WEB staff with 48,078 pages, 210,250 images Buscar en RedJaen... Go Go Home Sites History Animals Plants Mushrooms Minerals and rocks Fossils Computer Science Other History Alhamar Monument in Arjona 9/27/26, 11:46 AM Alhamar www.redjaen.es/francis/?m=c&o=18946&letra=&ord=&id=40878 1/7 [Listen to this text] At Alarcos, near present-day Ciudad Real, Yusuf's troops defeated those of Alfonso VIII of Castile, halting their offensive actions. It was the last major Muslim victory on the peninsula. The Almohads took over the Almoravid territory and unified Al-Andalus. On the same day, July 19, 1195 (1203, according to other authors), Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr (or Nasser) ibn Al-hamar was born in Arjona, son of a noble and powerful family, founder of the last Muslim dynasty in the peninsula, the nasar or nasar, better known in history as Al-hamar (The Red) for the usual color of his clothing. Al-hamar took the lead of the army of his uncle Yahía ibn Nasar, conquering Arjona, Basta (Baza), Guadix and Djayyan (Jaén), proclaiming himself king in the latter city. After the Battle of Navas de Tolosa the Almohad disintegration the third period of taifas emerged, highlighting Murcia, Valencia and Niebla. Soon Aben-Hud de Murcia took over Jaén, Córdoba and Seville. Between 1225 and 1228 Andújar, Baeza, Martos, Iznatiraf etc. passed into Christian power. Arjona is a borderland Al-hamar obtained successes in his raids on Christian territory, which gave him fame and supporters, and he was appointed governor of Arjona. He married his cousin Aixa, with whom he had four children: Mohammad, Farach, Yusuf and Fatima. 1227, November, 30. Baeza. The Christian army of King Ferdinand III "the Saint", under the command of Don Lope de Haro with 500 lances from Castile, conquers the square. 1229, October, 31. Ishbiliya [Seville]. The city, faced with the signs of decadence, weakness, fatigue and instability of the Almohad regime, joined the rebellion of Ibn Hud and dissociated itself from Almohad obedience. Ibn Hud represented, despite being Levantine, the traditional Andalusian values, in the face of the intransigence of the Almohad invaders. The governor of Ishbiliya [Seville] is Abu Naya"Salim, brother of Ibn Hud. 1230. Alfonso IX of León advances along the Guadiana River, takes Márida [Mérida] and Badajoz and opens the way to the conquest of Ishbiliya [Seville]. In 1231, he refused obedience to the king of Mursiyya (Murcia) Ibn Hud. He also took Lawraka (Lorca), Al Hamma (Alhama) and Gharnata (Granada) during these years. This year, Al-hamar was appointed governor of Arjona. In 1232 an uncle of Al-hamar was dismissed by Aben Hud from a position a few days after being appointed. This was considered an injustice and led to rebellion against Aben-hud. 9/27/26, 11:46 AM Alhamar www.redjaen.es/francis/?m=c&o=18946&letra=&ord=&id=40878 2/7 This made Al-hamar gain followers to the cause and recognize him as king of Arjona. Porcuna and Jaén accepted him as king. Aben-hud agreed a truce with Ferdinand III to subdue the rebel, but after several encounters, with alternating results, he did not succeed. Al-hamar continues to gain a foothold every day. Wadi As (Guadix), Basta (Baza) and Djayyán (Jaén) join his cause. Its domains are expanding. He is already king of half of the current provinces of Jaén and Granada. He is continually accepted by new peoples who wish to free themselves from Aben- hud's rule. Ferdinand III is crowned King of León on the death of his father. He reconquered Extremadura and entered the valley of the Guadalquivir, taking cities by means of pacts or by arms. The inhabitants of the small town of Arjona, in the vicinity of Jaén, proclaimed sultan who was said to be a descendant of a companion of the Prophet. Taking advantage of the prestige acquired through his military exploits in the course of the border struggles, and supported by the members of his family, the BANU NASR or BANU L- Ahmar, and by his relatives the Banu Asqilula, Muhammad extended his authority to Jaén and Porcuna in the course of the year that followed his revolt. Ishbiliya [Seville]. The city rebels against Ibn Hud. Behind the uprising is Abu Marwan Ahmad ibn Muhammad al Bayi, a member of one of the city's most illustrious families, who will be elected to chair a governing council. Ishbiliya [Seville] is once again ruled by people from the city itself. Aznalfarache. The troops of Ishbiliya [Seville], aided by Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Yusuf Nasr ibn al Ahmar, defeat Ibn Hud. 1233, the important city of Úbeda capitulated to the tight siege. 1234 The Sultan of Arjona displeased the people of Cordoba and Seville for his harshness and had to declare himself a vassal of Ibn Hud. The rivalry between the two Andalusian rebels was rekindled 2 years later. 1236. Qurtuba [Córdoba]. The city surrendered to Ferdinand III of Castile, with whom Muhammad I had collaborated. It is a hard setback for those who still dreamed of a reunified Andalus with this city as its capital. The lamps of the mosque, which were the bells of the cathedral of Shant Yakub [Santiago] and which came on the shoulders of Christians after that expedition of al Mansur (Almanzor), are carried again to the Christian sanctuary but now on the shoulders of Muslims. 1237. Gharnata [Granada]. The city is occupied by Muhammad I, who, through wars and diplomacy, is taking over half of Andalus. Gharnata [Granada]. The construction of the Qal'at al Hamra [Alhambra] begins under the direction of Al-Ahmar. 1238, The governor of Granada rebels against Ibn-hud, who flees to Almeria El Ramini comes out to meet him and lodges him in his palace. At midnight he was murdered in the basement of the third enclosure of the Alcazaba. This governor sent to Jaén the act of proclamation of Al-hamar as king of Granada, making his triumphal entry into Granada in the summer of that year. With Malaka's submission Ishbiliya [Seville]. After several changes, the city decides to comply with Almohad obedience again. Upon hearing that the garrison of the rock of Martos had left on an expedition, the troops of Al-hamar decided to attack it; Its inhabitants, wearing army clothing, deceive the attackers, who, thinking that the garrison had returned, decide to besiege it out of hunger and thirst. When the Christian cavalry approached, they broke camp and left. 1243 Don Rodrigo Alonso makes an expedition through Jaén with few troops and is surprised by the soldiers of Al-hamar, who defeat the Christians. 9/27/26, 11:46 AM Alhamar www.redjaen.es/francis/?m=c&o=18946&letra=&ord=&id=40878 3/7 1244 Nuño González besieges Arjona. Ferdinand III himself established himself with his troops. The Muslim authorities, in order to avoid bloodshed, agreed to surrender and surrendered the city without resistance on the condition that its inhabitants could leave with the trousseau that they could take to non-Christian lands. In the same campaign, La Guardia, Pegalajar and Carchelejo also passed into the hands of Ferdinand III during the same campaign. To conquer Jaén, Ferdinand III ordered the razing of its fields, Alcaudete, the surroundings of Alcalá... there are already enough peoples who are hungry. Al-hamar sends a large pack of provisions from Granada. The Christians, aware of the shipment, prepare an ambush, but the herd is warned and returns to Granada; After two days of waiting, the Christians leave. The shipment of food is the best sign that the devastation is producing the desired effect: hunger in Jaén. In August 1245, Ferdinand III began his third siege of Jaén. It is besieged for months; its inhabitants are hungry. Al-hamar, seeing the numerical advantage of the Christians and that the capital was already lost, personally addressed the Christian troops with the intention of making a pact with the king. 1246, March (last week). Djayyán [Jaén]. Muhammad al Nasr made a peace and vassalage with Castile with Ferdinand III in exchange for evacuating and surrendering Djayyán [Jaén] (for months it had been suffering a cruel siege that starved its inhabitants to death), paying 150,000 maravedis per year for 20 years and being a vassal of Castile both in times of peace and war, going annually to the Cortes of Castile. This pact is the authentic birth certificate of the kingdom of Gharnata [Granada], which would be composed of the coras of Ilbira [Elvira], with its head in Gharnata [Granada]; Rayya, with its capital in Malaka [Málaga]; and Pechina, centred in al Mariyya [Almeria]. Djayyán [Jaén]. The city was taken from Muhammad I by the troops of Ferdinand III in compliance with the agreed pact. Ishbiliya [Seville]. Under the pretext of the assassination of the governor of the city, Ibn al Yadd, Ferdinand III has led the war against the rebels of the city and begins the siege of the population. His diplomatic skill was demonstrated: the surrender of Jaén, which was practically already lost, put the brakes on the continuous Christian conquest. By becoming a vassal of the Christian king, he eliminated the possibility of an overthrow. Peace would help him to dedicate himself to cementing his kingdom. That summer, Ferdinand III continued the campaign in the lower part of the Guadalquivir valley, calling his vassal to participate in it. Al-hamar participates with five hundred horsemen. In Alcalá de Guadaira Al-hamar mediated to avoid unnecessary killings by offering its inhabitants to live in his kingdom. Carmona, Constantina, Coria also capitulated... The surrender of Jaén and the vassalage to Ferdinand III began to bear fruit: peace and prosperity. In the years that followed, it favored trade, protected agriculture, rebuilt deteriorating defenses, and erected abundant guard posts along its borders. He repopulated places bordering the Muslims evicted from the lands conquered by the Christians. He built hospitals, butchers, fountains, ovens, public baths, and schools. He made laws for the administration of justice, organized a vigilant police, etc. ... He will also go down in history for his protection of the sciences and the arts and for having undertaken the construction of the Alhambra. In 1248 Ferdinand III again called Al-hamar to conquer the last independent Muslim kingdoms, in the lower valley of the Guadalquivir. They lifted the siege of Seville ruled by King Axataf. It resisted for two years It communicated with Triana by a bridge formed by boats and attached with chains, through which it received provisions. 9/27/26, 11:46 AM Alhamar www.redjaen.es/francis/?m=c&o=18946&letra=&ord=&id=40878 4/7 The newly created Royal Castilian Navy, under the command of Ramón Bonifaz, defeated the Muslim squadron at the mouth of the Guadalquivir and sailed up the river. They destroyed the bridge and shortly afterwards on 23 November, Seville capitulated. Al-hamar influenced the clauses of the pact to be as soft as possible. December, 22. Ishbiliya [Seville]. The Christian troops of Ferdinand III triumphantly enter the city in a ghost town from which all its inhabitants have been forced to leave. Paradoxically, Muhammad I, a vassal of Castile, has been forced to intervene symbolically in the siege and to enter the city triumphantly. When he returns to Gharnata [Grenada] the city will hail him as the victor, to which he will respond again and again: There is no victor but Allah, a phrase that will be the motto of the Nashri dynasty. King Ferdinand, King of Castile, Toledo, León, Galicia, Seville, Cordoba, Jaén, Murcia, the Algarve and Lord of Molina, knighted Al-hamar for the merits he had acquired in the conquest of Triana. Al-hamar ordered the construction of a palace- fortress on the Sabika hill: The Alhambra. May 30, 1252 King Ferdinand dies in Seville, Al-hamar, to honor his friend determines that one hundred nobles leave for Seville with a candle each, adorned with their best clothes. This I would repeat on every anniversary. Tulaytula (Toledo), 1254, Al-hamar renewed before Alfonso X the pact signed in Jaén with Ferdinand III. Alfonso increased the tribute that his father received, since he needed large sums to pay expenses since he aspired to the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. The numerous armed enterprises and the increase in the cost of living led to internal revolts and the voluntary exile of many nobles. Al-hamar took advantage of the moment to revolt. With the support of the Castilian nobles, he carried out numerous raids and conquered several border cities. The powerful army of Alfonso X sets out towards the mouth of the Guadalquivir. One after another, cities, towns and squares of the last Taifa kingdoms fall. Al-hamar, little by little, was left without possible allies in the peninsula. Fog 1262, Gunpowder was used for the first time in Europe. The Christian troops, after the initial fright, tenaciously and tightly surrounded Niebla, achieving its surrender. Para frenar el avance de las tropas, idearon provocar la sublevación de ciudades ya cristianas. Así en mayo de 1264, Arcos, Jerez, Lebrija, Medina Sidonia, Rota, etc., se sublevaron contra Alfonso X, pasando las guarniciones a cuchillo. Viendo Alfonso la mano de Al-hamar en todo ello, moviliza un ejército que se apodera de todas las ciudades y plazas sublevadas, expulsando esta vez a los mudéjares, mandando ahorcar a los cabecillas. Las tropas de Alfonso X, llegaron hasta las murallas de Granada, devastando la fértil vega. Al-hamar solicitó la ayuda del Benamerín de Marrakech (dinastía reinante en Marruecos los Banu Marín o mariníes), el cual envió a mil hombres al mando de un jefe tuerto. Estos refuerzos se hicieron notar pronto a lo largo de la frontera, con numerosas razzias. Al-hamar concedió grandes privilegios a las milicias de Marrakech, creando celos en los principales nobles, los Banu-Asqilula, la familia que más ayudó a Al-hamar en sus primeros y difíciles momentos en Arjona y Jaén. Los Banu-Asqilula solicitan el amparo del rey Alfonso cabalgando por la frontera con Nuño González frenando a los benimerines. 9/27/26, 11:46 AM Alhamar www.redjaen.es/francis/?m=c&o=18946&letra=&ord=&id=40878 5/7 Al-hamar solicita entrevistarse con el rey en Alcalá de Benzaide (Alcalá la Real) en septiembre de 1265. El rey Alfonso le da la bienvenida y se establecen las siguientes cláusulas: Entregarle 250.000 maravedíes cada año, Al-hamar ayudaría a la conquista el Reino de Murcia y Alfonso desampararía a los Banu-Asqilula. Al-hamar pide un favor especial, respetar la vida del rey de Murcia, que lo concede a cambio de que Al-hamar deje en paz a la familia Banu-Asqilula, que continuaría bajo la protección de Alfonso durante un año. Alfonso X no podía dejar desamparado al único grupo aliado dentro del territorio nazarí, algún día podría serle de utilidad. 1266 Pasó un año de paz y prosperidad sin rebeliones internas cuando Al-hamar pidió al rey someter a los Banu-Asqilula; le puso una condición: cederle Algeciras y Tarifa. Partió enojado al no cumplir su palabra. Nuño González de Lara, descontento con el rey se ofreció a los servicios de Al-hamar. Las fuerzas se compensaron paradógicamente: Alfonso y los Banu-Asqilula contra Al-hamar y Nuño González. Las frecuentes treguas eran incumplidas por uno u otro bando, o ambos a la vez. 1271 Al-hamar desencadenó una verdadera guerra a lo largo de toda la frontera. Al año siguiente, Alfonso contestó de igual forma: con frecuentes y feroces incursiones devastadoras. 1273, enero, 22. Tras una algarada de castigo cerca de la capital, el caballo de Muhammad I se desboca al desmontarlo y produciendo diversas heridas de carácter grave. Había sido advertido Al-hamar de no partir de Granada debido a un presagio: uno de sus alféreces había roto accidentalmente una lanza al salir por la puerta. Efectivamente, en una improvisada tienda de campaña, muere el 19 (el 22, según otros autores) de enero de 1273 durante la oración de la tarde, Al-hamar de Arjona, fundador del reino nazarí, último baluarte musulmán en la península, que perduró hasta 1492. Su cuerpo fue embalsamado, puesto en un ataúd de plata y sepultado en la Alhambra de Granada. Dinastía de Al-hamar (contado en aquella época): En el año del Señor de mil CCXL años, (que) en el tienpo que este rey Avenchucad fue muerto, segu[n]d dicho es, avía un moro en Arjona que dezían Maomad e, porque era mucho vermejo en toda su color, llamávanle los moros Avenámar, que quiere dezir / [Fol. 236 v., col. a] vermejo. E era mucho valiente e ardit e por esto tomáronle los de Arjona por rey en el año del Señor de mil CCXXX años. E porque las çibdades de Granada e de Almería no avían tomado reyes ni señores después de muerte de Avenchud, tomáronlo por rey e señor en este año mesmo. E porque los moros le llamavan Avenámar, que quiere dezir Maomad el Vermejo, tomó las armas vermejas, segund que las han después acá los Reyes de Granada. E reinó en estos logares XLII años. E muerto este rey Avenámer, los moros alçaron por su Rey de Granada a Maomad Alamir, su fijo, que fue el segundo Rey de Granada e de Almería e de Arjona. E muerto este rey Maomad Alamir, los moros alçaron por su Rey de Granada a Maomad Avenámar, su fijo, que fue el terçero Rey de Granada. E muerto este Avenámar, los moros alçaron por su rey a Esuaxar, su hermano, que fue IV Rey de Granada. E muerto este rey Çesuaxar, los moros alçaron por su rey a Maomad, su fijo, que fue el quinto Rey de Granada. E muerto este Maomad, los moros alçaron por su Rey de Granada a Jucaf, su hermano, que fue VI Rey de Granada. E reinando este Maomad en Granada, levantóse contra él un moro que se llamava Vermejo e echólo del reino. E reinó en Granada fasta que lo mató el rey don Pedro en Sevilla e después tornó a reinar en Granada. 9/27/26, 11:46 AM Alhamar www.redjaen.es/francis/?m=c&o=18946&letra=&ord=&id=40878 6/7 1301, diciembre, 31 Los sucesores del rey Al-hamar tienen que recurrir a todo (guerras tratados...) para poder sobrevivir ante la avalancha cristiana. En la dirección siguiente se reproduce el Tratado de paz y alianza entre Granada y Aragón contra Castilla Sistema Página confeccionada por Francisco Miguel Merino Laguna Ver 2-20042301 9/27/26, 11:46 AM Alhamar www.redjaen.es/francis/?m=c&o=18946&letra=&ord=&id=40878 7/7