Jörg Rogge (ed.) Cultural History in Europe Mainz Historical Cultural Sciences | Volume 5 Editorial The Mainzer Historische Kulturwissenschaften [Mainz Historical Cultural Sciences] series publishes the results of research that develops methods and theories of cultural sciences in connection with empirical research. The central approach is a historical perspective for cultural sciences, whereby both epochs and regions can differ widely and be treated in an all-embracing manner from time to time. The series brings together, among other things, research appro- aches in archaeology, art history and visualistic, philosophy, literary studies and history, and is open for contributions on the history of knowledge, political cul- ture, the history of perceptions, experiences and life-worlds, as well as other fields of research with a historical cultural scientific orientation. The objective of the Mainzer Historische Kulturwissenschaften series is to be- come a platform for pioneering works and current discussions in the field of historical cultural sciences. The series is edited by the Co-ordinating Committee of the Special Research Group Historical Cultural Sciences (HKW) at the Johannes Gutenberg Univer- sity Mainz. Jörg Rogge (ed.) Cultural History in Europe Institutions – Themes – Perspectives The Conference on Cultural History in Europe was sponsored by the DFG. The Print was sponsored by the Research Focus Historical Cultural Sciences (HKW). An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative ini- tiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 (BY-NC-ND). Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 (BY-NC-ND). which means that the text may be used for non-commercial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Natio- nalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or uti- lized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any infor- mation storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. © 2011 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Cover layout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Proofread by Cathleen Sarti, Mainz Typeset by Justine Haida, Bielefeld Printed by Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar ISBN 978-3-8376-1724-5 ISBN 978-3-8394-1724-9 C ONTENTS Welcome Address ............................................................................... 7 U LRICH F ÖRSTERMANN Traditions, Topics and Trends in Cultural History in Europe—an Introduction .............................................................. 11 J ÖRG R OGGE From Ethnology and Folklore Studies to Cultural History in Scandinavia ..................................................................................... 31 A NNE E RIKSEN Traditions of Cultural History in Finland, 1900-2000 ................. 45 H ANNU S ALMI The Practice of Cultural History in Britain .................................. 63 L UDMILLA J ORDANOVA The Cultural History MA at the University of Aberdeen, DSHUVRQDOUHÀHFWLRQ ..................................................... 79 N ICK F ISHER Perspectives of the Cultural History in Latvia: The 20th century and beyond ........................................................... 91 0 Ă57,Ƅä 0 ,17$856 A would-be science? A History of Material Culture in Poland before and after the year 1989 ............................................................ 125 , *25 . Ć.2/(:6., Achievements and Contradictions in the Writing and Teaching of Cultural History in Hungary ...................................... 141 $ 1'5($ 3 (7ł Beyond the Alpine Myth, Across the Linguistic Ditch Cultural History in Switzerland ............................................................ 157 C HRISTOF D EJUNG What ’ s new about the New Cultural History ? An exemplary survey of the Austrian academic community ................ 171 C HRISTINA L UTTER We’ve only just begun Cultural History in Germany ................................................................ 191 $ &+,0 / $1':(+5 Cultural History in Spain History of Culture and Cultural History: same paths and outcomes? ................................................................ 211 C AROLINA R ODRÍGUEZ -L ÓPEZ Cultural History in Italy ...................................................................... 239 A LESSANDRO A RCANGELI Contributors ......................................................................................... 257 7 Welcome Address U LRICH F ÖRSTERMANN , V ICE -P RESIDENT FOR R ESEARCH , J OHANNES G UTENBERG -U NIVERSITY , M AINZ This volume presents the papers of the International Conference on Cultural History in Europe , which took place in Mainz from March 17 th till 21 st 2010. 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