This title was made available Open Access through a partnership with Knowledge Unlatched. IWA Publishing would like to thank all of the libraries for pledging to support the transition of this title to Open Access through the KU Select 20 19 program. ©20 20 The Author(s) This is an Open Access book distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution -NonCommercial-NoDerivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits copying and redistribution in the original format for non-commercial purposes, provided the original work is properly cited (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). This does not affect the rights licensed or assigned from any third party in this book. Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Presents stories and experiences from some 15 countries from all over the globe, developed and less developed International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences José Arturo Gleason Espíndola T O W A R D S W AT E R S E C U R I T Y Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences Towards Water Security Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences Towards Water Security Edited by José Arturo Gleason Espíndola, César Augusto Casiano Flores, Raul Pacheco-Vega and Margarita Rosa Pacheco Montes Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Published by IWA Publishing Alliance House 12 Caxton Street London SW1H 0QS, UK Telephone: + 44 (0)20 7654 5500 Fax: + 44 (0)20 7654 5555 Email: publications@iwap.co.uk Web: www.iwapublishing.com First published 2020 © 2020 IWA Publishing Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act (1998), no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of the publisher, or, in the case of photographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of licenses issued by the appropriate reproduction rights organization outside the UK. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the terms stated here should be sent to IWA Publishing at the address printed above. The publisher makes no representation, express or implied, with regard to the accuracy of the information contained in this book and cannot accept any legal responsibility or liability for errors or omissions that may be made. Disclaimer The information provided and the opinions given in this publication are not necessarily those of IWA and should not be acted upon without independent consideration and professional advice. IWA and the Editors and Authors will not accept responsibility for any loss or damage suffered by any person acting or refraining from acting upon any material contained in this publication. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 9781789060577 (paperback) ISBN: 9781789060584 (eBook) Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Contents About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Section 1: Basic Concepts The importance of rainwater catchment systems J. A. Gleason Espíndola and Y. Corona Sánchez . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I.1 History of rainwater catchment systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 I.2 Rainwater harvesting in Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 I.3 Recent efforts of rainwater harvesting around the world . . . . . . . . . 6 II Fundamentals of Rainwater Catchment System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Section 2: Narratives of RWH Chapter 1 Rain: Water for health, livelihood and self-reliance H. A. Heijnen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.2 Harvesting Rain, Going Global . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.3 Rainwater Harvesting for Domestic Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.3.1 Why collect rainwater for drinking and domestic needs? . . . 19 Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk 1.3.2 Managing the stored water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.3.3 Quality of harvested and stored rain water . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.3.4 Initiating rainwater harvesting programmes . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.4 Use of Rainwater for Domestic Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.5 Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.6 How to Provide Water Supply Services to the Last 10% of the Unserved? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.7 Be Ready to Collect and Store Rain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 1.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chapter 2 Harvesting the potential B. Kniffen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.2 Harvesting Rainwater for Environmental Stewardship . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3 Harvesting Rainwater for Stormwater Reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4 Harvesting the Opportunity to Influence Decision Makers . . . . . . 35 2.5 Harvesting Rainwater for Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6 Harvest the Potential to Provide Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2.6.1 The American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (ARCSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Chapter 3 Transforming tradition of rainwater harvesting in Sri Lanka T .N. Ariyananda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 3.2 Institutional Uptake of RWH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.3 Lanka Rainwater Harvesting Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 3.4 Rainwater Policy and Regulations in Sri Lanka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.5 Providing Water and Food Security for Communities at Times of Disaster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 3.6 Climate Risk Resilience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 3.7 Improving Health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.8 Runoff Collection for Crop Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 3.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences vi Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Chapter 4 Rainwater catchment on Hawai ‘ i Island Patricia S. Macomber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 4.1.1 Introduction to Hawai ‘ i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 4.1.2 Catchment history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4.2 Uniqueness of the Big Island Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4.3 Regulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 4.4 Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.5 Rainwater Catchment Program Beginning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.6 The Rainwater Catchment Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.7 Rainwater Catchment Program Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.7.1 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.7.2 Available agent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.8 Collaborations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.8.1 Vendor support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.8.2 Expanding research and collaborations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.9 Environmental Change Effects on Rainwater Catchment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.9.1 Weather / rainfall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.9.2 Environmental change: Invasive species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 4.9.3 Environmental change: Volcanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.9.4 Environmental study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 4.10 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 Chapter 5 Mexican rainwater harvesting movement in recent years J. A. Gleason Espíndola, Y. Corona Sánchez and C. Casiano Flores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.1 Rainwater History in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 5.2 Rainwater in 21st Century Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 5.3 Rainwater as an Industrial Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.4 Institutional Efforts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.4.1 Expansion of good rainwater practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 5.4.2 Certification program to accredit professionals in rainwater harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Contents vii Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Chapter 6 Harvesting rainwater: An adaptation strategy for peace and the climate crisis M. Pacheco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 6.2 Confronting Global Climate Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 6.3 Rain in the Andean Amazonia Water Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 6.3.1 Scaling rainwater harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 6.4 Knowledge Exchanges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 6.5 Integrated Rainwater Management Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Section 3: Programs Chapter 7 Social enterprise on sky water harvesting for solving drinking water crisis in coastal areas in Bangladesh M. Murase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 7.1 Drinking Water Crisis in Coastal Areas of Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . 95 7.2 Base Line Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 7.3 Development of Low-Cost Rainwater Tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 7.4 Amamizu Social Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 Chapter 8 Catalyzing the widespread adoption of rainwater harvesting in Mexico City D. M. Vargas and E. Lomnitz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 8.2 Social and Ecological Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 8.3 Isla Urbana Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 8.4 Other Tested Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 8.5 Social Entreprenuership Solution Marketing Approach . . . . . . . . 113 8.6 Goals and Expected Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 8.7 Implementation Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 8.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences viii Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Chapter 9 Promotion of rainwater harvesting as a business A. Kikundwa Birungi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 9.2 Rainwater Harvesting as a Business . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 9.2.1 A Case of the Rainwater4Sale project in Lwengo District, Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 9.2.2 Lessons learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 9.2.3 Challenges and how they were addressed . . . . . . . . . . . 124 9.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 Who We Are . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Our Mandate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Chapter 10 Experience in sustainable management of rainwater for multiple purposes: Case in ten villages, gossas district, Senegal S. Souleymane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 10.1 Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 10.2 Hydro-geography and hydro-Chemistry in Gossas . . . . . . . . . . 128 10.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 10.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 10.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 10.6 Difficulties and Limits of the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 10.7 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 10.8 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 10.9 Beneficiaries ’ Testimonials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Chapter 11 Rainwater harvesting for improved food security and environmental conservation; Experiences from Malawi Macpherson Nthara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11.2 Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11.2.1 Geographical location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 11.2.2 The Rainwater Harvesting Association of Malawi . . . . 142 11.2.3 Policy direction on rainwater harvesting in Malawi . . . 144 11.3 Rainwater Harvesting Practices in Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 11.3.1 Above ground tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 Contents ix Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk 11.3.2 Lined underground tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 11.3.3 Dams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 11.3.4 In-situ or soil storage rainwater harvesting . . . . . . . . . . 147 11.3.5 Flood-based farming systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 11.4 Benefits and Impacts of Rainwater Harvesting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 11.4.1 Lessons learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 11.5 Way Forward . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Chapter 12 Challenges and opportunities in the implementation of rainwater barrels. An analysis of usability for the Guadalajara Metropolitan Area, México V. L. Díaz and G. E. Muñoz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 12.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 12.2 Industrial Design as an Intervention Tool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 12.3 Usability as an Evaluation Tool of Designed Objects . . . . . . . . 156 12.4 Usability Measurement Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 12.5 Stages of the Systemic Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 12.6 Rain Barrels and the Scall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 12.7 Characteristics of the Rainwater Collection Barrels . . . . . . . . . . 160 12.8 Challenges and Opportunities in the Implementation of Rainwater Barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 12.9 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Section 4: Notable Technical Cases Chapter 13 The success story of multi-purpose rainwater management system at Star City, Korea: Design, climate change adaptation potential and philosophy Mooyoung Han . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 13.2 Design and Operation of Star City RWHM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 13.2.1 Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 13.2.2 Operation data (Han & Nguyen, 2018) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 13.3 Climate Change Adaptation Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 13.4 Philosopical Consideration of Star City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences x Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk 13.4.1 Win-Win process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 13.4.2 Philosophy of ‘ Dong ’ (Village) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 13.4.3 Five Commandments for water management . . . . . . . 176 13.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Chapter 14 Developing a national rainwater harvesting standard E. W. Bob Boulware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 14.2 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 14.3 Technical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 14.3.1 The collection surface (roof) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 14.3.2 Water storage and distribution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 14.3.3 Water sanitation – maintaining water quality . . . . . . . . 186 14.3.4 Maintenance and testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 14.4 Politics and Public Awareness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 14.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Chapter 15 Stormwater management in transition in Brussels-Capital Region Catalina C. Dobre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 15.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 15.2 Stormwater as a Source of Damage for the Urban Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 15.3 Stormwater Both as a Resource and as a Source of Damage in Water and Urban Policies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 15.4 Present Water-Related Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 15.4.1 Sewer system overflows as the main source of surface water pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 15.4.2 Pluvial urban flooding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196 15.4.3 Conventional actions to mitigate urban flooding . . . . . 197 15.5 Fragmentation of Responsibilities Between Regional, Inter-Municipal and Municipal Administrative Levels . . . . . . . . . 198 15.6 Dynamism of the Civil Society as a Link Between Urban Planning and Stormwater Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 15.7 Looking Towards the Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 Contents xi Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Chapter 16 Smart rainwater management and its impacts on drought resilience by Rural Semi-Arid communities: a case study of Northeast Brazil J. Gnadlinger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 16.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 16.2 Area of Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 16.3 The Answer is to Live With the Semi-Arid Climate . . . . . . . . . . 209 16.4 Five Steps of (Rain) Water Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 16.4.1 Water for families . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 16.4.2 Water for the Community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 16.4.3 Water for agriculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 16.4.4 Water for emergency situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 16.4.5 Managing water for the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 16.5 Evaluation and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Chapter 17 Every drip counts: Confusion of cause with effect in the climate debate M. Schmidt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 17.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 17.2 Potsdamer Platz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 17.3 Adlershof Physics Building . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Chapter 18 The Calabash Cistern 5000 L in Africa P. Akkerman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 18.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 18.2 The Design of the Calabash Cistern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 18.2.1 Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 18.2.2 The 5000 L Calabash Cistern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 18.2.3 Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 18.2.4 Advantages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 18.3 The Calabash Project in Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 18.3.1 How it started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232 18.3.2 The 1st pillar of the project: The African village . . . . . . 233 18.3.3 The 2nd pillar (and driver): A private water cistern . . . 233 18.3.4 The 3rd pillar: The initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences xii Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk 18.3.5 The start of the Calabash project was booming . . . . . . 234 18.3.6 The Calabash Project sails to the islands of Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 18.3.7 Clean water changes opinion about cholera . . . . . . . . 235 18.3.8 Transport and salty sand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 18.3.9 Another change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 18.4 The First Successful International Training in DR Congo . . . . . 236 18.4.1 The importance of the manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 18.4.2 Menkao town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 18.4.3 Calabash Project becomes specialized in training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 18.5 Other Remarkable Results of the International Training . . . . . . 238 18.5.1 CBR Effata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 18.5.2 Reforestation Project, Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 18.5.3 The manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 18.5.4 The PVC tank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 18.6 Some Conclusions and Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Contents xiii Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk About the Authors Chapter 1 Han Heijnen – Vice-president of the International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association, consultant in water issues in many parts of the world. He has worked with WHO for many years and is president of the International Rainwater Harvesting Alliance (IRHA) based in Geneva. Chapter 2 Billy Kniffen – National trainer in the American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (ARCSA). Retired professor at A&M Texas University and Abeline University in Texas. He founded the Texan Rainwater Catchment Systems Association. His work is well known around USA and Latin America. Chapter 3 Tanuja Ariyananda – Chief Executive Officer/Director of Lanka Rain Water Harvesting Forum (LRWHF) since its inception in 1996. LRWHF is a non- government not-for-profit organisation working to promote Rainwater Harvesting for domestic use in Sri Lanka. Hydrobiologist with a PhD in Environmental Science. Member of the Ministerial Committee for Developing Policy and Strategy for Rain Water Harvesting in Sri Lanka 2005 Past President (2008 – 2012), Secretary General (2003 – 2008), Director Women ’ s programme (2001 – 2003) of International Rainwater Catchments Systems Association. Author of several books on rainwater harvesting, and published more than 25 research papers at national and international forums. Chapter 4 Patricia Macomber – University Outreach Educator, created and ran a highly successful water quality and quantity program for the state of Hawaii, which Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk addressed the needs and concerns of people using rainwater catchment systems. In 2001, she authored the nation ’ s first statewide ‘ Guidelines on Rainwater Catchment Systems for Hawaii ’ which was adopted by the Hawaii State Department of Health and the US Veteran ’ s home loan program. Chapter 5 Jose Arturo Gleason Espíndola – Researcher at University of Guadalajara, Founder and President of Mexican Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (AMSCALL, initials in Spanish). He is also director of Technological Water Research Institute Lic. Arturo Gleason Santana A.C. He is regional director in Latin America of the International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association. Yahaira Corona Sánchez – Project Coordinator at the Technological Water Research Institute Lic. Arturo Gleason Santana A.C. Member of the Mexican Rainwater Harvesting System Association. Cesar Casiano Flores has a Ph.D. in Innovation and Governance for Sustainable Development, University of Twente. Currently, he is postdoctoral researcher at KU Leuven and affiliated researcher at University of Twente and Universidad Iberoamericana campus Puebla. He is member of the National Researchers System in Mexico (SNI-CONACYT) and qualified university lecturer in The Netherlands (UTQ / BKO). He has coordinated different environmental and research projects worldwide. He has more than 10 years of experience in education and research in Mexico and Europe. His current research is focused on water sensitive cities and land governance issues. Chapter 6 Margarita Pacheco – Founder of the International Rainwater Harvesting Alliance (IRHA) in 2002. She lived in Switzerland for long time leading IRHA. Now an international consultant in water affairs and is working for Colombian government. Chapter 7 Makoto Murase – Rainwater Catchment Pioneer, winner of Rolex Award for Enterprise 2016. Author of the book ‘ Rainwater and you ’ that was presented in Spanish during the 1st RWH Mexican Conference, November 2017. Chapter 8 David Vargas – Founder of Isla Urbana. He studied civil engineering at Pennsylvania State University. Enrique Lominitz – Founder of Isla Urbana (NGO) that has lead the rainwater cause across Mexico. International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences xvi Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Chapter 9 Anne Kikundwa – Liaison Officer, works with Uganda Rainwater Association. She has experience in managing projects with a background in social work and social administration. 10 years work experience in the water and sanitation sector, of which seven years were at programme level and three years in managerial positions for water and sanitation specialised organisations (Kigezi Diocese Water and Sanitation Programme, and Uganda Rainwater Association). Chapter 10 Sene Souleymane – Rain Foundation in Casamance and near Dakar. He has developed social projects through the Caritas association in Africa. Chapter 11 Macpherson Nthara – Twelve years of progressive work and responsible experience in land use planning, and the promotion of sustainable land management i.e. rainwater harvesting, soil and water conservation, flood mitigation and climate change adaptation projects. Chapter 12 Verónica Livier Díaz Nuñez – Researcher at University of Guadalajara. She is an expert in urban planning and founding member of AMSCALL. Chapter 13 Prof. Mooyoung Han – Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering at Seoul National University. He is now a Fellow of IWA and the chairman of IWA RWHM specialist group since 2003. He received 2010 and 2012 PIA awards with the promotion of rain cities. He is doing voluntary service of rainwater harvesting demonstration projects in Korea and developing countries with many innovative ideas. Recently, he authored ‘ Hydrological Design of Multipurpose Micro-catchment Rainwater Management ’ published by IWA. Chapter 14 Bob Boulware – President of DAE and Principal in Charge. Past National President, American Rainwater Catchment Systems Association (ARCSA); Life Member, American Society Heating Refrigeration, Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE); Chapter President, National Codes and Standard Committee for American Society of Plumbing Engineers (ASPE). Chapter 15 Catalina C. Dobre – Investigates the transition of urban areas towards sustainable or water sensitive environments. Her work provides new insights into sustainable water management by exploring participatory evaluation methods in urban planning and design. About the Authors xvii Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk Chapter 16 Johann Gnadlinger – Founder and President of Brazilian Rainwater Catchment System Association. He was the General Director of the International Rainwater Catchment Systems Association. Chapter 17 Marco Schmidt – Professor at Technical University of Berlin. He is member of scientific group called ‘ Watergy ’ . He has done a lot of rainwater harvesting work in Germany and other countries around the world. Chapter 18 Paul Akkerman – worked in different jobs in industry and vocational education in The Netherlands. He has worked in rural development work in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa, in industry and vocational education in The Netherlands. Also he is funder and project leader of independent RWH project in Guinea-Bissau, named CLEAN WATER – HEALTHY VILLAGE (De Gevulde Waterkruik). Now he is an independent consultant and trainer for domestic RWH systems in different countries of East and West Africa. International Rainwater Catchment Systems Experiences xviii Downloaded from https://iwaponline.com/ebooks/book-pdf/694304/wio9781789060584.pdf by IWA Publishing, publications@iwap.co.uk