HISTORY OF DAMBAM A Brief History of Dambam, Dambam LGA, Bauchi State, Nigeria Written by ALHAJI ALHASSAN MUSA DAMBAM (1927 - 2003) Compiled and Referenced by: Dr. Ibraheem Alhassan Dambam Suleiman Alhassan Dambam (ANIPR, MCIPDM) 2022 I HISTORY OF DAMBAM (A Brief History of Dambam, Dambam LGA, Bauchi State, Nigeria) Written By ALHAJI ALHASSAN MUSA DAMBAM (1927 - 2003) Compiled and Referenced by Ibraheem Alhassan Dambam (PhD) Ag. Director, School of General Studies, Federal University Gashua, Yobe State, Nigeria ialhassand@gmail.com & Suleiman Alhassan Dambam (ANIPR, MCIPDM) Director Press, Government House, Bauchi, Bauchi State. walididambam@gmail.com 2022 II Copyright History of Dambam (Brief History of Dambam, Dambam LGA, Bauchi State, Nigeria) © 2022 by Ibraheem Alhassan and Suleiman Alhassan Dambam is licensed under Attribution — Noncommercial-noDerivatives 4.0 International This publication is designed to provide acceptable history of Dambam from oral sources and substantiated by documents supporting the narrations. While we try to keep the information up-to-date and correct any other inconsistencies herein could be due to the characteristics of oral transmission. III Dedication This work is dedicated to the founding fathers of Dambam IV Foreword This book provides a valuable information for record purpose and future generations and it covers the necessary components of history of Dambam in brief. The Book will make us more visible globally and give us a sense of belonging among peers in this new age of global interconnectivity and information sharing. I am aware how the Author (Alhaji Alhassan Dambam, popularly known as ‘Alhassan Chukuman’) was reported to have developed interest in writing the history of Dambam long time ago, he has committed himself and spent several years contacting our grand and great grandfathers collecting a lot of information about our history. There could be no better history than the one gathered from our fathers. Although most of our elders were late, insertion of references by the children of the Author further authenticated most of the oral history he reported. Through history one will be able to appreciate the past and understand the present. We also be able to define ourselves in terms of where we come from, and not only where we are going to. In view of this I therefore recommend this book to the people of Dambam and any other person interested in knowing the history of Dambam. Alhaji Idris Bappah Musa Suleiman The District Head of Dambam Misau Emirate, Bauchi State V Preface The history of Dambam has long been preserved through oral history, but written records in place were those of colonial masters which only recorded activities found during their arrival in the early twentieth century. The oral history which is the major sources past events and transmitted through chains of ancestors is becoming extinct with the demised of the aged group that have interest in stories. The present generation have lost interest in historical events and many could not trace their origin. Oral or written history provides fuller and more accurate picture of the past being share by people in their own words, which can be augmented by information provided by public records and other historical materials. People have to write their history, if not they will be overlooked, stereotyped and misrepresented. In order to preserve the available information for the present younger and future generation, a sound portrait of our past is here presented. Dambam has been on similar status with many Emirates in the Northern Nigeria for almost a century until 1915 when the British re-organized and degraded it to District status. The facts from oral and write documents are presented in this brief history book of Dambam for our ever growing population to know their history. Notes were added to justify some oral assertions and which were duly acknowledged in bibliography section of the book. This edition which is just a brief insight to the history of Dambam, has emanated from the write-ups of our late father (Alhaji Alhassan Musa Dambam) who documented (in Hausa Language) the oral history gathered from our great grandfathers in and around Dambam and was once presented at the launching of the movement for the creation of Dambam LGA in 1996. The detailed history which covered numerous battles waged and areas conquered by our ancestors’ insha Allah will come in another edition. The Authors are not the only custodians of such history of Dambam, but it just their humble contribution for future generations to know their history; as such constructive, evidenced and critical observations and criticisms are very much welcomed. Dr. Ibraheem Alhassan Dambam & Suleiman Alhassan Dambam (ANIPR, MCIPDM) VI Acknowledgements All thanks be to Allah (SWT) for his protection and the ability bestowed to us to do this work. May His peace and blessing be upon our beloved and last Prophet, Muhammad (SAW). We are highly indebted to His highness, the District of Dambam, Alhaji Idris Bappah Musa Suleiman for his moral support and encouragement in the compilation of this brief History of Dambam. The late Sarkin Dambam (Alhaji Musa Suleiman) and Alhaji Idi Tahiru deserved our gratitude for their useful contributions being close associates of the Author. Senator Muhammad A. Muhammad, Alhaji (Amb) Muhammad Adamu Jumba, Alhaji Abdullahi Dambam, Alhaji Muhammad Nadada Umar, Waziri Alhassan Mustapha (our brother), Mal. Musa Inta, Alhaji Amadu Dan’U, Alhaji Muhammad Habu Dambam, Alhaji Adamu Chindo, Alhaji Magaji Ibrahim, Umar Datti, Maigari Mohammed, Haruna S. Abubakar, Alhaji Bappa Yaya, Dr. Alkali Mohammed, Suleiman Abdu Gayu and Musa Muhammad Lele have contributed in no small measure toward the development of the District and accomplishing this work, they are very much appreciated and thanked. Members of the committee on the request for the creation of Dambam LGA who have encouraged the Author in writing this Book most of whom were late now deserved our unreserved gratitude: Alhaji Umaru Fagam, A.G. Aliyu, Alhaji Muktari Bello, Maigari Joji, Sgt. Yelwa Dambam, Shuaibu Abubakar, Alhaji Garba Mohammed, Alhaji Sule Bello, Dr. Mohammed Damina, Alhaji Hassan Saleh, Alhaji A.B. Suleiman, Alhaji Garba A. Mohd, Alhaji Haladu Digaye, Alhaji Sani Yusuf Mai-Mai, Alhaji Ibrahim Joji, Alhaji Mohd Gaye, Alhaji Mohammed Alhaji, Sarakunan Birniwa, Yanda, Yame, Gurbana and Garuza, Alhaji Sule Majidadi, Alhaji Zakarai saidu, Alhaji Ahmed Dan’azumi, Alhaji Ahmed Gajere others are Alhaji Mohammed Ahmed Daiko, Alhaji Shuaibu Hudu Hussaini, Alhaji Ahmed Joda, Alhaji Bala Ciroma, Alhaji Shehu Abdullahi, Alhaji Shehu Roja, Mal. Musa Aliyu, Alhaji Ibrahim Kafinta, Alhaji Mal. Maigishiri, Mal. Aliyu Zakar, Alhaji Magaji Abubakar. We cannot exhaust the list if we are to continue, all the people of Dambam are greatly appreciated for their good wills and encouragement. The families of the Author were all appreciated for their cooperation and contributions. Our grand and great grandparents that have related the history also deserve our gratitude and prayers (May Allah bless them and grant them Aljanna). VII VIII CONTENTS Title Page i Copyright Page ii Dedication iii Foreword iv Preface v Acknowledgments vi CONTENTS viii Epigraph ix HISTORY OF DAMBAM 1 INTRODUCTION 1 ORIGIN OF DAMBAM PEOPLE 1 DAMBAM AS EMIRATE 3 THE GENEOLOGY OF THE EMIRS OF DAMBAM 4 COMING OF THE COLONIAL MASTERS 5 SEPARATION SOME COMMUNITIES FROM DAMBAM EMIRATE 5 DAMBAM AS A DISTRICT 6 THE DISTRICT HEADS OF DAMBAM FROM 1915 TO DATE 6 EDUCATION IN DAMBAM 7 DAMBAM PEOPLES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES 7 ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN DAMBAM 8 DAMBAM AS A LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA 8 CONCLUSION 8 Notes 9 Bibliography 10 About the Author 11 IX “In life you must write your own story, or one will be written for you.” 1 HISTORY OF DAMBAM INTRODUCTION Dambam was established as an Emirate in about 1829 by Haji Abdallah whose origin was traced to Shira in the present Katagum Emirate. Five Emirs ruled the Emirate from 1829 to 1915 and seven District Heads from 1915 to date (2022). The then Dambam Emirate was estimated to have an area of about 745.92 km 2 and a population of 24, 222 people as at the time of the coming of British in the early twentieth century. Dambam is known for its smelting industries and has a Beiyut – el – Mal and recognized as an independent state until 1915 when it was merged with Misau [24] Dambam is located at geographical coordinates 11° 40' 48" North, 10° 42' 32" East. Presently Dambam is the administrative headquarters of Dambam Local Government Area (LGA) one of the Local Government Areas in Bauchi State, Nigeria. It is situated in the northern part of Bauchi and shares borders with Darazo, Misau, Katagum and Gamawa Local Government Areas and Yobe State to the East. The LGA has three districts, these are Dambam, Dagauda and Jalam all under Misau Emirate. Dambam LGA has an area of 1,077 km 2 and a projected population of 245,098 at the 2022 [1] with a postal code of 751 [13] ORIGIN OF DAMBAM PEOPLE* The founders of Dambam are linked to Shira (Shira LGA of Bauchi State) in the Katagum Emirate. Shira was thought to have been established around 912 AD [* 24]. Those that established Shira were said to be the Sons of one Chief called Gorge in the Sultanate of Bagirmi [3, 24] . The Chief was very rich with a lot of slaves and battle ensued between him and the Chief of Wange, called Garbule in the same Sultanate of Bagirmi. The chief of Wange defeated the chief of Shari in battle. In view of this defeat three sons of the chief of Shari with their followers and wealth decided to migrate westward. [* 2, 3] The three sons of the chief of Shari are: - Sheri, Tashe and Awuyo. They settle and established a town named after Sheri called Shira. They stayed together in Shira for twelve years, before Tashe and Awuyo moved northward, where Tashe established Tashena and Awuyo founded Auyo, all in present day Jigawa State. [4, 14] Shira have had about seventy two (72) chiefs before the Jihad [24] . Among them the 71 st Chief of Shira Mamman was the one who gave birth to Abdallah in 1770 who later became the founder of Dambam. [2, 3] 2 Abdallah’s relatives after observing his prospect and leadership qualities, developed a strong enmity against him, as such they sold him to slave traders from the East, just before Malam Zaki defeated Shira during Jihad in 1811. Those that bought Abdallah carried him to the Sultanate of Wadai, north of Bagirmi in the present Chad Republic. Abdallah was lucky to have been taken by the Sultan of Wadai after hearing the circumstance that brought him there as a slave. Abdallah left Wadai to Borno in search of knowledge and stayed in the hand of the Shehu of Borno, Shehu al-Hajj Muhammad al-Amin el-Kanemi (popularly known as Shehu Laminu). Abdallah was introduced into Shehu’s Army and was name d Maina Shiramani and a title of Kachalla was conferred on him. He participated in the wars of Gujba and Damaturu in 1818, after which a greater misunderstanding ensued between him and some Bare-bari soldiers on war booty. In view of this one of the Shehu’s guard named Ari Fugumani advice d Abdallah to leave for his safety and should inform Shehu that he is going to take over his hometown (Shira), so as not to suspect he intends to run away. Abdallah took the advice and informed Shehu, who permitted him and left Borno with many followers and a lot of horses. Abdallah left Borno with his people, on arrival at the border of Borno Empire, he stopped over in a place where he established a town called Zaure. Abdallah after a short while left Zaure and continued with his journey until he reached a place where he met his Uncle, the Sarkin Wafu Maikarfi. He did not stayed there also but proceeded and established another town called Dunkul mai Kasuwa. It was at this town he married Maryam Luwa the Daughter of the Emir of Misau, who gave birth to his first son named Mamman in 1820. Abdallah’s wife and son were captured by the Bauchi Army during the Emir of Bauchi, Yakubu ’s expedition to Misau in 1827 [24, 25] . This made Haji Abdallah to travel to Bauchi and explained to the Emir of Bauchi that he was a son of the Chief of Shira and his wife is a daughter to Emir of Misau. The Emir of Bauchi immediately ordered the release of his wife and son. Following this episode, Abdallah decided to leave Dunkul and came back to Zaure. Unfortunately, he met one Fulani Man called Yuguda, who scattered the Kare-kare people and took over the throne as Chief of Zaure. The Kare-kares on seeing Abdallah they sort for his help to re-collect Zaure from Yuguda, on the promise they will also assist him in taking over his home town. Abdallah assisted them in re-capturing Zaure, he then decided not to stay there and moved to a place he considered suitable for him to settle down, that place was Dambam. After reaching Dambam area, though 3 he met some settlements who accepted him, he then ordered for the construction of town wall (Ganuwa) for Dambam for him and his people to settle fully in 1829. Figure 1. Picture of some ancient wells in Dambam that predated the establishment of Dambam (2022) Figure 2. Picture of some Baobab Trees (Kuka Majiya and ‘Yar Dungu) still alive in Dambam that predated the Establishment of Dambam (2022) DAMBAM AS EMIRATE* It was confirmed from verbal and documentary evidences that Dambam has been an Emirate from early nineteenth century to early twentieth century before its re-organization and scattering by the British in 1915. [7, 17, 8, 18, 9, 19] It was reported that Dambam Emirate has an area of 288 square miles (i.e. 745.92 km 2 ) and a population of 24, 222 people as at the time of the coming of British in the early twentieth century [24]. In the year 1829, Haji Abdallah travelled to Borno and informed Shehu that he established a town and want to settle there. It was there and then Shehu Laminu turbaned him as Emir of Dambam and gave him flag. When coming back to Dambam he came with his Friend Gwani Haji Mustapha whom they study together in Borno, who later became the first Imam of 4 Dambam. In another version he asked Shehu for a Malam that will preach to people around Dambam who were mostly atheists and Shehu directed Gwani Mustapha to go with him. In 1834 Abdallah made a trip to Mecca on pilgrimage and came back in 1840. Four years after his return from Mecca, he went and conquered a town called Darakusko, which could not be defeated by the Shehu Laminu’s Army. The conquering of this town by Haji Abdallah put fear into the minds of the Kanuri leaders, ‘ that if he (Haji Abdallah) is allowed, one day he will rule over them ’ . Therefore, they planned a trick and invited him to come alone without his army to Kukawa in 1844 where he was retained until his death in 1849 [24]. After his demised, his son Mamman took over as Emir of Dambam and the generation after also followed as Emirs in Dambam Emirate conquering neighboring villages that expanded the territory. There after the Emirate continued with chain of Emirs as presented below: THE GENEALOGY OF THE EMIRS OF DAMBAM IS: - 1. The Emir of Dambam, Haji Abdallah - 1829 - 1844 2. The Emir of Dambam, Mamman Abdallah - 1844 – 1874 3. The Emir of Dambam, Abdu - 1874 – 1881 4. The Emir of Dambam, Mamman Abdallah* - 1881 – 1890 5. The Emir of Dambam, Musa Mamman - 1890 – 1915 *Mamman Abdallah rule twice, because he was locked out when he went for war by Dambanawa but later came back and ruled for nine years. Map of Borno Empire in 1890 Figure 3. Map of Borno Empire in 1890 (Source: Hiribarren, 2012) 5 COMING OF COLONIAL MASTERS* The British Colonial Masters came to Dambam Emirate during the rule of Emir of Dambam, Musa Mamman. The reknown warlord, Rabih az-Zubayr Ibn Fadl Allah (popularly known as Rabi) was on rampage waging wars in which he defeated and captured Borno in 1893. The Emir of Dambam, Mamman in his wisdom decided to pay homage to Rabi. Rabi accepted him and allowed him to continue with his leadership. An indication of Rabi’s acceptance of Emir of Dambam, one of the Rabi’s son called Fadlallah (Fataralla) paid a visit to Dambam. In 1902 the British and their Army reached Dambam, but Sarki Mamman did not fight them. In 1903 the Colonial Masters gave Sarki Mamman Appointment Letter and a Staff of Office as Emir of Dambam , in same status with places like Katagum, Misau, Hadejia, Jama’are, Daura, Gumel etc. Dambam Emirate was later re-organized between 1913 - 1915 by the British by giving parts of it to Misau [11], Katagum, Bauchi and Fika Emirates and demoted it to a District level status. Varying oral and written evidences indicated that Dambam Emirate was scattered because of its strong war faring attitude, while others said it was due to frequent troubles being caused by the Jellemawa (Jalam) which the Emir could not control and some said it was just for easy administrative purposes of the Colonial Masters and low revenue generation. [5, 15, 6, 16] About the same time many Emirates and Chiefdoms like Argungu, Borgu and others were also demoted by the Colonialist. These Emirates were later re-instated after lobbying the British Masters, but Dambam did not. SEPARATION OF SOME COMMUNITIES FROM DAMBAM EMIRATE* Some towns that were under Dambam Emirate before the re-organization by the British, but opted out of the Emirate included: Yayu which separated from Dambam because they don’t like the District Head (Barde Shuaibu) imposed to them by the Emir of Dambam. Busuri and Madiri refused to follow Dambam for undisclosed reasons and were then merged to Misau Emirate. Jalam has been under Dambam Emirate since the time of Haji Abdallah [16, 24] , but several protest and uprising against the leadership in Dambam for handling hem with firm hand were reported and partially settled by the British Resident Officer in 1912 [10] . However there were some varying assertion that Jalam was transferred to Dambam Emirate in 1905 from Fika Emirate [20] 6 DAMBAM AS A DISTRICT Following the re-organization of Dambam Emirate in 1915 [5] and after Sarki Musa, the subsequent Chiefs were installed as District Heads. THE DISTRICT HEADS OF DAMBAM FROM 1915 TO DATE : 1. Sarki, Suleiman Musa - 1915 – 1925 2. Sarki, Tahiru Chiroma Yunusa - 1925 – 1939 3. Sarki, Suleiman Tahiru - 1939 – 1947 4. Sarki, Mamman Nadada - 1947 – 1952 5. Sarki, Abubakar Musa - 1952 – 1975 6. Sarki, Musa Suleiman - 1975 – 2012 7. Sarki Idris Bappah Musa Suleiman - 2012 to date MAP OF DAMBAM DISTRICT Figure 4. Map of Dambam District (source: Bauchi State Surveyor General (1996). Culled from Request for the Creation of Dambam Local Government Area Document 7 EDUCATION IN DAMBAM Long ago Dambam has been a centre of Islamic Knowledge, with lot Malams and Students coming from far and near receiving Islamic knowledge. The first Western Education School was the Dambam Elementary School established in 1939 during the reign of Sarki Suleiman Tahiru and later on others schools were established as: 1. Dambam Elementary School (Central Primary now)- 1939 2. Dambam North Primary School - 1974 3. Government Teacher’s College Dambam - 1979 4. Government Secondary School Dambam - 2009 Figure 5: Picture of the first Elementary School established in 1939 (now Dambam Central Primary School, Dambam). DAMBAM PEOPLES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES The founders of Dambam as seen from history are Shirawa’s who se origin could be traced to the Sultanate of Bagirmi. The Dambam area was originally dominated by the Kare-kares and some few Fulani settlements. Many people from varying tribes have settled in Dambam for Islamic education purposes, trading, fishing, animal rearing and host of others occupations over a long period. Many other tribes from other parts of Nigeria and beyond are now part of the Dambam family. Some of the major towns and villages in Dambam District are: Bale; Birniwa; Carai; Catahe; Dambam; Durwari; Fagam; Gargawa; Garuza; Gurbana; Gwala; Kaderi; Kaigamari; Lelawari; Madawai Garga; Ningo; Tingariye; Wahu; Wakili; Wurobundu; Yame; Yanda; Yayari; Zaure; Zobali. [23] ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES IN DAMBAM Dambam is endowed by Allah with many Physical natural resources that are being utilized or transformed into a variety of materials that have economic importance. Lake Diya the largest 8 natural Dam in Bauchi State is a typical example (60.0 ha surface area) [22]. Dambam had also being one of the major commodity and produce marketing centres, where many hide and skin, groundnut, cowpea and other farm and forest products are graded and purchase by licensed agents for Exportation. The major occupation of the people is farming, both Rainfed and dry season irrigation farming. Other economic activities are smelting, fishing, trading, animal rearing and many other forms of entrepreneurship. Figure 6. A Picture of Part of Lake Diya in Dambam District DAMBAM AS A LOCAL GOVERNMENT Dambam was once the headquarters of Dambam LGA in the early 1980s, which was cancelled after a Military Coup in December, 1983. Dambam was also re-created in 1996 and retained as the headquarters of the LGA. CONCLUSION The Founding Fathers of Dambam originated from Shira and by extension, some of the followers of Haji Abdallah (The Founder and first Emir of Dambam) came from the Sultanate of Bagirmi and Wadai in Chad Republic and Kanem Borno Empire. Dambam Emirate has been a formidable force on the borders of Borno and Sokoto Empires. The Emirate established in 1829 was ruled for over 80 years as an Emirate by five Emirs. After the occupation of Dambam Emirate in 1904 it was moved from Borno Province to Katagum Division (under the Emir of Katagum) of Kano Province, but in 1907 it regained its independence until 1915 when the British re-organized and degraded it to District status. Dambam now is a District in Misau Emirate and is the headquarters of Dambam Local Government Area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. 9 NOTES [1] Projected population of Dambam LGA calculated using 2006 population census figure (150,922) and population growth rate for Bauchi State (3.9%), https://worldpopulationreview.com/world- cities/bauchi-population. [2] “After this, it is said that the region witnessed a period of mass movement of people as clans who had lost the war abandoned it and fled with their leaders to become revolutionaries, such as those who established the DAMBAM settlement, who pride themselves on being the custodians of the Shira record consisting mainly of a list of kings and their activities, which went back a very long way” (Fremantle, 1911:304). [3] “The inhabitants of DAMBAM were preoccupied with recapturing their lost chiefdo m and had succeeded twice in reinstating the pre- Jihad dynasty at Shira” (Low, 1972:118 -123, Hogben and Kirk- Greene, 1966:476). [4] “Traditional accounts of Shira, Auyo, and Teshena unify the three in that they were founded at the same time by three brothers, named Sheri (Shiri), Aweya (Awuyo), and Teshe respectively. Sources vary on the putative origin of these brothers”. (Schuh, 1991:395). [5] “The limitations of indirect rule were also evident in many other divisions in the Northern Provinces. In the Katagum Division of Kano Province, many local communities resisted the policies of the native authority. In 1915, for example, in his annual report to Resident Temple, Assistant District Officer H. M. Brice-Smith expressed dismay at the inability of th e emir of Dambam to compel “Kerikeri pagans,” along with their allies, the Ngizimawa and Beddawa, to conform to colonial laws” (Samuel Crowther Jr. (son of Reverend Crowther) in Vaughan, 2016: 66). [6] “ Katagum was occupied at the end of 1903, and a province formed. In 1904, Dambam and Messau were transferred to the Katagum Resident from Bornu and Bauchi Provinces respectively. These two and Jemaari were placed under the Emir of Katagum, but, as might have been expected from their history, this arrangement did not answer, and in 1907 independence was restored to each”. ( Fremantle, 1911:68). [7] “Administratively, what the British did was first to group the emirate into provinces. Jama’are Emirate fell within Kano Province together with Hadejia, Katagum, Katsina, Daura, Kazaure Gumel, Misau and DAMBAM” (Adeleye, 1974: 176). [8] “Kano province was particularly short staffed at this time. It covered a very large area and included Kano, Hadejia, Gumel, Kazaure, Daura, Katsina, Dambam, Katagum, Misau, Jama’are Emirates” (Bray, 1980:68). [9] “Kano province as constituted as a result of this re -organization comprised of the emirates of Kano, Katsina, Katagum, Kazaure, Daura, Gumel, Hadejia, Misau, Jama’are and Dambam, which was abolished in 1915 for implication in the kare kare uprising” (Fika, 1973:162) [10] “Jalam was under Dambam up to 1915, but they resisted being under it ( "Kano Province, Katagum province, Dambam Emirate re-assessment report [1913]" accessed on 26/04/2022 on https://eap.bl.uk/archive-file/EAP087-2-3-8. The original material is currently held by the Kano State History and Culture Bureau, Kano, Nigeria". 28 pages”. [11] Britannica, the Editors of Encyclopedia. "Misau". Encyclopedia Britannica , 9 Jan. 2009, https://www.britannica.com/place/Misau. Accessed 29 April 2022 . (“ Misau was captured in 1827 by the Emirs, Yakubu of Bauchi and Dan Kauwa of Kat agum” and “During Emir Ahmadu’s reign (1833– 50) the town wall was constructed. The military exploits of Emir Sale (ruled 1860 – 86) led the sultan to enlarge the emirate. The second emir Ahmadu (1900 – 03) fled before the advance of the British, who placed the emirate under Katagum in 1904 but restored its independence as a separate emirate of Kano province in 1907. Enlarged by minor additions in 1915”). 10 [12] Story of the Sokoto Caliphate - Sultans, Wazirs, and Emirs 1804 – 1997. https://www.scribd.com/document /382584563/Story-of-the-Sokoto-Caliphate-Sultans-Wazirs-And- Emirs-1804-1997 (“ Misau, a Habe town of Bauchi had been captured by Yakubu of Bauchi and Dan Kauwa of Katagum. Misau was, after a consensus at Sokoto, taken away from Bauchi and given to Muhammadu Manga by Sultan Muhammad Bello in 1831. Subsequently Misau was regarded as an independent Emirate f rom Bauchi”). BIBLIOGRAPHY * Alhaji Alhassan Ibn Musa Ibn Alhassan Ibn Gwani Mustapha – oral history transmitted through reliable sources and documented in Hausa Language since 1985. [13]. Wikipedia (2022). Damban. Accessible at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damban [14] Schuh, R. G (1991). Shira, Teshena and Auyo: Hausa’s (Former) Eastern Neighbor’s. Sprache und Geschichte in Afrika 16/17: 387-435. [15] Vaughan, O. (2016). Religion the making of Nigeria . Duke University Press, USA. [16] Fremantle, J. M. (1911). A history of the region comprising the Katagum division of Kano province. Journal of the Royal African Society, 10:298-319. [17] Adeleye, R. A. (1974). Sokoto Caliphate in the Nineteenth Century , London: Heinemann Printing Press. [18] Bray, T. M. (1980). The Implementation of Universal Primary Education in Kano State, Nigeria: Some Economic and Social Implications. PhD Thesis, University of Edinburg. [19] Fika, A. M. (1973). The Political and Economic Re-orientation of Kano Emirate, Northern Nigeria: 1882 – 1940. Page 162. Thesis submitted for the Doctor of Philosophy at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. [20] Hogben, S. J. & Kirk-Greene, A. H. M. (1966). The emirates of northern Nigeria: a preliminary survey of their historical traditions, Oxford University Press. [21] Low, V. N. (1972). Three Nigerian emirates: a study in oral history, Northwestern University Press, Illinois. [22] E. .0.. Ita, E. K. Sado, J,.K.; Balogun.,, A. Pandogari And B. 1bitoye (1985). A Preliminary Checklist of inland water bodies in Nigeria with special reference to Ponds, Lakes, Reservoirs and major Rivers. ISBN 978 — 177 — 017 — 1. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/11016834.pdf [23] List of Villages in Bauchi State. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Bauchi_State. [24] Temple, O. (1922). Notes on the Tribes, Provinces, Emirates and States of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria. In: C. L. Temple (ed). Compilation of Official Reports. James Townsend and Sons, Exeter and London, p475-476.