU, the G8 Member Countries and African Peace and Security Institutions (2005) 477 3. European Union (EU) 481 Cotonou Agreement 481 EU – AU Ministerial Meeting Final Communiqué (2005) 485 4. Tokyo International Conference on African Development 491 Tokyo Declaration on African Development: Towards the 21st Century (TICAD I) (1993) 491 Tokyo Agenda for Action (TICAD II) (1998) 497 TICAD Tenth Anniversary Declaration (TICAD III) (2003) 500 5. Commission for Africa 506 Our Common Interest (2005) 506 vi Expositions of the AU Structures 508 Chart of Ongoing Peacekeeping Operations in Africa 510 Chart of Ratifications 512 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 516 USEFUL WEBSITES 518 PROFILES 520 University for Peace, Africa Programme 520 SaferAfrica 520 Editor and Assistant Editors 521 vii Foreword Very few areas in the world have witnessed the diversity and intensity of conflicts that Africa has undergone in recent years. Africa has suffered both interstate wars (Ethiopia–Eritrea) and intrastate conflicts (eg, Central Africa’s Great Lakes Region and the ‘conflict–domino–effect’ throughout West Africa). Many of the most commonly recognised sources of violent engagements are present in Africa: underdevelopment, extreme poverty, human rights violations, bad governance, identity–based divisions and small arms pro– liferation, to mention but a few. Nevertheless, dramatic changes are taking place in the international security arena. The concept of peace is being reconsidered, no longer taken only as the absence of war (negative peace) but also as being conditioned upon justice and social equity (positive peace). Today practitioners and academicians alike recognise that peace and development are, to a large extent, but two sides of the same coin. Numerous initiatives have taken place at the political and diplomatic level, as well as on the regional, continental and international stage, in order to create appropriate mechanisms that will not only prevent, manage and resolve conflict situations, but also, and perhaps most importantly, ensure that a comprehensive strategy which links peace, security, good governance, economic growth and education is put in place. This Compendium bears witness to how African governments are committing themselves to conflict prevention, and hence the future of their people. The African Union (AU) has adapted, and where needed created, institutions in order to improve its ability to deal with conflicts. Examples include the Peace and Security Council (PSC), the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) and the Pan African Parliament (PAP), among others. Subregional organi- sations such as the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) have also developed key capacities to manage and prevent conflict situations. Strategies for international partnerships have also undergone change. Co– operation between the AU and its partners, particularly the European Union (EU), and the G8 have developed and intensified, in an attempt to address directly the subject of peace and security in Africa. Meanwhile, the involve- ment of civil society and non–governmental organisations has also gained greater prominence, as their participation within the APRM demonstrates. The United Nations–affiliated University for Peace (UPEACE) and its partners should be congratulated for their contribution in support of these efforts through peace education. The current Compendium is an invaluable resource for everyone engaged with the practice and theory of conflict and peace in Africa. It brings together between its covers the main documents outlining the mandates and responsibilities of the primary actors, including institutions that are involved in this field on the continent, and makes the adopted programmes of action in this regard accessible to a broader audience. In this way, the Compendium provides a basis and a springboard for a vigorous engagement with peace and security issues by intellectuals, students and decision makers of Africa. Hopefully, it will find its way into the research and teaching programmes of the universities of the continent. viii It has often been said that peace is a group effort, involving entire societies. The Compendium is a valuable contribution towards involving a broader cross– section of people from Africa in the continent’s all–important peace efforts. Ambassador Said Djinnit Commissioner for Peace and Security, African Union Commission ix Preface The Compendium of Key Documents Relating to Peace and Security in Africa is part of the evolving Series on Peace and Conflict in Africa published by the Africa Programme of the United Nations–affiliated University for Peace (UPEACE), aimed at making the basic material on issues related to conflict and peace in Africa more accessible. The Compendium introduces and reproduces some of the main international documents dealing with this topic. It may be used on its own by peace practitioners and scholars, but could also be used in conjunction with the Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution in Africa: A Reader , as a collection of study materials for courses dealing with conflict and peace in Africa. The Reader contains reprints and extracts of seminal writings on the topic, and as such complements the texts in the Compendium UPEACE is also in the process of publishing other specialised compendium and reader packages as part of the Series on Peace and Conflict in Africa. A Compendium of Key Human Rights Documents of the African Union and Human Rights, Peace and Justice in Africa: A Reader have already been published. Publications on the following themes are also envisaged: • Peace and development; • Gender and peacebuilding; • Media and peace; • Non–violent transformation of conflicts; • Regional integration and peace; and • Endogenous methods of mediation and peacebuilding. The current Compendium , with its general focus, should also serve as a source of reference for all the other publications. It is hoped that through these publications UPEACE will provide those working in any field related to conflict and peace in Africa — and especially lecturers and students of the universities of Africa — with an opportunity to engage with the important texts on the different aspects of this critical topic. We wish to thank the donors that are supporting the Africa Programme of UPEACE: The government of the Netherlands, the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), the Swedish International Development Co– operation Agency (SIDA) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Co– operation (SDC). We thank Monica Juma and the members of the editorial team who have prepared the Compendium Dr Jean Bosco Butera Director, UPEACE Africa Programme Prof Christof Heyns Academic Coordinator, UPEACE Africa Programme and Director of the Centre for Human Rights, University of Pretoria x Introduction This Compendium contains key documents on peace and security in Africa covering the period between 1963 and December 2005. Reflecting the historical evolution of the peace and security agenda in Africa, the Compendium is organised in five sections. Section One comprises documents generated between the launching of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963 and the collapse of the Berlin wall in 1989, signifying the end of the Cold War era. Section Two looks at the period of transition on the continent — characterised by an upsurge of conflicts and wars — conceived by some analysts as the pangs of rebirth or the wave of the second liberation, identified with the expansion of democratic space. Section Three turns to the new African vision embodied in the spirit of African renaissance, the creation of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) and the transformation of the OAU into the African Union (AU). Section Four focuses on Africa’s Regional Economic Communities (RECs), conceived as the building blocks of the African peace and security agenda. Finally, Section Five lays out key documents resulting from various inter- national partnerships, such as Africa’s relationship with the United Nations and the G8. Each of these sections begins with an introduction that contextualises the documents and events of the period. The basic documents are reproduced but in most cases, only relevant sections of documents have been extracted. In addition we provide website citations where further references and texts may be found, especially decisions of the various African peace and security organs. Some documents reprinted here are also available in the Compendium of Key Human Rights Documents of the African Union (2005), published by UPEACE. The objective of the Compendium is to make available the main documents on, and act as a reference for, issues relating to peace and security in Africa. The Compendium will be of use to practitioners, academics and policy makers in the field of conflict prevention, management and resolution in Africa. The Compendium is a joint publication of the United Nations–affiliated University for Peace, in particular its Africa Programme (www.upeace.org) and the Peace and Security Programme at SaferAfrica (www.saferafrica.org). Profiles of these institutions are provided at the end of the publication. I had the privilege of working with an excellent team in assembling the Compendium , namely Rafael Velasquez and Karen Stefiszyn, both from the UN–affiliated University for Peace, and Brittany Kesselman and Siggi Nduvane (now deceased), from SaferAfrica. Yolanda Booyzen, Elwina Daniels and Lizette Besaans, from the Centre for Human Rights, provided IT assistance, formatted documents and supervised the production process respectively working under intense pressure. I am also grateful to individuals and research centres who have facilitated and encouraged the development of this publication. Frans Viljoen, Magnus Killander, Susan Precious, and Isabeau de Meyer (all from the Centre for Human Rights) provided great insight when they reviewed draft versions of this publication. The 26 participants (from 16 different African countries) of the UPEACE Africa Programme Short Course on xi Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution (Pretoria, April 3–7, 2006) provided invaluable feedback on the suitability of the material in the Compendium as a source for teaching and research at African universities. The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD) and Annelize Nienaber from the Pretoria University Law Press (PULP) assisted with particular aspects of the Compendium Thanks also go to Jean–Bosco Butera, Director of the Africa Programme at UPEACE, Christof Heyns, Academic Coordinator of the UPEACE Africa Programme, Ameena Payne, Executive Director of the Africa Programme at UPEACE and Pal Martins, Director of the Peace and Security Programme at SaferAfrica, for their support, encouragement and direction during the assembling and production of this document. While every care has been taken in the preparation of this compilation, any errors of omission or commission are mine. Statements and opinions expressed directly or implied do not necessarily reflect the views of UPEACE. Dr Monica Kathina Juma Editor 1 Section 1 The Organization of African Unity during the Cold War (1963 – 1989) The Organization of African Unity (OAU) was the premier African multilateral organisation of independent African states. Formed in 1963 by 37 inde- pendent African states, the OAU was mandated to promote unity and development; defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of members; eradicate all forms of colonialism; promote international co–operation; and co–ordinate members' economic, diplomatic, educational, health, welfare, scientific, and defense policies. Expansive as this mandate reads, the clarion call and focus of the OAU became the decolonisation of the entire continent and independence from colonial domination and oppression, including white minority rule in the South. The OAU was established at the height of the Cold War period and this reality became a major factor in shaping and driving the activities of this organisation and its membership. At the time, Africa assumed a central position in the geo–strategic interests and calculus of both the Western and Eastern blocs. In an effort to expand their spheres of influence, each super- power courted and lured newly independent African states to adopt their political ideology. For this reason, superpowers made huge investments, in the form of economic and military support, to ensure the survival of ‘friendly’ regimes. This resulted in instability as accountability to domestic populations diminished and as governments engaged in arms races across the continent to the neglect of the socio–economic needs of their people. Today’s insecurity in most of Africa is partly linked to the proliferation of arms that characterised this era. In an effort to exercise some measure of autonomy, African states joined the Non–Aligned Movement (NAM). However, this did not insulate them from superpower influences, instead it generated a range of dilemmas owing to their entrenched dependency on such countries. Nonetheless, the OAU forged a strong collaboration with the NAM, and the two organisations usually supported each other in international fora, parti– cularly in the United Nations. From its inception, and as stated in article II of the Charter, the OAU was guided by two main principles: ‘The sovereign equality of all member states’ and ‘Non–interference in the internal affairs of states.’ Further, the member states agreed to maintain and respect inherited colonial borders. While these principles served to deter any imperialist agenda, particularly with the 2 OAU during Cold War superpower adventurism, they also had a negative impact on the continent. Originally promulgated to prevent outside interference in the era of decolonisation and Cold War rivalry, these principles were exploited by African leaders and their allies to bolster the position of incumbent elites, often against international or domestic sanction, and to defend despots, usually against their own people. Even when it became apparent that the OAU needed to address insecurity, it was guided in its actions by the principle of ‘non–interference’. It thus adopted mechanisms that privileged the use of soft power such as mediation and persuasion, such as the OAU’s Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration (1964) and subsequently the Conflict Prevention, Management and Resolution Mechanism (1993). These structures remained largely ineffective in quelling conflicts in Africa and earned the OAU some of its most severe critics. Throughout its life, the OAU was faced with the challenge of border disputes, aggression or subversion by states against each other, separatist movements, and in extreme cases, collapse of order in member states. The OAU’s Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration, provided for by article 7 of the OAU Charter and enforced by the Cairo Protocol of July 21, 1964, lacked the capacity and commitment to manage and resolve conflict in most cases. Nonetheless, there were cases where the organisation succeeded in defending member states’ sovereignty and territorial integrity. When the 1967–70 Civil War broke out in Nigeria, with Biafra seeking secession, the OAU threw its weight on the side of unity and provided for an ad hoc Consultative Committee that helped to prevent secession while maintaining the cohesion of its membership. When Israeli forces occupied parts of Egypt in 1967, the OAU strongly condemned this aggression and demanded the withdrawal of Israeli troops from all occupied Arab territories. When Portugal attempted the re–conquest of Guinea in 1970, the OAU render– ed financial and military aid to Guinea, declared war on mercenaries in Africa and waged a successful information campaign that galvanised international opinion against the aggression. In Equatorial Guinea, the OAU support enabled the young republic in 1977 to reinforce its newly won independence. Another success for the OAU was its unrelenting support for the total liberation of the continent. The OAU Coordinating Committee for the Liberation of Africa, whose task was the liberation or decolonisation of African colonised states, succeeded in organising diplomatic support, channelling financial and military support and in providing logistical aid to the liberation movements across the continent. The Committee was also critical in mobilising and maintaining international pressure, and together with the UN managed to secure the isolation of many colonial regimes and to accelerate the decolonisation of such countries as Angola, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. Some analysts have argued that this Committee was the seed that later germinated into the current Peace and Security Council of the African Union. However, these few good examples were overshadowed by the magnitude of crises and conflicts that characterised the continent after the end of the Cold War, forcing a re–evaluation of the mechanisms for conflict prevention, management and resolution, and ultimately leading to the establishment of the African Union. OAU Charter 3 Charter of the Organization of African Unity (1963/1963) We, the Heads of African States and Governments assembled in the city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Convinced that it is the inalienable right of all people to control their own destiny, Conscious of the fact that freedom, equality, justice and dignity are essential objectives for the achievement of the legitimate aspirations of the African peoples, Conscious of our responsibility to harness the natural and human resources of our continent for the total advancement of our peoples in all spheres of human endeavour, Inspired by a common determination to promote understanding among our peoples and co–operation among our states in response to the aspirations of our peoples for brotherhood and solidarity, in a larger unity transcending ethnic and national differences, Convinced that, in order to translate this determination into a dynamic force in the cause of human progress, conditions for peace and security must be established and maintained, Determined to safeguard and consolidate the hard–won independence as well as the sovereignty and territorial integrity of our states, and to fight against neocolonialism in all its forms, Dedicated to the general progress of Africa, Persuaded that the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, to the principles of which we reaffirm our adherence, provide a solid foundation for peaceful and positive co–operation among states, Desirous that all African states should henceforth unite so that the welfare and wellbeing of their peoples can be assured, Resolved to reinforce the links between our states by establishing and strengthening common institutions, HAVE AGREED to the present Charter. Establishment Article I 1. The High Contracting Parties do by the present Charter establish an Organisation to be known as the Organization of African Unity. Adopted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, on 25 May 1963 and entered into force on 13 September 1963. Replaced in 2001 by the Constitutive Act of the African Union (see below), when the OAU was succeeded by the AU. All 53 states of Africa were members of the OAU, Morocco withdrew in 1984. Available online at http:// www.africa–union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/text/OAU_Charter_1963.pdf 4 OAU during Cold War 2. The Organization shall include the continental African states, Mada– gascar and other Islands surrounding Africa. Purposes Article 2 1. The Organization shall have the following purposes: (a) To promote the unity and solidarity of the African states; (b) To co–ordinate and intensify their co–operation and efforts to achieve a better life for the peoples of Africa; (c) To defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity and indepen– dence; (d) To eradicate all forms of colonialism from Africa; and (e) To promote international co–operation, having due regard to the Charter of the United Nations and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. 2. To these ends, the member states shall co–ordinate and harmonise their general policies, especially in the following fields: (a) Political and diplomatic co–operation; (b) Economic co–operation, including transport and communications; (c) Educational and cultural co–operation; (d) Health, sanitation and nutritional co–operation; (e) Scientific and technical co–operation; and (f) co–operation for defence and security. Principles Article 3 The member states, in pursuit of the purposes stated in article 2 solemnly affirm and declare their adherence to the following principles: 1. The sovereign equality of all member states. 2. Non–interference in the internal affairs of states. 3. Respect for the sovereignty and territorial integrity of each State and for its inalienable right to independent existence. 4. Peaceful settlement of disputes by negotiation, mediation, conciliation or arbitration. 5. Unreserved condemnation, in all its forms, of political assassination as well as of subversive activities on the part of neighbouring states or any other states. 6. Absolute dedication to the total emancipation of the African territories which are still dependent. 7. Affirmation of a policy of non–alignment with regard to all blocs. ... Resolution on Apartheid and Racial Discrimination 5 Resolution on Apartheid and Racial Discrimination (1964) ... Commission of Jurists ... Having considered resolution 27 (II) of the Council of Ministers, Decides to establish, in accordance with article XX of the Charter of the Organization of African Unity, a Commission of Jurists as a Specialised Commission of the Organization of African Unity. Apartheid in South Africa The Assembly of Heads of State and Government meeting in its First Ordinary Session in Cairo, UAR, from 17 to 21 July 1964, Recalling the resolution on apartheid and racial discrimination adopted by the Conference of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa in May 1963, Having examined the Report of the Liberation Committee, Having heard the Report on the activities of the delegation of Ministers for Foreign Affairs instructed by the Conference of Heads of State and Government to explain and uphold the African position before the United Nations Security Council, Noting with grave concern the consistent refusal of the South African Government to give consideration to appeals made by every sector of world opinion and in particular the resolutions of the United Nations Security Council and General Assembly, Noting in particular that, in view of the South African Government's apparent decision to disregard all peaceful intervention attempting to bring about discontinuation of their policy of apartheid, sanctions of every nature being the only means available of achieving a peaceful solution to the explosive situation which prevails in South Africa: 1. Reaffirms that the position in South Africa represents a serious threat to peace and international security; 2. Condemns the South African Government whose policy, being incompatible with its political and moral obligations as a Member State of the United Nations, constitutes a grave danger to stability and peace in Africa and the world; 3. Approves and encourages the action of representatives of the Organization of African Unity within the various international bodies with a view to bringing about abolition of the policy apartheid and notes with pleasure the increasing support of a number of countries and institutions in favour of African demands in this respect; 4. Reiterates its appeal to all countries to apply in the strictest manner the economic, diplomatic, political and military sanctions already decided by the United Nations General Assembly and Security Council; Adopted by the First Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government held in Cairo, UAR (Egypt) from 17 to 21 July 1964. Available online at: http://www. africa–union.org/root/au/Documents/Decisions/hog/bHoGAssembly 1964.pdf 6 OAU during Cold War 5. Appeals to the major commercial partners of the South African Government to discontinue the encouragement they are giving to the maintenance of apartheid by their investments and commercial relations with the Pretoria Government; 6. Decides to take the necessary steps to refuse any aeroplane or ship or any other means of communication going to or coming from South Africa the right to fly over the territories of Member States or utilise their ports or any other facilities. Apartheid and Racial Discrimination ... Recalling the resolution on apartheid and Racial Discrimination adopted by the Conference of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa in May 1963; Recalling further the resolutions on apartheid and Racial Discrimination, CM/ Res. 6(I) and CM/Res. 13(II) of the council of Ministers; Reaffirming in particular resolution CM/Res. 13(II) adopted by the Council of Ministers at its Second Session in Lagos; Having examined the Report of the Administrative Provisional Secretary– General of the Organization of African Unity, (document CM/33), the Proceedings and Resolutions of the International Conference of Economic Sanctions against South Africa contained in the Provisional Secretary– General’s Report (document CM/27), the Report of the Foreign Ministers of Liberia, Madagascar, Sierra Leone and Tunisia, appointed by the Conference of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa in 1963 to represent OAU Member States at the Security Council, and the Report of the African Group at the United Nations; Noting with great concern the consistent refusal of the Government of South Africa to give consideration to appeals made by every sector of world opinion as well as its non–compliance with the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly of the United Nations; Noting in particular that the attitude of certain States towards the Government of South Africa and their continued close relations with that Government only encourages it to persist in its policies of apartheid and contempt for the United Nations; Convinced of the necessity of intensifying as a matter of urgency the action of the African States in regard to further the application of sanctions against the Government of South Africa; Expressing its deep concern over the trials conducted according to the arbitrary and inhuman laws of the Government of South Africa to convict the opponents of apartheid, Deeply distressed at the recent convictions of and sentences passed on African nationalists, particularly on Nelson Mandela and Walter Sisulu, Decides: 1. To call for the release of Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Mangalisso Sobukwe and all other Nationalists, imprisoned or detained under the arbitrary laws of South Africa; 2. To extend the mandate of the Foreign Ministers of Liberia, Madagascar, Sierra Leone and Tunisia, Commissioned by the Conference of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa, in May 1963, to continue their representation on behalf of all OAU Member States at the deliberations of the Security Council; Resolution on Apartheid and Racial Discrimination 7 3. To appeal to all oil producing countries to cease as a matter of urgency their supply of oil and petroleum products to South Africa; 4. To call on all African States to implement forthwith the decision taken in Addis Ababa, in May 1963, to boycott South African goods and to cease the supply of minerals and other raw materials to South Africa; 5. To request the co–operation of all countries and in particular that of the major trading partners of South Africa in the boycott of South African goods; 6. To establish a machinery within the OAU General Secretariat, which will be entrusted inter alia, with the following functions: (a) to plan co–ordination of sanctions against South Africa among the Member States, and to ensure the strictest implementation of all relevant resolutions of the OAU; (b) to harmonise co–operation with friendly States with a view to implementing an effective boycott of South Africa; (c) to collect and disseminate information about governmental and private financial, economic and commercial institutions, which trade with South Africa; (d) to promote, in co–operation with other international bodies, the campaign for international economic sanctions against South Africa by all appropriate means, in particular by countering the propaganda and pressures of the South Africa Government. Report of the Liberation Committee ... Recalling the resolution on Decolonisation adopted by Conference of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa, in May 1963, and resolution CM/ Res.15(II) adopted by the Council at its Second Session in Lagos, Having examined the Report of the Co–ordinated Committee for the Liberation of Africa, Noting with satisfaction the work so far accomplished by the Liberation Committee, Noting further with satisfaction that the membership of OAU has increased, Noting that some progress has been made by some nationalist liberation movements with the assistance of the Liberation Committee to establish common action fronts with a view to strengthening the effectiveness of their movements, Regretting the continued existence of multiple rival liberation movements in the territories under foreign domination, in spite of the efforts of the Liberation Committee to reconcile them, Considering that certain Member States have not yet paid their voluntary contributions for 1963 to the Special Liberation Fund, Reaffirming the determination of Member States to continue by all means the struggle for the independence of the territories under foreign domination, Decides that: 1. The Committee be maintained with the present membership; 2. The Administrative Secretary–General be given supervisory power over the Secretariat of the Committee; 3. Each Member State pay for 1964 an obligatory minimum of Sterling pounds to the Special Liberation Fund in Dar es Salaam, pending the establishment of a scale of assessment. 8 OAU during Cold War Southern Rhodesia ... Recalling the resolution on Decolonisation adopted by the Conference of Heads of State and Government in Addis Ababa, in May 1963, and Resolution CM/Res.14(II) adopted by the Council at its Second Session in Lagos; Recalling further the Resolutions adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations ... Having examined the Report of the African Group at the United Nations, submitted in response to resolution CM/Res.14(II) of the Council of Ministers to take appropriate diplomatic measures to ensure that the British Government implement, without delay, the resolutions of the United Nations on Southern Rhodesia, Requests: 1. African States to take a vigorous stand against a Declaration of Independence of Southern Rhodesia by a European minority government and to pledge themselves to take appropriate measures, including the recognition and support of an African nationalist government–in–exile should such an eventuality arise; 2. The African Group at the United Nations to examine further measures to be taken in the event of declaration of independence by the European minority government and to submit a report to the Council; 3. The United Kingdom to convene immediately a constitutional conference in which representatives of all political groups in Southern Rhodesia would participate with a view to preparing a new and democratic constitution ensuring majority rule on the basis of ‘one man, one vote’; 4. The immediate release of Joshua N’Komo, the Rev. Ndabininge Sithole and all other political prisoners and detainees; 5. The Foreign Ministers of Algeria and Senegal assisted by the African Group at the United Nations to undertake the task of presenting the problem of Southern Rhodesia at the appropriate time before the Security Council; 6. The Government of Malawi and the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar to offer their good offices to the nationalist parties in Southern Rhodesia so as to bring about a united front of all the liberation movements for the rapid attainment of their common objective of independence; 7. The African nationalist movements in Southern Rhodesia to intensify their struggle for immediate independence. Territories under Portuguese Domination ... Having considered the situation in the African territories under Portuguese domination; Noting with deep concern the adamant refusal of Portugal to recognise the inalienable right of the African peoples under its domination to self– determination and independence; Recalling the Resolution in Decolonisation adopted by the Conference of Heads of State and Government, in Addis Ababa in May 1963, in particular its operative paragraphs 7, 8, 9 and 10; Convinced that only concerted positive action by all Independent African States and the nationalist movements in these territories will secure their liberation: Resolution on Apartheid and Racial Discrimination 9 1. Condemns Portugal for its persistent refusal to recognise the right of the peoples under its domination to self–determination and independence and for its non–compliance with the resolutions of the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations; 2. Calls on African nationalist movements in the territories under Portuguese domination to intensify their struggle for their immediate liberation; 3. Reiterates it